Countries for which forestry and woodworking. Timber and woodworking industry. Chapter I. The importance of the industry in the national economy

FOREST AND WOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY

a complex of mining and manufacturing industries, including logging, sawmilling, woodworking and wood-chemical industries. Within the sowing. of the forest belt, coniferous wood is harvested, which is processed into wood-based panels, cellulose, paper, cardboard. For Russia and Canada it is a branch of international specialization. Canada ranks first in the export of forest products. Within the south. the belts where deciduous wood is harvested, the most important are Brazil, Tropical Africa, Southeast. Asia. From here timber is exported by sea to Japan and Western Europe.

Concise Geographical Dictionary... EdwART. 2008.

Forestry and woodworking industry
a complex of industries, including logging, sawmilling, woodworking and wood-chemical industries, at the enterprises of which harvesting, complex mechanical and chemical processing and processing of wood are carried out. Products: lumber, sleepers, fibreboard and chipboard, plywood, furniture, matches, etc. In general, the world's timber harvesting (removal) is growing, but the world's forest wealth is great, but not unlimited. The leaders are the USA, China, India, Brazil, Indonesia, Canada, etc. There is a sharp increase in the import of timber for the production of finished products from developing countries to developed countries (tropical timber is about 1 / 3 of world exports). Brazil, India, Indonesia, Malaysia are among the largest suppliers of commercial timber to the world market, in addition to economically developed countries. The world leaders in the production of sawn timber are the USA, Canada and China, in the production of fiberboard - the USA, China, as well as (many times behind them) Canada, Germany, Russia. Leaders in the production of chipboard: USA, Germany, Canada, China. Traditionally, Russia occupied one of the first places in the world in the production of products in this industry, but in the last decade, production has decreased by 3–5 times.

Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M .: Rosman. Edited by prof. A.P. Gorkina. 2006 .

See what "FOREST AND WOODWORKING INDUSTRY" is in other dictionaries:

Complex of industries for harvesting, mechanical and chemical processing and wood processing; includes logging, sawmill, woodworking, wood-chemical industries ...

FORESTRY AND WOODWORKING INDUSTRY, a complex of industries for harvesting, mechanical and chemical processing and wood processing; includes logging, sawmill, woodworking, wood-chemical industries ... encyclopedic Dictionary

WOODWORKING INDUSTRY, see Timber and woodworking industry (see FORESTRY AND WOODWORKING INDUSTRY) ... encyclopedic Dictionary

See Forestry and woodworking industry ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

The woodworking industry is a branch of the timber industry. Using various timber as raw materials, the woodworking industry carries out mechanical and chemical mechanical processing and processing of wood. ... ... Wikipedia

Timber, pulp and paper and woodworking industries- FOREST, PULP PAPER AND WOODWORKING INDUSTRY. During the years of the first five-year plans, they practically were created and organizationally took shape on their own. branches of the timber harvesting and processing industry, headed by the People's Commissariat of the Forestry Industry ... ... Great Patriotic War 1941-1945: an encyclopedia- (Industry) History of industry Major industries in the world Contents Contents Section 1. History of development. Section 2. Classification of industry. Section 3. Industry. Subsection 1. Electricity. Subsection 2. Fuel ... ... Investor encyclopedia

- one of the oldest industries producing structural materials and consisting of the following interconnected industries that differ from one another in production technology, the purpose of the products, but use the same raw materials:

Logging (felling, trail)
Mechanical processing - includes sawmilling, plywood, lumber, furniture, matches, parquet, etc.
Wood chemistry (production of charcoal, resin, alcohol, rosin, acetic acid, turpentine, fodder yeast, etc.)
The pulp and paper industry occupies an intermediate position, where chemical technologies are combined with mechanical processing, and includes the production of cellulose, paper, and cardboard.

Logging... From seasonal industry to industry industrial production with permanent, qualified personnel and high-quality equipment. This industry belongs to the extractive industry.

Sawmill- the main consumer of commercial wood at the logging stage, from where wood makes up 25% (branches, bark, needles) in sawmilling - sawdust, shavings, humps, slats (they increase to 40%). Sawmill centers are usually located in logging areas, but can also be located in other areas, where a huge mass of roundwood is transported by various modes of transport.

Sawmilling serves as a base for the subsequent processing of raw materials. In close connection with it, standard housing construction, the production of furniture, DRSP, plywood, and matches were widely developed. The placement of industries for the mechanical processing of wood should take into account such features of the forest industry as high unit costs of raw materials for the manufacture of products (1 ton of wood pulp - 3m3), and waste at the stages of logging and sawmilling. With this specificity, it is necessary to bring production closer to sources of raw materials or transport routes. However, transporting furniture is more expensive than transporting wood and requires highly skilled labor to produce it. Therefore, as a rule, the production of furniture is located with the consumer.

Wood chemistry, like most branches of mechanical woodworking, gravitates towards logging sites. Very often, wood-chemical enterprises are located near the sawmill centers, as they use waste from this production.

Pulp and paper industry differs in material consumption (1 ton of cellulose - 5 m3 of wood) and water capacity (1 ton of products - 350 m3 of water). Often, pulp and paper production is associated with sawmilling and uses waste from mechanical wood processing - the so-called paper pulp. So, the main factors in the location of the Central Bank of production are raw materials (approaching forest-surplus regions) and water. Rivers are often used as transport routes for timber and water supplies.

Within the northern forest belt, mainly coniferous wood is harvested and all types of forest industry are developed. The most effective form of organization of the forest industry in these areas is the timber industry complex (), which includes timber harvesting, various types of processing, including waste disposal, production of VSP and fiberboard.

For some countries of this belt (Russia,

The timber industry is characterized by the presence of two forest belts.

Coniferous wood is harvested within the northern forest belt, which is then processed into wood-based panels, cellulose, paper, and cardboard. For Russia, Canada, Sweden, Finland, the forestry and woodworking industries are important branches of international specialization. Canada ranks first in the world in the export of forest products. The main importers of timber are Western Europe and Japan.

Hardwood is harvested within the southern forest belt. There are three main areas of the forest industry: Brazil, Tropical Africa, Southeast Asia. The wood harvested in them is exported by sea to Japan, Western Europe, and the rest is mainly used for firewood.

For the manufacture of paper in the countries of the southern belt, non-wood raw materials are often used: bamboo in India, sisal in Brazil, Tanzania, jute in Bangladesh. And nevertheless, in terms of its production, per capita, these countries are especially lagging behind.

2. Foreign Asia covers an area of 27 million km 2 with a population of 3.1 billion people. On political map Asia has more than 40 sous military states, many of which are ancient. The vast majority of countries in the region are developing countries. Overseas Asia is divided into four sub-regions: Central and East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Southwest Asia.

EGP of the countries of the region is characterized by the coastal position of most countries, which provides access to the seas of the Pacific, Indian, Atlantic oceans; the deep position of some countries, which is much less advantageous.

The region's mineral resources, which form the basis for heavy industry, are very diverse. The main wealth of the region, which determines its role in the international geographical division of labor, is oil. The largest oil and gas regions are Saudi Arabia, Iran, UAE, Kuwait, Iraq. The prime cost of Middle Eastern oil is 20 times lower than in other regions. In addition to the Middle East, there is oil in the east of the PRC, in the shelves of Indonesia, in Brunei, Oman, and Malaysia. Natural gas is produced in Indonesia, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Iran and other countries. China and India are rich in coal, iron and manganese ores.

Most of the Asian region is occupied by mountains and deserts, so it is not rich in land resources. The provision of arable land per capita is below the world average and, due to population growth, tends to further decline. Water resources are distributed extremely unevenly. In the countries of Southeast Asia, Iran, the provision is average or excessive, and in the rest of the territory - insufficient. Agroclimatic resources also have their own characteristics. There are enough heat reserves everywhere, the humidification regime varies greatly. Hydropower resources are quite large in mountainous areas. The countries of East and Southeast Asia and India are rich in forest resources, although their per capita supply is low.

The reproduction of the population is characterized by a "population explosion", especially in the Arab countries, although there is a tendency towards a decrease in natural increase. In most countries, it ranges from 20 to 30 people. per 1000 inhabitants. The ethnic composition of the population is extremely complex: more than 1000 peoples belonging to 9 linguistic groups live here. Among them, the largest in the world are the Chinese and Hindus. Small peoples are scattered in the mountainous areas. Most of the countries are multinational (Afghanistan, India, Sri Lanka) - interethnic conflicts still do not abate here. Foreign Asia is the homeland of all religions in the world, whose influence on people's lives is very great. The distribution of the population is extremely uneven: in Bangladesh, the population density is 900 people / km 2, and in Mongolia and the countries of South-West Asia - within 1 person / km. The level of urbanization is lower than in other regions of the world (Bangladesh - 17%, Pakistan - 33%, Iran - 57%), but its rate is growing rapidly, especially the number of large cities is increasing.

Differences in the level of development and specialization of individual countries are more pronounced in Asia than in Europe. Therefore, six groups of countries can be distinguished. The first includes Japan, which, according to many important indicators, occupies a leading position among the economically developed countries of Europe. The second group is formed by China and India, which have achieved great success in economic and social development. However, in terms of per capita indicators, they are still far behind most countries in the world. The third group is the newly industrialized countries (Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore), they have made a rapid economic leap. As a result of the restructuring of the economies of these countries according to the Japanese model, a large automobile, oil refining, petrochemical, and electronic industries arose in them. The fourth group includes the oil-producing countries of the Persian Gulf. Receiving huge revenues from the sale of oil, these states have become important industrial areas with large oil and gas production and other industries. The fifth group consists of countries mainly with mining or light industries (Mongolia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Jordan). The sixth group of countries is the least developed (Laos, Cambodia, Nepal, Bhutan, Yemen).

The economy of most countries is dominated by agriculture and mining. In many of them, the food problem has not yet been resolved. Agricultural specialization varies greatly. Rice cultivation is developed in South, East and Southeast Asia, in the monsoon climate region, where there is a surplus of labor resources and a shortage of agricultural land. China, Japan, India, Sri Lanka specialize in growing tea; on the border of Burma, Laos, Thailand there is a "golden triangle" of opium poppy crops. In Southwest Asia, the leading grain crop is wheat in irrigated land; grazing livestock is widespread here.

The mining industry developed in mineral-rich countries is largely controlled by large Western companies. In MGRT, the developing countries of Asia act as suppliers of oil, gas, manganese, tin, and iron ore.

1. Timber and woodworking industry: composition, location. Geographic differences.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of Asian countries.

3. Determination of the main exporters of coffee based on statistical materials.

1. Timber and woodworking industry: composition, location. Geographic differences.

Timber and woodworking industry is a complex complex industry, including logging, sawmilling, mechanical and chemical processing of wood.

Forests cover less than 30% of the land (3819 million hectares), but so far about 2.3 billion hectares are available for harvesting.

The geography of the world's forestry and woodworking industries is largely determined by the location of forest resources.

Allocate:

1) Northern forest belt: it is located in the temperate climatic zone and partly in the subtropical. It accounts for 1/2 of all forest areas in the world, and almost the same part of the timber stock.

Mainly coniferous wood is harvested here, which is then processed into sawlogs, wood boards, cellulose, paper, cardboard.

Leading countries in the timber industry: Russia, Canada, Sweden, Finland.

Canada ranks first in the world in the export of forest products.

For your information: in terms of timber harvesting per capita (6 - 7 cubic meters per year), Canada ranks first in the world. There are over 1.5 thousand sawmills in the country; the world's largest pulp and paper mill operates. Canada produces about 40% of all newsprint in the overseas world and accounts for 60% of its exports.

2) Southern forest belt: located mainly in the tropical and equatorial zones. It accounts for 1/2 of all forest areas in the world and more than 50% of the total timber supply.

Hardwood is harvested here.

There are three regions of the timber industry:

- Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia; timber from here goes mainly to Japan);

- Central and West Africa (Zaire, Angola, Sudan, Ghana; from these places the wood goes to Europe);

- Latin America (Brazil): timber is exported to the USA and Europe.

For the manufacture of paper in the countries of the southern belt, non-wood raw materials are often used: bamboo (India), bagasse (Peru), sisal (Brazil, Tanzania), jute (Bangladesh). And nevertheless, in its production, especially on a per capita basis, these countries are unusually far behind.

For your information: India consumes 1.5 kg of paper per capita, Afghanistan and Mali - 0.1 kg each. For comparison, the average for the whole world is 45 kg, and in Finland it reaches 1400 kg.

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Timber industry. 1. Determine the industry composition and complete the table. Branches of the forest

Timber industry. 1. Determine the industry composition and complete the table.

Branches of the timber industry Main factors of location Examples of centers Logging Woodworking: sawmilling furniture match Pulp and paper Timber chemistry 2. Describe the timber industry bases of Russia according to the plan: 1 Geographical position... 2 Stocks of wood.

3. Specialization at the stages of forestry production. 4. Centers of the timber industry. 5. Problems and development prospects. 1 row - European north 2 row - Central Russia 3 row - Siberian region 33. Perform the test on the topic "Forest industry of Russia" 1. Industrial forest felling is carried out in forests: a) operational b) water protection c) reserved d) protective 2.More deep processing of wood is provided at: a) single enterprises b) timber industry complexes 3. Of the MD branches, the consumer is focused on production of: a) plywood b) cardboard c) furniture d) matches 4. Large pulp and paper mills are located in: a) Arkhangelsk, Bratsk b) Kursk, Serpukhov c) Kazan, Ufa d) Perm, Chelyabinsk 5. The pulp and paper industry mainly pollutes: a) the atmosphere b) surface water c) soils d) the World Ocean 6. Arrange the drug industries in the order of the manufactured products: furniture industry __ sawmilling ___ logging ___ (1,2,3) 7.

The largest volumes of timber harvesting fall on the zone: a) mixed forests b) taiga c) deciduous forests 8. What is the factor of location, is the leading one for the furniture industry. a) at sources of raw materials b) energy and water c) transport routes d) consumer 9. What is the main export product of MD enterprises: a) cardboard b) paper c) round timber d) sawn timber 10. Name the factors that determine the location of pulp and paper industry: a) ecological b) raw materials c) water d) scientific e) energy 11. Name the centers of the pulp and paper industry: a) Bratsk b) St. Petersburg c) Baikalsk d) Moscow 12. Where is it preferable to locate the sawmilling centers?

a) at the intersection of floating rivers and railway b) c large cities c) in seaports d) in places of excess electricity 13. Which forest port is located at the mouth of the Ob River? a) Arkhangelsk b) Naryan-Mar c) Dudinka d) Salekhard 14. Specify the forest surplus region of Russia: a) Rostov region.

Topic 1.5. Geography of the branches of the world economy.

b) Orenburg region. v) Perm Territory d) Chukotka JSC

Timber and woodworking industry

In this area, due to the lack of industrial forests, this industry is not developed.

Wood production.

Wood is a group of wood products used in construction to cover and decorate buildings. Until now, sawdust is a very relevant material due to its environmental properties.

Lumber production

customer oriented and presents Photo.79 Forest transport

the primary level of mechanical processing of wood (Donetsk, Mariupol, Konstantinovka, Makeevka, Kramatorsk).

One of the most attractive investments is a medium density sheet (MDF) company in Makeevka.

This is the first company of this profile in the CIS countries. Market research

Rice. 80 plywood

confirms the great demand for its products in the CIS countries and far abroad.

The rarest production in the domestic industry is the production of plywood. The production of plywood is an intensive material with a large amount of waste, on the basis of which the production of particle boards is directed.

In this industry, there is a very slow increase in capacity, which is mainly associated with the reconstruction of existing facilities by partial replacement of equipment and a slight expansion of areas (Donetsk Mariupol, Kostyantinovka, Makeevka, Kramatorsk).

In addition, there are serious problems with raw materials.

Furniture industry

Furniture manufacturing companies are located in consumption areas. This is due to the fact that the transportation of furniture is more expensive than wood, and the products themselves require trained personnel.

The furniture industry is most developed in Donetsk.

North European base it has the richest reserves of chemical raw materials (Khibiny ore, apatite-nepheline) and forests. There are reserves of oil, gas and coal. They work there in the field of coke and chemical companies (Cherepovets), gas processing and oil refining (Ukhta), which supply raw materials to the chemical industry.

There are large stocks water resources for the development of the production of chemical forests.

Khibiny apatite concentrate is used for the production of high quality phosphorus fertilizers (Cherepovets, sulfuric acid obtained from ferrous metallurgy - sulfur).

In the future, the chemical industry needs further development through the processing of local oil and gas resources.

Favorable traffic of SOEs, large forest reserves, abundance of water predetermined the wide specialization of the region in forestry products.

Large-scale processing production of paper and cellulose (Kondopoga, Segezha, Arkhangelsk), wood and wood-based panels (Arkhangelsk, Syktyvkar). There LPK (Zheshart), furniture industry enterprises (Krasnovishersk, Syktyvkar), wood-chemical enterprises (Arkhangelsk, Medvezhyegorsk).

Central base - lack of resources. It was created with a focus on strong consumer demand. From local raw materials (phosphates - Egorovskoe field), which is produced only by phosphorus fertilizers (Voskresensk) and various wood products (cellulose, paper) in the forests of the northeast (Balakhna, Vyatka) and Syamstroy.

Competitions are held in Kaluga, Kirov, Rybinsk. Furniture - in almost all large cities (Kostroma, Novgorod, Moscow, St. Petersburg). The central region produces 1/3 of the timber industry.

Almost the entire chemical industry uses imported resources.

produce chemical fibers(artificial - Ryazan, Tver, St. Petersburg, Shuya, synthetics - Kursk, etc. - Klin, Serpukhov), tires and tires(Yaroslavl - in the oil refining industry (Almetyevsk oil), St. Petersburg - at the oil refinery in Kirishi (Almetyevsk oil), plastic(St. Petersburg - from the processing of hydrocarbons, Nizhny Tagil and Dzerzhinsk - based on coking coal Novotul and Novolipetsk plants), complex fertilizers(Novomoskovsk, Voskresensk), nitrogen fertilizers(Shchekino, Lipetsk, Novomoskovsk, Novgorod, Dzerzhinsk), phosphate fertilizers(St. Petersburg, Volkhov - from imported khibiny apatite neoleic ore), paints and varnishes and synthetic dyes(St. Petersburg, Yaroslavl, Moscow - by weight of Almetyevsk).

The central base provides 45% of the chemical industry.

Volga-Ural base in terms of the variety and proportion of raw materials, the combination and strength of the industries that have arisen on their basis are the most balanced.

There are huge reserves of potassium (Solekamsk, Berezniki), sodium salts (for example, Baskunchak, Elton), sulfur (Orenburg), oil and gas, timber and water. Volga-Kama hydroelectric power station provides cheap energy. That is why the chemical and forestry complex created here is the largest and largest in Russia in terms of its scale and diversity. Its main elements are giant chemical complexes - Solekamsko-Berezniki, Ufa-Salavatskaya, Samara, which provide mineral fertilizers, soda, rubber, plastics.

In the forest regions in the north, the main timber industry is developing.

Woodworking industry in the world

Central Bank - Krasnokamsk, Krasnovishersk, Solikamsk, Novaya Lyalya. There are forestry chemical companies (Asha, Novaya Lyalya, Saratov, Volgograd). Furniture (Saratov, Volgograd, Samara, Ufa, Chelyabinsk) and the gaming industry (Ufa) are well developed. The environmental factor is a serious obstacle for the further development of the base.

Siberian base belongs to the category of the most promising. On the reserves and diversity of resources exceeding all the Ural bases: forest resources (Irkutsk region, south of Krasnoyarsk Territory, Republic of Khakassia), oil and gas, Glauber, salt (Usolye-Sibirskaya, Burla).

Petrochemistry is developing especially intensively (complexes Tobolsk and Tomsk, Omsk, Angarsk).

Formation of production of coal and chemicals (Kemerovo - plastics, synthetic resins, chemical fibers). The largest selection of products (cellulose, paper, fodder yeast, artificial fibers) is produced by the largest in the country - Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk.

Also, the production of tires and rubber products from rubber obtained by hydrolysis of wood and oil products (Omsk, Krasnoyarsk) was made.

introduction

The timber industry is one of the most interesting to study because of its complexity, versatility, worldwide distribution and the need for its products for the economy of any country.

In our work, we began to study the forestry complex in various aspects, paying special attention to prices and the impact of prices on the development of industry.

We started thinking about general definition forestry complex and aspects of the impact of forest resources on the capabilities of industry. In addition, we will briefly discuss the technological characteristics of production, the volume of woodworking products, the scale of world trade. Attention is also paid to geographical structure: major importers and exporters, production of selected products by region, and North American, Pacific and European subgroups.

In addition to pricing forest products, we also looked at specific data that provide us with a more complete picture of the global timber market based on the North American Regional Timber Market.

Finally, based on our work, we have drawn some conclusions that show possible guiding principles for the development of the forest industry and the associated changes in price dynamics.

General characteristics of the forest complex

The production of the forest complex, the volume of production, the market situation, prices and other indicators are directly related to the state of the world's forests at the moment, the situation in the environment and, therefore, the global and domestic politics selected countries on the issue of forest management.

Economic, political, demographic and social trends determine the direction of forest management and influence the formulation of national policies on this issue and the creation of related institutions.

The main impact on forest areas, the number of which is demographic changes (growth) and urbanization of the population, the need for forest products, as well as the ability of forests to perform important ecological functions. Policy trends affecting the forestry sector include decentralization, privatization, trade liberalization, and globalization of the world economy (1).

Currently, a large number of governmental and international organizations control forest problems and therefore influence the forest industry and industrial prices.

These organizations include the Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (IPF), established in April 1995, held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, UNCED).

The goals of the IPF are to follow the recommendations of UNCED on global forest management, on the impact on the world community in forest matters. IPF collaborates with international organizations, governments, NGOs and the private sector, which has a significant impact on the state of forests and the forest industry.

Other organizations include the World Forest (SOFO), which regularly provides summary information.

You can also say about the United Nations Commission on Agriculture (FAO). The FAO Forest Resources Assessment Program (FAO) is based on the decisions of many other organizations.

In 1995, the volume of the world's forests, including natural forests and plantations, was 3.454 million hectares, slightly more than in developing countries.

The total loss of forests in the world in 1990-1995 was estimated at 56.3 million hectares, which reduced the forest area to 65.1 million people. Ha, especially in developing countries, and increased by 8.8 million people in one city in their territory. Ha. In general, the decline in forest area was mainly in developing countries, but at the same time reduced its magnitude lower than projected in the 1980-1990 biennium. And currently it is still declining.

Research into the causes of forest change has shown that the main drivers are agricultural development in Africa, Asia and major programs economic development accompanied by migration, infrastructure development and agriculture in Latin America and Asia.

Although forest production is not the main cause of direct deforestation, it is indirectly an important factor. cutting operations in many areas are accompanied by road layouts that have become readily accessible for agrarian colonization from remote areas.

Although the entire area of forest cover is constantly decreasing, the demand for forest products is constantly growing.

FAO forest products statistics show that global consumption of forest products has increased by 36% since 1970.

Fuelwood consumption, which is the main or only source of energy for two-fifths of the world's population, continues to grow at 1.2% per year.

Search results

About 90% of woodfuel is produced and used in developing countries. Industrial countries account for about 70% of the production and consumption of industrial forest products.

Many countries mainly relate to plantations and agricultural forests to meet their forest needs.

The amount of wood produced on plantations in Asia, Oceania and South America... In developing countries alone, forest area has increased from 40 million hectares in 1980 to over 80 million hectares in 1995.

One of the most important trends has been the development of more efficient technological processes that can significantly increase the final product while reducing the consumption of raw materials.

It is also important to move to cleaner technologies.

Technological characteristics of wood processing

The forestry group is engaged in sawing and other wood materials. The list of wooden products is very extensive. According to the US classification, the main industries in this industry are:

- incoming

- crushing and manufacturing of plywood from plywood

- manufacture of wooden containers

- construction of wooden buildings

- other wood products.

In order to use it later, the wood must be processed in some basic types of materials.

This is the direction of the first three mentioned branches of the timber industry.

There are about 20 processes used in the data fields, including: sawing, shredding by pressing, molding, molding materials, drilling, chemical processing and the like

World trade in forest products and its structure

The structure of world trade in forest products

In the forestry sector, it currently accounts for about one tenth of the total industrial production in advanced market economies.

In this complex there is a very diverse and varied production that combines a unique unique natural raw material, which is wood.

Wood retains its place in modern world as the most important type of natural raw materials used by civilization.

Over the past two decades, wood has accounted for about 10% of the world's work. Despite active competition for new materials and technologies, its share is practically not decreasing. According to this indicator, the timber industry is about the same as in the chemical industry, slightly higher than in the food industry, and almost twice as important as light industry or metallurgy.

The commodity structure of the global timber market is quite complex.

It looks like this:

Table 1. Commodity structure of the world timber market

The data in Table 1-% * show the share of products in the value of world timber trade and can be linked to the data in Table 2 for the period 1989-1992.

The data in Table 1 -% ** show the ratio to timber used for export.

As a result, we see that semi-finished products and raw materials prevail in the structure of global timber exports, and the final products can be attributed to no more than a quarter of the world trade in products from the forest paper complex. When exporting timber to the USSR in 1990, which at that time amounted to about 2 billion rubles,

rubles, the share of semi-finished products and raw materials was even higher - up to 97%.

For the most complete understanding of the commodity structure of the market, one can take into account the commodity set of exports of the richest forest states, which are the leading sellers in this market.

There are 9 billion in Finland.

about 7 types of wood and paper, 1 - for sawn timber, while wood products account for only 2% of revenue, paper products - 5%, furniture - 2%.

Introduction …………………………………………. ………………………………………… .. ……………. 2

The importance of industry in national economy ……………………………………… …. 4

Chapter II. Factors affecting the location of the industry …………………… ...… .6

Industry characteristics …………………………………… ...… …… .7

3.1 Sectoral structure ………………………………………………………… .. 7

3.2. Economic assessment of forest resources by regions of Russia ……… ..… .12

3.3 Dynamics of industrial production ……………………………………… ……. 19

Conclusion …………………………………………. ……………………… ..… .. 21

Bibliography …………………………………………………… .. 22

introduction

We unite the industrial sectors related to the collection, processing and processing of wood raw materials into a group with a common name - the timber industry, which is also called the forestry complex.

Oil is often called "black gold", gas - "blue".

Without exaggeration, the forest can be called the “green gold” of Russia. The forest provides man with a universal raw material - wood, which is used in all industries.

Russia is the largest forestry country in the world, with a strong wood-chemical complex, including collection, mechanical processing and chemical processing of wood. Russia is rich in forests: it occupies more than 45% of its territory. In our country, one fifth of the world's timber supply is concentrated.

It ranks first in a wooded area of over 750 million hectares and exceeds the forest coverage of such large forest countries as Canada, USA, Sweden, Norway and Finland. More than half of the world's valuable conifers are concentrated in the Russian forest. The total inventory of industrial timber reaches 30 billion m3 - more than three times the reserves of the USA and Canada.

In the Russian forest there are about 1500 species of trees and shrubs, there are valuable types of needles, which make up 9/10 of all reserves.

When collecting wood, mature and transplanted crops are first used (the age of the mature species is from 80 to 100 years, the overweight organism is more than 100 years old). Mammals and angles currently occupy more than 5% of the total forest area, more than 95% are concentrated in Siberia and the Far East.

The largest amount of wood in Russia is boron, spruce, larch. Softwood is widely used in the construction and pulp and paper industries.

Thus, forestry is one of the most interesting to study because of its complexity, versatility, distribution throughout the world and the need for its products for the economy of any country.

Chapter I. The importance of the industry in the national economy.

The importance of the forest industry in the Russian economy is determined by the huge reserves of wood, the wide territorial distribution of forest resources and the fact that at present there is practically no economic area that does not use wood or its derivatives.

If at the beginning of the 20th century. wood produces 2-2.5 thousand types of products, and then at the end of the 20th century. industry products over 20 thousand different products.

First, the timber provides business lumber. The economic value of wood is very high, but it is mainly used and used in construction, industry and transport, in agriculture and municipal services. The wood is easy to process, has a low specific weight, it is strong enough and its chemical composition allows you to get a wide range of useful products.

But at the same time, there are many products in the forest for various purposes.

This non-wood product of plant and animal origin meets the diverse needs of the population. There is a great potential for food and forage in the forest, the most valuable reserves of various varieties of nuts. The forest provides mushrooms, strawberries, birch and maple juices, medicinal plants... These funds can be produced in large quantities, although the inequality of their territorial concentration and large fluctuations in profitability for last years affect the level of their economic use.

In addition, the forest is a habitat for many commercial animals.

The useful functions of the forest are very diverse. An important place among them is water protection and soil protection.

The forest adapts spring floods, water regime of rivers and land. This has a positive effect on the river, lake and groundwater, improves their quality, and purifies various harmful substances. A change in the microclimate in areas protected by forest belts contributes to an increase (by 15-25%) in yields

The use of forests to meet social needs is of increasing importance - rest and improvement of human health, improvement of his condition.

The recreational properties of the forest are very diverse. The forest produces oxygen and absorbs carbon dioxide: 1 hectare of pine forest at the age of 20 absorbs 9.34 tons of carbon dioxide and gives 7.25 tons of oxygen.

Forest absorbs noise: the crowns of deciduous trees reflect and dissipate up to 70% of sound energy. The forest humidifies the air and weakens the wind, neutralizing the effect of harmful industrial emissions. It produces phytoncides, killing pathogenic bacteria, has a beneficial effect on nervous system person.

Thus, the timber industry is very important in the national economy.

Chapter II.

Factors influencing the location of the industry.

The wood industry is directly related to the supply of raw materials. The main areas of commercial timber production (from west to east) are the North, Volga-Vyatka, Ural, West Siberian, East Siberian, Far East.

The sawmill is controlled by two mock factors - the raw material (first) and the consumer. It is no coincidence that the main areas of timber production are Eastern Siberia and the North (more than 1/5 each), the Urals (1/7), the West Siberian and Far East (approximately 1/10).

Taking into account the consumer factor, sawing is located in the central, central Chernoz and the Volga region.

The consumer factor is the leading factor in the location of companies in the furniture industry.

The production of matches together with the factor of placing consumers takes into account the raw materials (availability of Aspen stands).

Companies in the pulp and paper industry (pulp and paper, pulp and paper mills) are built mainly in the field of raw materials, while the consumer factor is taken into account in the paper industry.

The leading regions for pulp are north (almost half), Eastern Siberia (f), Northwest (1/10); paper - like the north (more than 2/5), Ural (1/6), North-West (1/6), Volga-Vyatsky (1/10).

The wood chemical industry is in the field of raw materials; its products are rosin, turpentine, varnish, protein and vitamin supplements.

Thus, the location of the forest industry is influenced by two factors - raw materials and consumers.

Chapter III.

Industry characteristics.

3.1. Industry structure.

In the sectoral structure of the production of marketable products in Russia as a whole, the woodworking, woodworking and pulp and paper industries and the paper industry accounted for 4.6%.

The structure of the forestry complex is divided into the following sectors:

logging, sawing - the main forest areas: Northern, Volga-Vyatka, Central, Volga, Ural, Western and Eastern Siberia;
furniture production - central, northwestern, Ural, North Caucasian, provincial;
standard residential construction - Ural, North, North-West, Volga-Vyatka, Central and Eastern Siberia;
pulp and paper industry - Northern, Volga-Vyatka, Ural and Eastern Siberia;
hydrolysis industry - north, north-west, Ural, Volga, east-Siberian;
chemical-mechanical processing of wood - Northern, Volgo-Vyatka, Ural and East Siberian regions.

Timber industry- the largest branch of the forest industry, which carries out logging, removal and alloying of wood.

Wood products - wood for further processing and construction, as well as wood.

Lecture 50. Woodworking and woodworking industry in the world. Textile industry in the world

Leswood is still widely used in households, especially in rural areas, although its importance has diminished significantly over the past half century. The traditional consumer of wood is the fish smoking industry.

Throughout the revolutionary period and still in Russia, there is a steady trend of significant annual reductions in Pererub in developed and populated areas in the European part of the country, which led to a rapid decline in the stocks of woody and metallized trees, and the main cultivated areas have been steadily shifting to the north and east.

As a result, today the main areas of Russian logging are the European north, east and west of Siberia, the Urals and Of the Far East- far from the main centers of consumption of wood and wood products over long distances.

Today the woodworking industry is a permanent sector, mostly mechanized and radically changed geography.

Woodworking industry- the branch of the forest industry, which carries out mechanical, chemical-mechanical processing and processing of wood.

The most important wood products are timber, sleepers, plywood, wood fiber (MDF) and particle board (DSP), beams, construction products, technical training, furniture, wooden containers and matches.

Timber industry groups	Extraction and production	The main factors determining the location of companies
forestry	first To come in; 2. Use of low-value wood and waste	Raw materials and supplies
woodwork	Production: 1. sawdust; 2. details of the building; 3. plywood; 4. containers; 5. joinery; 6.furniture	Raw materials, transport and consumers, work assets
Pulp and paper	Production: 1. cellulose; second paper; 3.products of them	Raw materials, water, electricity
Wood chemistry	Production: 1. hydrolysis; 2. artificial fibers; 3. plastics; 4. cellophane; 5. Ethers; 6. varnishes; 7.linoleum, etc.	Raw materials, water, electricity