Moderately pronounced subchondral sclerosis of the articular surfaces. Subchondral sclerosis: What is this disease and how is it treated? Physiotherapy for the treatment of osteophytes

Subchondral sclerosis is a degenerative damage to the cartilage covering the inner surfaces of the joints, in which the normal functional tissue is replaced by a connecting, which is not capable of performing the required functions. At the same time, the bone tissue of the joints, forming the growths, also begins to grow.

This pathological process is not distinguished as a separate disease, and is one of the manifestations of osteoarthrosis of the joints and the osteochondrosis of the spinal column. It is not immediately developed, but as the main disease progressing is progressing in disgraving caused factors, improper treatment. Subchondral sclerosis is more susceptible to the elderly, but lately it is also celebrated in young people.

Stages of subchondral sclerosis

The development of the disease passes in stages:

Initial subchondral sclerosis - growing bone tissue It happens only at the edges of the joint.
Moderate subchondral sclerosis - osteophytes are distinguishable on a x-ray, the articular slot is narrowed, and the articular part of the bone is characterized by a brighter color.
Subhondraral sclerosis III stage - there is a significant narrowing of the articular slit, large bone growths, the joint ventilation activity is significantly violated.
Subchondrian sclerosis IV stage - osteophytes of a very large size, the articular surfaces of the bones are significantly deformed, the dryness of the joint is noted for full extension and bending.

Subhondraral sclerosis of the knee joint - what is it?

The knee joint is very often amazed by subchondal sclerosis, because It is constantly exposed to high loads. The risk factors for the development of pathological processes in this joint are:

overweight;
hormonal failures;
professional harm.

Pathology is detected in patients with deforming osteoarthritis of knee joints that manifests such symptoms as pain when loading and at rest, crunch when driving, hindrances, knee extensions. In this case, cracking, thinning of cartilage tissue, loss of strength and elasticity. The frequent consequence of the subchondral sclerosis of the knee joint is the development of the varetle or valgus deformation of the legs.

Subchondral spine cleaner - what is it?

The subchondral sclerosis of the closure plates of the bodies of the spine vertebrae is more often noted in the cervical department, less often in breast and lumbar. In this case, patients complain about chronic pain in the appropriate affected area, neurological complications are also possible (numbness of limbs, dizziness, etc.), the deformation of the spine.

The main danger of the pathology of this localization is the increased risk of spontaneous compression fractures that may occur even with minimal physical exertion. In the most launched cases, partial or full paralysis is noted.

Subchondral sclerosis of hip joint

This location of pathology almost always complicates the flow of hip arthrosis. The main manifestations in this case are: chronic hip pain (in motion and alone), limiting the amplitude of movements in the joint, the development of chromotype.

The subchondral sclerosis of the hip joint is dangerous in the increased risk of fracture of the neck of the femur and the aseptic necrosis of its head. Therefore, when the pathological process is detected, it should be immediately involved in the prevention of possible severe consequences. If the treatment does not start on time, you can completely lose the limbs.

The pathological process in the joint tissue does not relate to diseases. It is manifested during the patient of the X-ray study and is a consequence of the concomitant disease of the joint.

Subchondral sclerosis of the joint surfaces is diagnosed in older patients. Characterized by the ignition of living cells inside the human body, on the place of which is formed connective tissue coarse structure.

It does not fulfill all the functionality, but only an auxiliary function. Sclerosis occurs when improper treatment of arthrosis and osteochondrosis.

Bone tissues come into contact with each other with articular tissue. Sustains and cartilage, flexible and elastic, are responsible for the smoothed limb movement. Under the cartilage cloth is a subchondral plate on which it relies as on the support.

When injuring the record, osteophytes begin under cartilage on bone tissue. These are highlights that interfere with the limbs smoothly move.

If a benign neoplasm is located with the edge, then the changes are minor, weakly affecting the functionality. If osteophytes grow up and shy the joint bag, then the mobility of the limb is limited, the patient feels pain.

Most movements people are carried out in a vertical position. Young patients are more often diagnosed with CBC sclerosis. The articular and cartilage tissues wear out, affect the plate, and it is on bone fabrics with their subsequent deformation.

Osteosclerosis of the knee is more often diagnosed in the elderly. Symptoms In the development of pathology, they begin with pain syndrome and reduce the amplitude of the knee movement.

Carrying out x-ray study, distinguish 4 degrees of the pathological process:

Osteophytes begin to grow along the edges of bone tissue, not shifting the articular and cartilage tissue. The growths do not overlap the lumen between the bones.
Osteophytes are actively increasing in size. Sclerosis of the joints is characterized by narrowing the lumen and restriction of the movement of the limb.
Sclerosis of the joints of the joint is developing as quickly as possible. Osteophyte is large and completely overlap the clearance of the bag between the bones.
Benign bone growths overlap the gap. Go beyond the bones and begin to shift soft fabrics.

Important! Osteosclerosis is well visible on the radiographic picture. When suspected the development of pathology in a patient against the background chronic disease articular tissue, you need to contact a specialist in the direction of research.

Causes of the development of pathology

Why the pathological process develops:

Causes of development of subchondral sclerosis	Description of disease
Endocrinology. Diabetes	Crying and joints in diabetics are subject to rapid destruction. Blood impairment, change in vascular grid, defective cell power, excess body weight and low-luxability cause subchondral sclerosis of the hip joint. The excess glucose destroys osteophyte, which consists of collagen.
Immunology. Lupus erythematosus.	The lesion during the red lolly comes from the development of the inflammatory process associated with the decrease in immunity. Pain syndrome is manifested in one or several places at the same time. More often amazed small joints. Red lupus causes osteosclerosis of the elbow joint. If the patient leads an active lifestyle, the articular tissue is exposed that migrates through the tissues of the entire body without residual phenomena.
Metabolism. Gout	It is characterized by a change in the human body of metabolism. Pathology leads to the accumulation of urinary acid metabolic products in the articular bag, which causes the atherosclerosis of the joints. Pathology has a second name - gouty arthritis. In the risk group, strong sex representatives over 35 years old.
Injury. Fractures.	Sclerosis of sacrolling and ileum joints is formed in patients with a fracture of bones, cartilage and osteophyte. Restore need a lot of time. For the resumption of motor activity, the patient passes a rehabilitation course.

Important! The damage to the joints during sclerodermia occurs when age-related changes, genetic predisposition and overweight.

Symptomatics of subchondral sclerosis depending on the location site

If the patient has sclerosis of small bones of the joints and the first degree of pathological change, then there is no symptomatic. Symptoms begin to manifest themselves from the second stage of deformation, at which the mobility of the joints begins to be lost.

For the third degree of damage, cartilage is fixed. Bone tissue rubs on each other and deliver severe pain to the patient. With the fourth steppe, the lesion of the joint tissue is assigned to the stage of disability.

Symptomatics of pathology, depending on the location of localization:

Ajacked joint	Description of the process of modification
Sclerosis of intervertebral discs	Symptomtics begins with painful sensations in a stupid neck. Benign bone neoplasms affect the work of the Central nervous system. The patient may begin headaches, dizziness and reducing the clarity of vision.
Sclerosis of the knee and elbow joints	The initial manifestation of symptoms is characterized by clicking and scripting in the joints when movement. When developing pathology, the patient is hard to bend and blend limbs. Later treatment leads to complete immobilization and assignment of a group of disability.
Sclerosis TBS	Pain syndrome increases at night. The patient cannot serve himself in the morning. Subchondral sclerosis affects the work of a number of internal organs. The patient has a delay in urine and change potency in men. In the development of pathology and late treatment, the person moves with the help of canes, in the launched state - a wheelchair.

Treatment sclerosis

If the patient was diagnosed by the subchondral sclerosis of the articular surfaces, the treatment consists in receiving analgesic drugs that reduce pain syndrome.

These include:

Name of the drug
Tempalgin	Combined analgesic, manufactured in tablet form. Active component - sodium metamizole. The daily dosage is designed for receiving up to three tablets of the drug.	Contraindicated to take a medicine at: acute diseases Liver and kidney, elevated arterial pressure. In childhood, up to 14 years, pregnant women and in the period of natural feeding of babies. Complications: Changes in the gastrointestinal mucosa, dizziness, blood pressure change.

In order to improve the state of the articular and cartilage tissue, the doctor prescribes the reception of medication with chondroitin and glucosamine.

Name of the drug	Pharmacokinetics and daily dosage	Contraindications and development of possible complications
Glucosamine Chondroitin complex	The drug is produced in a capsuated form. Active components - glucose sulfate and sodium chondroitin sulfate. Complex include a biological additive that helps regulate the exchange in cartilage tissue. The drug is accepted by 3 capsules per day during feeding.	If the patient has subchondraral osteosclerosis, treatment with the help of glucosamine chondroitin complex is carried out in the absence of an allergic reaction to the active components of the drug. It is also forbidden to use biologically active additive in childhood up to 12 years.

Reception of drugs for a while suspends the pathological process, but does not restore the functionality completely. Operational intervention does not give a positive result capable of stopping the development of pathology. Experts recommend visiting a masseur, manual therapy and yoga courses.

After reviewing the video in this article, you can consider in detail what subchondral sclerosis is and how it is manifested in different parts of the articular tissue.

Subhondrian sclerosis of the articular surfaces is the process of dieting healthy joints of the joints and their subsequent replacement with a connective tissue. This is rather an X-ray term than a separate disease. Often subchondral sclerosis becomes a sign of a developed osteoarthrosis.

Causes of development of subchondral sclerosis

Sub-acting ball is a layer of fabric, which is adjacent to the cartilage. Unfortunately, with age, he can be scruved and grow. This is due to the fact that the blood supply to the subchondral layer is disturbed due to atherosclerosis or other vascular pathologies. Due to the violation of the blood flow to the subchondral layer, the structure of cartilage is disturbed. This is one of the pathogenetic mechanisms for the occurrence of osteochondrosis and the appearance of osteophytes.

Environmental process develops with age. The elasticity of the structures that surround the joint is raised, the cartilage is destroyed and sclerosis is formed. Subhondraral sclerosis and creeping osteophytes is a diffuse phenomenon, most often common on the spine. Large growths provoke pain while driving.

Subchondral sclerosis and osteosclerosis can develop for such reasons:

degenerative processes in articulations (osteoarthritis);
constant, uneven physical burden on the joints;
excess weight;
diabetes and atherosclerosis of the lower extremities;
autoimmune pathology.

Subchondral sclerosis often affects the hip joints of patients after 50 years. This is a symmetric process, it is accompanied by morning stiffness and pains during exercise.

Subhondraral sclerosis of the joints of the lower coaches is accompanied by intermittent chromota, pain at the end of the working day.

Treatment of subchondral sclerosis

Unfortunately, subchondral sclerosis is not treated in 80% of cases. You can only stop the progression of pathology. It is unknown to the end, which of the factors affects the development of the disease and it is impossible to cure it with one tablet.

But if not engaged in treating in general, it will lead to the immobility of the limb or spine. Over time, ankylosis will develop against the background of subchondraral sclerosis.

What drugs are prescribed to the patient with osteosclerosis:

Package and anti-inflammatory agents from the NSAID group (diclofenac, meloxicami, celecoxib).
Chondroprotectors. Tools have unproved efficacy, therefore are used only as auxiliary method.
Vitamins of group B. Actually with a deficiency of vitamins, polynereropathy. Assign combined drugs (Milgamma, Combiliphene).

With severe, in the joints of the patient, it is necessary to make novocaine blockades. They are performed by a verticrologist or neurologist.

It is possible to connect the course of physiotherapy methods in the treatment of osteosclerosis:

magnetic waves;
phonophoresis and electrophoresis;
paraffin and mud appliqués.

The extreme degree of burden of the joint is borne by the surgical method - endoprosthetics.

It is important to engage in dosage physical files or exercises.

The main rules for the patient with osteosclerosis, which should be observed at home:

control body weight in body weight index;
do not injure bones and joints;
engage in dosage exercise;
avoid infectious diseases and synthesis inflammation.

Osteophytes represent the growth of bone tissue. Quite often bone growths proceed without any symptoms, and they can only be identified after a x-ray study. Osteophytes can be formed on the surfaces of the bones of stop and arms ( on their end sites), in the cavity of the tops of the upper and lower extremities. Also bone growths may occur in the spinal column, in different areas.

Osteophytes are usually formed after injury to medium and severe, which end in bone fractures. Osteophytes may also develop due to the presence of degenerative-dystrophic changes that affect the joints and the spine. Often the chronic course of the inflammatory process, which flows in bone tissue, as well as in the surrounding tissues, contributes to the occurrence of bone expansions.

Interesting Facts

Osteophytes are also called bone spurs.
Osteophytes may arise from bone tissue of any type.
Bone expandments of large size to significantly limit movements in the affected joint.
In some cases, osteophytes may occur after the bone tissue of tumor metastases from other organs.
Bone expansions, as a rule, have a thicker or tidworm form.
Osteophytes may occur against the background of diabetes.

What is osteophyte?

Osteofit is nothing more than the pathological growth of bone tissue. Osteofit received its name due to its form ( from Greek. Osteon - Bone and Phyton - Plant, Process). Bone expanding can be both single and multiple. The form of osteophytes can be diverse - from fine processes in the form of teeth or spikes to thick and massive structures in the form of tubercles. Osteophytes, as well as the usual bone tissue, consists of the same structural elements.

The following types of osteophytes are distinguished:

bone compact;
bone spongy;
bone-cartilage;
metaplastic.

Bone compact osteophytes

Bone compact osteophytes are derivatives of compact bone tissue substance. The compact substance is one of two types of bone tissue, which forms the bone. Compact bone tissue substance performs many different functions. First, this substance has considerable strength and can withstand large mechanical loads. The compact substance is an outer layer of bone. Secondly, the compact substance serves as a kind of storage for some chemical elements. It is in a compact substance there is a lot of calcium and phosphorus. The compact bone layer is homogeneous and especially developed in the middle part of long and short tubular bones ( femoral, tibial, small, shoulder, elbow, radiation bone, as well as bones Stop and phalange of fingers). It is worth noting that the compact bone tissue is approximately 75 - 80% of the total weight of the human skeleton.

Bone compact osteophytes are mainly formed on the surface of the stop bones ( tweets), as well as on the phalanges of the fingers and hands. Most often, this type of osteophyte is located on the terminal areas of tubular bones.

Bone sponge osteophytes

The bone sponge osteophytes are formed from the spongy bone tissue. This tissue has a cellular structure and formed from bone plates and partitions ( trabez). Unlike compact substance of bone tissue, the spongy substance is light, less dense and does not have a special strength. The spongy substance participates in the formation of end departments of tubular bones ( epiphyshes.), and also forms actually the entire volume of spongy bones ( wrist bones, represented, vertebrae, ribs, chest). In the tubular bones, the spongy substance contains a red bone marrow responsible for the blood formation process.

Bone spongy osteophytes occur due to serious loads on bone tissue. This type of osteophyte may occur in almost any segment of spongy and tubular bones, since the spongy substance has a relatively large surface area.

Osteophyte bone-cartilage

Bone-cartilage osteophytes occur due to deformation of cartilage tissue. Normally, the articular surfaces are covered with cartilage. The cartilage performs an important function in the joint, since due to it, the friction that occurs between the articular surfaces of the articular bones becomes much less. If the cartilage tissue is subject to permanent excessive loads, as well as in the case of inflammatory or degenerative disease, thinning and destruction of this tissue occurs. The bone under the influence of a large mechanical load begins to grow. Cross-cartilage data ( osteophytes), increase the area of \u200b\u200bthe articular surface in order to evenly distribute the entire load.

Bone-cartilage osteophytes are most often formed in large joints, where the load on the articular surfaces reaches maximum values \u200b\u200b( knee and hip joint).

Metaplastic osteophytes

Metaplastic osteophytes occur in the case when the cells of the same type are replaced in the bone tissue on the other. In bone tissue, 3 types of basic cells are isolated - osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are young bones cells that produce a special intercellular substance ( matrix). In the future, the osteoblasts are immutted in this substance and are transformed into osteocytes. Osteocytes lose the ability to share and produce an intercellular substance. Osteocytes are involved in metabolism, as well as maintain the constant composition of organic and mineral substances in the bone. Osteoclasts are formed from white blood taurus ( leukocyte) And necessary in order to destroy the old bone tissue.

The quantitative ratio of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes in metaplastic osteophytes is atypical. These osteophytes arise due to inflammation or infectious diseaseaffecting bone tissue. In some cases, metaplastic osteophytes may occur with the impaired regeneration of bone tissue.

It is worth noting that osteophytes in an evolutionary plan played an important role, since if there is no complete regeneration of cartilage or bone tissue in the destructive joint, osteophytes limit the amplitude of its movements and slow down the process of destruction.

Causes of osteophyte appearance

The reason for the appearance of osteophytes may become different disorders in the metabolism. Often bone growths arise due to large loads on the joint, which leads to the destruction of cartilage tissue. Also the reason can be direct injury to the joint or spine.

The following causes of osteophytes are distinguished:

bone inflammation;
degenerative processes in bone tissue;
bone fracture;
long stay in forced position;
bone tumor diseases;
endocrine diseases.

Inflammation of bone tissue

Inflammation of bone tissue often leads to osteomyelitis. Osteomyelitis is a disease that affects all bone elements ( bone marrow, spongy and compact substance, periosteum). Osteomyelitis, as a rule, is caused by glotted bacteria ( staphylococci and streptococci) or the causative agent of tuberculosis ( mycobacteriums). The reason for the occurrence of osteomyelitis can be the open fracture of the bones, the ingress of globular microorganisms into bone tissue from chronic infection foci or non-compliance with the Asepta rules ( disinfection of tools in order to prevent the microorganisms into the wound) when conducting Osteosynthesis operations ( operations in which various locks are used in the form of spokes, screws, pins). This disease most often occurs in femoral and shoulder bones, vertebrae, leg bones, as well as in the tops of the lower and upper jaw.

For children, the hematogenous path of transmission of infection is characterized, when the diseases of the infection through the blood are pepped by bone tissue. In this case, most often the disease begins with chills, headaches, general ailment, multiple vomiting and increase body temperature up to 40ºС. After a day, there is a sharp, drilling pain. Any movements in the damage zone cause severe pain. Skin covering over the pathological center becomes hot, blushing and tense. Often the process extends to the surrounding fabrics, which leads to the spread of pus into the muscles. Nearest joints may also be affected ( purulent arthritis).

In adults osteomyelitis occurs, as a rule, after open bone fractures. The wound during injury is often contaminated, which creates favorable conditions for the development of a purulent inflammatory process. If the fracture is linear ( in the form of a thin line), then the inflammatory process is limited to the fracture. In the case of a convolver fracture, the purulent process can spread to most of the bone.

Often, the process of regeneration of bone ends with the formation of osteophytes. This is due to the fact that the periosteum ( film from connective tissue covering bone top) In some cases, it can be separated from bone tissue and reborn into osteophytes of various shapes. It is worth noting that bone expansions that arose against the background of osteomyelitis, for a long time they can decrease in the amount of up to complete disappearance. This process is possible at the normal process of regeneration of periosteum, as well as due to the thickening of the compact substance of bone tissue.

Degenerative processes in bone tissue

Degenerative processes in bone and cartilage tissue can occur not only in old age, but also due to excessive loads on the joints and the spine in younger.

The following diseases are distinguished, which lead to degenerative processes:

deforming spondylosis;
deforming osteoarthritis.

Deforming spondylose
The deforming spondylosis is a disease that leads to the wear of the intervertebral discs. Normally, each intervertebral disc consists of a ring-shaped connective tissue ( fibrous ring) And the coder, which is located in the center. Thanks to these fibrous cartilaginous discs, the spine has mobility. With a deforming spondylise, the front and side of the intervertebral disks is destroyed, it is protruded outward and under the action of constant pressure from the spine is reborn into osteophytes. Also, bone expansions can be formed from the anterior longitudinal bundle of the spine, which strengthens the entire vertebral barrel. In fact, deforming spondylosis is a consequence of the osteochondrosis of the spinal column. In osteochondrosis, the blood supply to the cartilage tissue of intervertebral disks occurs, which leads to degenerative processes in them. The appearance of osteophytes with a given disease is a protective reaction of the organism on the process of degeneration in intervertebral disks.

Deforming Osteoarthrosis
Deforming osteoarthritis is a degenerative-dystrophic disease that affects the cartilaginous tissue of the joints. The cause of osteoarthrosis can be a joint injury, an inflammatory process or improper development of tissues ( dysplasia). At the initial stage of the disease, only the synovial fluid is affected, which feeds the cartilage tissue of the joint. In the future, pathological changes occur in the joint itself. The affected joint is not able to withstand the usual load, which leads to the emergence of an inflammatory process in it, which is accompanied by pain syndrome. In the second stage of osteoarthrosis, the destruction of the cartilage tissue of the joint occurs. It is for this stage that the formation of osteophytes is characteristic. This is due to the fact that the bone is trying to redistribute the weight due to an increase in the surface area of \u200b\u200bbone tissue. The third stage of the disease is manifested by a pronounced bone deformation of the joint surfaces. Deforming osteoarthritis of the third stage leads to the insolvency of the joint and shortening the ligament. In the future, in the affected joint, pathological movements arise or active movements in the joint become strongly limited ( contracts arise).

Fracture bones

Often osteophytes may occur due to the fractures of the central part of the bones. At the site of the fracture, bone corn is formed, which is a connecting tissue. After some time, the connecting tissue is gradually replaced by osteoid fabric, which differs from bone because its intercellular substance does not contain such a large number of calcium salts. During the process of regeneration around the connecting bone fragments and osteoid tissue, osteophytes may occur. This type of osteophyte is called post-traumatic. If the fracture is complicated with osteomyelitis, the likelihood of bone expansions increases. Often osteophytes are formed from the periosteum, which is most actively involved in regeneration during fractures of the central part of the bones. Most often, post-traumatic osteophytes have a similar structure with compact bone tissue. In some cases, osteophytes may be formed during damage and separating only one periosteum. In the future, this connective tissue film is shown and transformed into bone process. Most often, post-traumatic bone expansions are formed in the knee and elbow joint. Also osteophytes can be formed when bundles of ligaments and articular bags. It is worth noting that post-traumatic osteophytes over time can change their dimensions and configuration due to the constant exercise on the joint.

Long stay in forced position

Long stay in a forced position ( standing or sitting) Inevitably leads to overloading of various joints. Gradually, due to the increased load, the cartilage tissue of the articular surfaces begins to collapse. The process of destruction, as a rule, prevails over the regeneration process. Ultimately, the entire load falls on a bone tissue that grows and forms osteophytes.

It is worth noting that staying in an uncomfortable and forced position for a long time often leads to the emergence of diseases as deforming spondylosis and osteoarthritis.

Tumor bone tumor diseases

In some cases, osteophytes arise due to the lesion of bone tissue of a benign or malignant tumor. Bone expansions may also arise due to metastases ( moving tumor cells from primary focus to other organs and fabrics) into bone tissue from other organs.

Osteophytes can be formed at the following tumors:

osteogenic sarcoma;
sarcoma Yinga;
osteochondroma;

Osteogenic sarcoma
Osteogenic sarcoma is a malignant bone tumor. Osteogenic sarcoma ( cancerIt is a very aggressive tumor, which is characterized by a rapid growth and a tendency to early metastasis. This sarcoma may occur at any age, but, as a rule, people occur from 10 to 35 years. In men, osteogenic sarcoma occurs about 2-2.5 times more often than in women. For this pathology, the defeat of the long tubular bones of the upper and lower extremities is characterized. The lower limbs are subjected to this disease 5 times more often than the top. As a rule, osteogenic sarcoma occurs in the area of \u200b\u200bthe knee joint and the femoral bone. Often the beginning of the disease remains unnoticed. At the beginning of the disease near the affected joint, a mesmer stupid pain appears. Pain sensations in this case are not associated with the accumulation of inflammatory liquid ( exudat). Gradually, the cancer tumor increases in size, which leads to an increase in pain syndrome. The fabrics around the zone of the damage are pale, and their elasticity is reduced ( pastosity fabrics). In the future, in progression of this disease, articular contractures arise ( restriction of movements in the joint), and also increases chromota. Strong painses that arise both in the afternoon and at night are not removed by the admission of painkillers, and also do not stop when fixing the joint gypsum bandage. Ultimately, the tumor strikes all the functional tissues of the bone ( spongy substance, compact substance and bone marrow), and then applies to neighboring tissues. Osteogenic sarcoma very often gives metastasis in the lungs and brain.

Sarcoma Jinga
Sarcoma Yinga is a malignant tumor of the bone skeleton. Most often the long tubular bones of the upper and lower extremities are affected, as well as ribs, pelvic bones, a blade, clavicle and vertebrae. Most often, this tumor is detected in children 10 - 15 years, and the boys sick one and a half times more often than girls. This oncological disease in 70% of cases affects the bones of the lower extremities and the pelvis. At the initial stage of the disease, the pain in the place of the defeat is insignificant. Often the emergence of pain explain to sports or household injury. In the future, the pain occurs not only when performing movements, but also alone. At night, the painful syndrome, as a rule, is amplified, which leads to a breakdown of sleep. With the sarcoma of Jinga, there is a limitation of movements in nearby joints. The leather above the damage zone becomes edema, blushing, hot to the touch. Sarcoma of Yinga can give metastases in the brain, as well as in the bone marrow.

Osteochondroma
Osteochondrome is the most frequent benign bone tumor, which is formed from cartilage cells. Most often osteochondrome is found in long tubular bones. This benign tumor is usually diagnosed in children and adults from 10 to 25 years. Osteochondrome leads to the fact that the bone tissue is formed, which is coated on top of a cartilaginous cloth. These growing can be both single and multiple. Often multiple osteochondromes talk about hereditary diseases of the disease. Osteochondrome ceases its growth when the process of growing bones is completed. It was after 25 years that the epiphysear plate is replaced, which participates in the longitudinal growth of bones and from which osteochondrome is formed. It is worth noting that sometimes osteochondrome can be reborn into a malignant tumor ( if it is not treated in time to a surgical way).

Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is the most common malignant tumor among the male population. According to statistics, the prostate cancer is the cause of about 10% of cancer deaths in men. In most cases, this tumor occurs in old age. For prostate cancer, slow growth is characteristic. Sometimes from the moment of the occurrence of the tumor cell until the last stage of cancer can take place for 15 years. The main symptoms of the prostate cancer can be attributed to rapid urination, pain in the perineum, the presence of blood in the urine ( hematuria) and sperm. In advanced cases, an acute urination delay may be observed, as well as symptoms of cancer intoxication ( progressive weight loss, unmotivated weakness, resistant body temperature increase). It is worth noting that the symptoms of prostate cancer may appear only in the later stages of the disease or not to appear at all. With this disease, metastases can penetrate into the lungs, adrenal glands, liver and bone tissue. In most cases, metastases fall into femur, pelvic bones, as well as in the vertebrae.

Mammary cancer
Breast cancer is a tumor of iron fabric ( main functional fabric) Breast. Currently, the breast cancer ranks first among all the forms of cancer among women. Risk factors include alcohol abuse, smoking, obesity, inflammatory processes in the ovaries and the uterus, liver disease, hereditary burdensity, etc. In the early stages of the disease, the symptoms are usually absent. In the future, small small-sensitive and moving masses may appear in the breast. During the growth of the tumor, the mobility and fixation of the breast is disturbed, and specific discharges from the nipple pinkish or light orange color appear. Metastases with breast cancer can reach the liver, lungs, kidneys, spinal cord and bone tissue.

In most cases malignant tumors lead to the formation of massive osteophytes. As a rule, tumor data break through the periosteum into the surrounding tissues and lead to the formation of osteophytes having a look of a spur or visor. Osteophytes that are formed against the background of benign lesions are bone spongy type. In the event that metastases fall into bone tissue, then the body of the vertebrae is affected primarily ( the main part of the vertebra on which the intervertebral disk is located) and the upper part of the bones of the pelvis ( comb of the iliac bone).

Endocrine diseases

Some endocrine diseases can lead to serious changes in the skeleton. In most cases, such pathology as acromegaly leads to the emergence of bone expansions.

Acromegaly is an endocrine disease, in which an increase in the production of growth hormone ( somatotropic hormone). This is due to the fact that in the front of the pituitary one of the centers of the endocrine system) There is a benign tumor ( adenoma). With acromegaly there is an increase in the sizes of the skull bones ( bones of the facial department), Stop and hands. The chest becomes a barrel shape, the vertebral pillar is significantly twisted, which leads to limitation of movements in it. The cartilage tissue of the joints under the influence of additional loads associated with the increase in body weight, begins to collapse. Often these violations lead to deforming osteoarthritis and spondylosis. On some bone protrusions ( nail Falangi, Sedal Bugs, Spiters on the Thigh BonesBone expansion can be formed. Also patients are worried about frequent headaches, increased fatigue, vision disorder, as well as a violation of menstrual function in women and a reduction in potency in men ( up to impotence). It is worth noting that this disease occurs only in adults. If the somatotropic hormone in excess is produced in childhood, then this leads to gigantism.

Osteophytes of the spine

The cause of osteophytes of the spine in most cases is deforming spondylosis. With this pathology, bone expansions may arise from the front edge of the bodies of the vertebrae or depart from the articular processes ( processes that participate in the formation of joints with the overlying and underlying vertebrae).

Spine osteophytes are manifested as follows:

pain syndrome;
bone rebirth of spinal bundles;
restriction of mobility in the spinal column.

Pain syndrome

At the initial stage of diseases of pain, as a rule, does not occur. Over time, there is a deformation of the vertebrae, which in most cases leads to the formation of osteophytes. In the future, degenerative-dystrophic processes progress, which leads to a narrowing of the channel, in which the spinal cord is located. In some cases, osteophytes can reach significant sizes and thereby squeeze the nerve roots, which come from the spinal cord and are part of the peripheral nervous system. If the nerve roots are infringed, this is manifested as painful syndrome. The pain in the affected segment of the spine is enhanced while driving, as well as during coughing or sneezing. Paints can enhance during the day, as well as break sleep at night. Often, when squeezing the nerve roots of the lumbar spine, the pain spreads into the buttock, thigh, shin and foot on the projection of the sedellastic nerve ( symptoms of radiculitis). If osteophytes or deformed vertebrae excessively squeeze the nerve roots, then it leads to the loss of motor and muscular sensitivity of those parts of the body that the root data is innervated ( put nerves).

It is worth noting that the cerhing segment of the spine is affected most often with spondylise. In this case, some vascular disorders, such as dizziness, violation of visual perception, whiskers in the ears can also be joined in painful sensations in the cervical.

Bone rebirth of spine bundles

Often, when spondylise, bone rebirth of the ligorous apparatus is observed, which supports the entire vertebral pole.

The following spoken ligaments are distinguished:

front longitudinal bunch;
rear longitudinal bunch;
yellow ligaments;
inter-silent ligaments;
supported bunch;
own bunch;
interiperee ligaments.

Front longitudinal bunch attached from above to the first vertebra cervical department And goes to the periosteum at the level of the first two sacrats vertebrae. The front longitudinal bunch covers the entire front surface, as well as a slight piece of the side surface of the vertebrae of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and partially sacrilate department. This bundle is firmly woven into intervertebral discs and is less firmly connected to the bodies of the vertebrae. From the side of the sides, the front longitudinal bunch goes to the periosteum. The main function of the front longitudinal ligament is to limit excessive extension in the spine.

Rear longitudinal bunchoriginates on the rear surface of the second cervical vertebra ( in the spinal canal), and the bottom is attached to the first vertebrae of the sacrilate department. This bundle is fastened with intervertebral discs. The rear longitudinal bunch in contrast to the rest has a large number of nerve endings and is extremely sensitive to various mechanical stratification by the type of stretching from intervertebral discs. Often, the rear longitudinal bunch is affected by the appearance of the hernia of the intervertebral disk.

Yellow baleslocated in the intervals between the vertebral arcs. Yellow ligaments fill the intervertebral slots from 2 cervical vertebra to a sacrum. These bonds consist of a large number of elastic fibers, which, when extensing the body, are able to shorten and act like muscles. It is the yellow ligaments that help hold the torso in the state of extension and at the same time reduce the muscle tension.

Inter-silent ligamentsthey are plates of connective tissue, which are located between the masculine processes ( unpaired processes that depart from the arc of each vertebra on the midline) nearby vertebrae. The thickness of inter-sliced \u200b\u200bligaments varies greatly depending on the spinal column segment in which they are located. So the most thick inter-silent ligaments are located in the lumbar department, while in the cervical department they are less developed. These ligaments are bordered in front with yellow ligaments, and near the tops of the spasy processes merge with another bundle - navigable.

Supported bunchit is a continuous connective tissue of heavy, which stretches on the tops of the spinless processes of the vertebrae of the lumbar and sacrilate department. This bunch largely fixes the sausage processes. At the top, the supervisory bundle is gradually moving into an outbag.

Own bunchit is a record, which consists of connective tissue and elastic seasites. The left bundle is located only in the cervical department. From above, this bunch is attached to the occipital scallop, which is located just above the first cervical process, and below the bundle is attached to an accelerated process of the last seventh cervical vertebra.

Interpretation ligamentsare underdeveloped fibrous plates, which are located between the transverse process of vertebrae. Intervertebral ligaments are well developed in the lumbar department and are poorly expressed in the cervical and thoracic segment of the spine. In the cervical department, these bundles may be completely absent.

In most cases, osteophytes, which are formed from the front edge of the vertebral bodies, can adjust to the front longitudinal ligament and lead to its irritation or even to the partial rupture. Gradually connecting fabric damaged ligament reborn into bone tissue ( ossification process). This process in rare cases can occur with other spoken ligaments ( rear longitudinal bunch, yellow ligaments).

Restriction of mobility in the spinal column

Limiting mobility in the spine may be due to the presence of osteophytes of significant sizes. Bone growths lead to the deformation of the bodies of nearby vertebrae, which sometimes causes their battle. If osteophytes deform or destroy the articular surfaces of the intervertebral joints, then this can lead to a significant loss of mobility in separate spinal segments, up to complete immobility ( ankylosis).

Diagnosis of osteophyte spine

The identification and diagnosis of osteophytes does not represent special difficulties. Detect bone expansion in the absolute majority of cases helps a radiographic method. But in itself, osteophyte detection is not worth any value without identifying the cause, which entailed the formation of bone expanding data. It is worth noting that in some cases osteophytes of minor sizes can be found, which proceed without symptoms and do not need drug or surgical treatment.

For detection of osteophytes, the following instrumental diagnostic methods are used:

Radiographic method

The radiographic method is the main methods for the diagnosis of osteophytes due to its availability and non-invasiveness ( this method does not injure tissues). At first, osteophytes look like small pointers on the front top or bottom surface of the bodies of the vertebrae. Their sizes do not exceed a few millimeters. In the future, bone expansions may increase in size. The massive osteophytes of the spinal column very often on radiographic images have the shape of bird bears. It is important not only to determine the localization and form of osteophytes, but also structure, contours and dimensions. In some cases, the X-ray method allows you to identify other pathological changes in the spine.

CT scan

Computed tomography is a method of layer-by-layer study of the internal structure of tissues. Computed tomography allows you to get slightly more accurate information about the changes occurring in the spine and the surrounding structures. Computed tomography in the diagnosis of osteophytes, as a rule, is not used, since this method compared to X-ray is relatively expensive.

Magnetic resonance imaging is a highly informative method for diagnosing damage to various tissues. To diagnose osteophytes of the spine, this method, as well as the method of computed tomography is relatively rare.

Treatment of osteophytes of the spine

Treatment should be started only after the presence of osteophytes is confirmed by the X-ray data data. Depending on the stage of the disease, as well as on the basis of various Osteophyte parameters ( size, shape, structure, location), the orthopedist doctor in each individual case chooses the necessary treatment regimen.

physiotherapy;
medication treatment;
surgery.

Physiotherapy

Physiotherapy is a complex of treatment methods using various physical factors (electric current, magnetic radiation, thermal energy, ultraviolet rays, etc.). Often, it is particular physiotherapy that helps to remove pain, as well as to restore largely movement in the affected segment of the spine. Physiotherapeutic procedures in combination with properly chosen drug treatment in most cases lead to a significant improvement in well-being. It is worth noting that physiotherapeutic procedures are most effective at the initial stages of diseases.

Physiotherapeutic methods for the treatment of osteophytes of the spine

Type of procedure	Mechanism of action	Duration of treatment
*Acupuncture (acupuncture)*	When piercing special points on the body, various effects can be achieved. Acupuncture is actively used in the treatment of spondylase to eliminate the increased tone of the muscles of the spine ( hypertonus), which enhances pain. To relieve pain syndrome use a sedative method of treatment having an anesthetic and soothing effect. As a rule, 6 - 12 needles are used, which are enhanced in the necessary areas of the skin around the spinal column. The depth of the introduction of the needle should not exceed 0.9 - 1.0 cm.	The duration of one acupuncture session, on average, is 20 - 30 minutes. The course of treatment in each individual case is selected by the attending physician.
*Massotherapy*	Mechanical and reflex effects on tissue arranged around the spinal column contribute to a decrease in the severity of pain syndrome. Therapeutic massage must be carried out before therapeutic physical education, as the massage removes the stress from the muscles, which are involved in maintaining the spine. Massage improves blood circulation of surface and deep spinal tissues, and also accelerates metabolism in damaged tissues. It is worth noting that in the spondylise is strictly forbidden intensive massage and stretching the spine.	The duration of treatment depends on the type and stage of the disease.
*Physiotherapy*	Properly selected exercises contribute to reducing pain syndrome, strengthening muscles and a ligament, and also significantly accelerate the process of regeneration of damaged spine tissues. It is worth noting that the set of exercises selected specifically for each case ( based on the stage of the disease and symptoms) must be performed for a long time.	The duration of the course of therapeutic physical culture, as well as the exercise complex should be seamless in each individual case.
*Electrophoresis* *with Novocaine*	The effects of constant electric current contributes to a faster penetration of medical preparations into surface and deep spinal tissues. Electrophoresis contributes to the fact that in the affected tissues a drug depot is formed, which for a long time constantly affects damaged tissues. To reduce pain syndrome, electrophoresis is used in combination with 1-5% novocaine solution.	Medicinal electrophoresis should be carried out daily for at least 10-15 minutes. Treatment must be carried out until completely relieving pain.
*Ultrasound therapy*	The impact of elastic oscillations of sound waves, which are not perceived by the human ear, significantly improve the metabolic process in tissues. Ultrasound is capable of penetrating the tissue to a depth to 5 - 6 cm. Ultrasonic waves also have a thermal effect, as the sound energy can be transformed into thermal. Under the action of ultrasound therapy, degenerative-dystrophic processes are slowed down, which lead to spondylise.	Every day or every other day for 15 minutes. The course of treatment, on average, is 8 - 10 sessions.
*Diad dartimatherapy*	The mechanism of the effect of diadimetherapy is similar to electrophoresis. A constant electric current with a frequency of 50 to 100 Hz is served on the affected segment of the spine. Depending on the current type ( single phase or two-phase), as well as its strength in the damaged spine segments, various effects can be achieved. The current is most often used with a higher frequency, as it stimulates the metabolism of deep tissues, reduces the pain in the field of exposure, and also improves blood circulation.

It is worth noting that some physiotherapeutic procedures are contraindicated in the presence of a patient certain diseases.

Physiotherapy is contraindicated in the following pathologies:

malignant tumors;
veins ( thrombophlebitis, thrombosis);
massive bleeding;
elevated blood pressure ( hypertension 3 Stages);
atherosclerosis ( cholesterol deposition in the walls of arterial vessels);
active form tuberculosis;
the aggravation of infectious diseases.

Medicia treatment

Medical treatment is reduced to the use of anti-inflammatory drugs. This drug group largely contributes to the elimination of pain syndrome. It is worth noting that anti-inflammatory drugs for a better effect should be used in combination with physiotherapy procedures, therapeutic massage and therapeutic gymnastics.

Medical treatment of spinal osteophytes

Name of the drug	Group Affiliation	Mechanism of action	Indications
*Ketoprofen.*	Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs outdoor use.	These drugs inhibit the production of biologically active substances that are involved in the inflammatory process. Reduce the intensity of pain syndrome, reduce swelling of tissues.	Outwardly on the painful spine segments three times a day. The drug is applied by a thin layer and rub in the skin to the skin completely absorb. The course of treatment is 10 - 14 days.
*Diclofenak*
*Indomethacin*
*Voltaren*

Surgery

Surgery prescribed only in running cases or in the absence of effect from medical treatment. As a rule, the operation is assigned, if osteophytes are pressed on the spinal cord or nervous roots. In this situation, it is resorted to decompression of Laminectomy.

Surgical treatment of spinal osteophytes

Indications	Methodik	Purpose of the operation	Duration of rehabilitation
If massive osteophytes lead to a narrowing of the spinal canal and pressed on the spinal cord ( spinal stenosis), causing appropriate symptoms, then in this case decompression laminectomy is shown.	In order to make decompression ( elimination of compresses) The spinal canal resort to removal of an arc of one or several vertebrae. The operation is carried out under general anesthesia. At the beginning of the operation, the surgeon makes a suction of the skin corresponding to the place of operation. After receiving access to the necessary vertebrae, an incision is made and at the rear of the vertebral arc, and in the future and complete removal. At the end of the operation, the wound is in layers.	Eliminate numbness, constant pain, irradiating in hand or legs depending on the affected spine segment.	The duration of rehabilitation depends on the general state of the patient's health before the operation, as well as the volume of operation. As a rule, for 3 - 4 days after the operation of the patient, they are released home. It is possible to return to work that does not require special physical efforts, it is possible to return 15 days after the operation, and if the work is conjugate with the performance of physical exertion, then after 3 to 6 months.

Osteophyte foot

Osteophytes of the foot, as a rule, are formed on the heel bone. The main cause of the formation of the so-called heel spur is inflammatory-degenerative changes of the plantar fascia ( tendon). This fascia is attached to the heel bugarh and is involved in maintaining a longitudinal foot. The constant microtravum of the plantar fascia leads to its inflammation ( plantar fasciy). The predisposing factors of the plantar fasci are believed - excessive loads on the lower limbs, as well as various injuries of the heel bone ( fractures or cracks).

Osteophytes can also be formed around the nail ( nail Lodge) Thumb foot. These osteophytes are often able to push the nail plate and thereby cause severe pain in the finger. Such manifestations are very similar to the symptoms of an ingrown nail ( onichokriptosis).

Osteophytes of the foot are manifested as follows:

pain syndrome;
violation of the foot function.