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For the manufacture of dolls, the traditionally used materials were natural raw materials: wood, clay, bone, beeswax, as well as various textiles. In the late 1700s, paper pulp began to be used. In the 1800s, porcelain, rubber, gutta-percha, and celluloid began to be used as raw materials for industrial production. Then came the widespread use of plastic. Wax dolls made in Europe since Roman times and the method of making dolls remained unchanged until the late 1800s. The whole doll was made of wax, subsequently the head and hands were made separately, which were then added to a wooden or canvas-covered base. Wax was still a bad material. It has properties to harden, melt and turn yellow. The best result was obtained when only the outer layer was made of wax, and the doll was made from another material, for example, from paper pulp.
In the late 1700s, compressed paper pulp began to be used, which was made from raw paper powder, chalk, plaster and glue. Whole little dolls were made from paper pulp, as well as doll heads, arms and legs. Separate production of the head of dolls was at one time an amazing innovation, and was a revolution in the process of making dolls. Thanks to the new technology, it was also possible to replace a broken doll head with a new one. (app. 1)
In the first half of the 1800s, porcelain became a strong competitor to paper pulp. The head, arms and legs were made of porcelain. Small dolls were made entirely of porcelain, large dolls were sewn on with a body made of leather or canvas. The first porcelain dolls were white, glazed for sheen, with painted eyes, mouth, and hair. Small holes were made along the lower edge of the porcelain neck for attaching the torso. (app. 1)
The mobility of the limbs has been continuously improved, for example by means of a flat joint in a recess or a ball joint. In the 1860s, doll heads began to be made, in which the neck was inserted into the shoulder, and the head became rotatable. Unglazed, the so-called biscuit porcelain, was then used as a material, on which facial features were then painted. In the 1870s, transparent biscuits were invented, the purpose of which was the natural color of the skin. Pink Western beauties, chocolate-colored African dolls, and yellow Chinese dolls were made from this material. Dolls were also made of metal. In the 1800s, an unbreakable metal doll was patented. Metal puppets were rare, except for mechanical sheet metal puppets.
In the 1820s, gutta-percha, obtained from the milky sap of tropical plants, did not have a strong influence on materials for making toys. But still, starting from the mid-1800s, it began to be used quite a lot. At the same time, in America, a method was invented for making rubber from rubber tree rubber. Old rubber dolls are a rarity, as the rubber surface becomes brittle and deteriorates over time.
The manufacture of celluloid dolls began in the 1870s. Despite the danger of celluloid due to its susceptibility to fire, it was used extensively until the 1950s, when plastic replaced celluloid. The triumphal procession of plastics began in 1948. But cloth rag dolls will always be around.
In the hands of different artists, the same material becomes the same "divine clay" from which hundreds of worlds and galaxies are born. After all, starting to work on a doll, we begin to build our own world, step by step plunging into its magical philosophy. This world may be similar to the one that surrounds us, or it may be extremely far from reality, invented from beginning to end. In this case, no general rules and no prescriptions. The artist is free and omnipotent, his motto is "Do what your heart tells you."
For this research work the image of the author's doll "Slavic Rus" was chosen and approved.
Slavic hero - the basis of ancient Russian legends is, as a rule, heroes. If we talk about the etymology of the word "hero" itself, then it is interpreted as a demigod man, or a man endowed with the power of a god. Traditional folk writings became the reason that the heroes of the epic were no longer just heroes, and brave warriors who opposed the invaders, but real fighters against evil spirits. Indeed, very often you can find works in which heroes have to fight against dragons, witches and other otherworldly creatures. In addition, the heroes were assigned a big role in the life of the people, because they were a kind of psychological subtext of the invincibility of Russia, evidence that among the common people there are people who are always ready to defend their native land from any misfortune.
The main task for the practical part was to find techniques for the embodiment of this image in the author's doll.
The approved sketch was enlarged to life size. Polymer clay was chosen as the working material for the author's doll.
An author's doll can be created from various materials. Each master has his own "secrets and tricks". Tools and materials are also very diverse and are chosen by the master in accordance with ease of use. Polymer clay, as a material for making dolls, is quite interesting and has a number of advantages.
These include plasticity, light weight, non-toxicity, ease of processing, sufficient strength and the ability to work with it on the desktop space at home. For starters, the most suitable material, especially since it hardens in air and does not require baking at the end of the work.
Creating a doll is a laborious process that requires inspiration, perseverance and love for creativity. This is a synthetic art form. When creating an author's doll, materials are used that do not create material difficulties for the manufacturer.
> Technological features of creating an author's doll
The technological features of creating an author's doll are determined by the stable basic (anthropomorphic) structure of the work, its "collage". That is, the use of many materials in one work, the use of materials with certain characteristics (plasticity, ease of coloring, relative strength), traditional for historical types of dolls (playing toys). There are two main methods of creating a doll - collage and sculptural. When making a doll using the collage method, there are six technologically necessary stages (sketch, creating sculptural parts, making a wig, developing a frame and creating doll body shapes, making a costume, fixing a doll on a stand), when using a sculptural technique - four (sketch, creating the main volume , painting, fixing the doll on a stand). At each specified stage, artistically significant elements of the work are created, which, being combined, should represent a single complex.
The artistic originality of the author's doll is associated with many factors: traditional ideas about the doll and the desire of artists to go beyond these ideas, the peculiarities of the technology of creating the doll and the inevitable desire of the doll for concreteness and narrative.
The author's doll is diverse: a combination of various compositional solutions (one-figure, multi-figure and plot composition) with approaches to solving the puppet image as a whole (idealization, specificity and realism), as well as work in various genres (costume, portrait doll and character doll) give the artist the widest field for self-expression.
Article type:
A response to my own frustrations about the lack of a tutorial on how to make an articulated doll.
Well, let's go))) I hope my guide will bring you more luck)
Step 1: Planning Your Doll
Time to start planning. Please put a tick in your brain that this, like all subsequent steps in this guide, are important. At a minimum, plan to make all the doll clothes, accessories, wig and eyes yourself and never sell them, that's something you need to think about. The first thing you need to plan is the size your doll.
There are several traditional size definitions used by puppeteers for articulated puppets. This is due to the fact that the factory manufacturers of dolls, when buying, selling (or if you were given a doll) try to make it easier to select the right size of clothes and other accessories for them. Also, it can be very difficult to make realistic eyes and hair for a doll, so you can buy ready-made wigs and acrylic eyes made by professionals)) Buying eyes that fit well in a doll's head can be a disaster.
Dimensions:
TINY BJD: These dolls are mostly around 6 inches height sometimes there are quite crumbs about 4 inches high (15-10cm). Standard Price for such dolls from about $ 100 to $ 300. Pros: dolls are adorable, easy to store, cheap to make, mainly designed for children and easily fit into factory dollhouses Cons: very catastrophically difficult to work over such a doll and fit all the details to each other friend. also, due to the small size of the elastic band that connects all the details can be not durable. |  |
CUTIE BJD: These dolls are usually made to look like children, the growth of such dolls is about 8-11 inches (20-28cm) and the cost of such dolls is about $ 200-400 Pros: They are usually popular with people adoring babies or baby dolls, only more realistic. not expensive to make Cons: because of the small size enough complex in sculpting, detailing and fitting parts to each other. Also, the rubber band can often break. when stretched. |  |
DOLLFIE: DLOFI is actually a brand of dolls made by Volks. usually their height is about 12 inches (~30 cm) is the same as a standard barbie. a doll of this size costs about $30-100. Pros: You can use Barbie accessories which are quite cheap. They are still small but better posture than TINY BJD. Cons: again, difficulties in working with details and rubber band. Due to the size it is difficult to make a good one. sculpting detail. |  |
MiNI or CHILD BJD: they are usually made similar for cute kids) their size is about 11-14 inches (28-35cm). The cost is about $250-500 Pros: These dolls are GREAT for making baby dolls for adult size BJD dolls they are proportional) Cons: Difficult to sculpt harmoniously detailing for both adult BJD and for a child. Clothes of similar size dolls may not fit due to proportions close to Chibi proportions. |  |
LARGE or SUPER BJD: the largest size for BJD dolls and the most popular. The growth of such dolls reaches 22-27.5 inches (56-71cm) and cost them maybe over a thousand evergreens. Pros: Dolls are very realistic and enough big even huge. If you are good at skill of modeling and casting, then you can raise enough money to sell these dolls. Cons: They are big. May be difficult to store them safe. They also need clothes and personal wardrobe. They can be expensive to manufacture. |  |
Another not unimportant detail that needs to be taken into account is the area of \u200b\u200bthe working space. A small doll is simpler and easier to make than a large doll, which can take up a lot of space and make more of a mess. Clothes and other accessories for large dolls, when not made by yourself, are substantially more expensive than clothes for small dolls, due to the more laborious process involved in making them to look more realistic.
A good size for beginners, believe it or not, this is a big doll. It is easier to fill your hand for sculpting, grinding, fitting parts and, as a rule, they are stronger. As always, a bigger doll, more cost in making it. I advise you to practice making MiNY BJD or DOLLFIE size dolls at the beginning, it will not be so expensive in materials, will not create a lot of mess for you and is not difficult to sculpt.
Step 2: building a drawing of the doll
The most frequently overlooked step by impatient puppeteers is the most important drawing.
Don't skip this step. I'm serious. The most important for making a correctly proportioned doll! Without a drawing, you can miss out on one leg being larger than the other, a crumpled or flat face, and any sizing issues. The key is symmetry. Don't skip this step.
What we are going to do now is to draw the doll in front and on the side in her real future growth.
The drawing must be drawn on thick paper that is quite difficult to damage and drawn or outlined with ink that will not fade over time. Making a doll takes a lot of time, and the drawing will be needed until the very end.
Preparing materials: what we need
1. A sheet of paper large enough to fit a drawing of a full-length doll, front and side i.e. twice)))
any thick paper, cardboard or drawing paper.*
2. Ruler or tape measure (you may need for large drawings), officer's ruler or compasses.
3. Pencils and eraser
4. Pen or special varnish to protect your drawing from fading.
5. music))
*you can also buy graph paper and protect it.
Turn on the music) This is the secret to long work and greater concentration. I can't do anything for long without her)
Next, put the paper in front of you on the table, on the left side of it, put the ruler to the top left edge of the paper. We begin to draw the exact size of our doll to the millimeter. Find 1 inch or 1 cm on the ruler, depending on which ruler you are using. Make a small mark on the edge of the paper exactly 1 cm.
(remember, the size of the paper should fit the full height of the doll TWO times, 1 in front and 1 on the side. this is not critical but it will save you from disappointment later.)
Using a ruler or tape measure, make marks along the entire height of the leaf exactly 1 cm. Usually lengths the entire ruler is not enough to make marks on the entire height of the sheet, use the last mark as the beginning of the sheet, move the ruler down and keep marking like at the beginning. |  |
When you're done, and mark as many as close to the edge as you can do the same on the other side of the sheet. |  |
Also, I'm sure that my drawing is not very neat... Therefore, I do not recommend using it for comparison xDDD
Next, you need to find something even and long enough so that you can draw a line from one edge of the paper to the other. It can be anything with a flat and even edge (something you won't cut yourself with) to keep the pencil straight. I usually use a piece of the same paper, a ruler, a large sheet of cardboard or whatman paper, which also has a smooth edge)
Lay a ruler or whatever you have chosen across the paper, using the first marks as guides. Now carefully align the ruler by connecting the first dots from both ends of the sheet. When you've leveled the ruler, hold it firmly so that it doesn't move and draw a straight, dark line across the entire width of the paper. Do this all over the sheet.
Now you have lined paper) Good job. I hope everything went smoothly and your squares will not be all different sizes, as in the sample I gave, they should all be the same)
Next, you must decide what proportions your doll will have. Practice drawing on a blank sheet of paper, or several, until you are sure that you have achieved the balance you need in the image) This stage in the creation of the doll requires artistic skills, since you must draw at least something similar to a person with suitable proportions. Practice drawing a person with the proportions you need from the front and side in a natural relaxed pose. You will need to transfer the details to the drawing to be sure that everything will be neat. And remember: drawing from the side and front.
This part of the guide will help you make parts of the drawing symmetrical.
So, you have a pretty image for your future doll, on a SEPARATE large, durable sheet, drawn (or painted) in front, as shown in picture #1. You will notice a slight asymmetry between the arms, legs, sides of the face, etc.
To fix this, you will need to erase the less desirable half of the body, circle the remaining half, and make a mirror image to complete the picture. There are several ways to do this.
I will tell you the simplest way which I know.
note: you can also draw the hinges in the next step which will help you make them symmetrical as well. In master classes, they often skip this and go straight to the finished drawing.
- .push(() ;(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || .push(() ;(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || .push(() ;Main direction - trade Be that as it may, 80% of business ideas in small cities are "tied" to trade, and there is a logical explanation for this. If you decide to "enter the same river", it may make sense to acquire an existing business. In any case, it will not be easy to find an unfilled niche with good demand. A little advice : be careful with a specific product.It can both make a splash, and go unnoticed due to weak purchasing power and conservative views of a certain part of the population.A new line of business in small towns in 2017 is the property of bankrupts and debtors of bailiffs Recently, the number of bankruptcies has increased many times, but few people know that the property of debtors is sold through public auctions, where it can often be purchased for a penny. It is especially interesting to acquire property in small towns, as few people there know about offers and know how to work with bidding. For more details, see Oleg Selifanov's free course Leasing business - renting out residential and commercial real estate the idea works well in the regions. We recommend that you see: 30 strategies for investing and making money on real estate (30 daily lessons for free Business idea - Profitable house (video + business plan in small towns, the rental business requires minimal participation, it is excellently credited and you can start even with a small personal capital - 100-200 thousand rubles scales well, it brings rental income every month to a fairly small number of employees, sometimes even coming and piecework with the simplest qualifications. small towns custom_block(7, 65363846, 13466 ;Multiple The situation in the service sector looks different. Here it is very important to correctly draw a line between essential services and benefits that do not belong to them. Naturally, in a small village, the first type will be in demand, and not the second. For example, a hairdressing salon with affordable prices and a constant flow of customers is more likely to become a profitable business, rather than a SPA salon with a wide list of expensive cosmetic procedures. Along with this, it is not enough to be like everyone else, that is, in our example, like other hairdressers. In order for a potential client to give preference to your salon in the future, offer him a little, but zest. It can simply be a quality service, when a person was not just cut, but also met in a clean room, was friendly with him, offered to wait in a comfortable chair for his turn. Repair Services(function(w, d, n, s, t ( w[n] = w[n] || ; w[n].push(function( ( Ya.Context.AdvManager.render(( blockId: " ra-217220-4 renderto: horizontalalign: false async: true> ; ); t = d.getElementsByTagName("script"; s = d.createElement("script"; s.type = "text/javascript"; s.src = "//an.yandex.ru/system/context.js"; s.async = true; t.parentNode.insertBefore(s, t; )(this, this.document, "yandexContextAsyncCallbacks";Another niche that promises success in a small town - the provision of repair services. There is a simple explanation for this. The level of income in the province, as a rule, is average or below average, so no one is in a hurry to throw broken household appliances, shoes or clothes in the trash. a workshop with a convenient location and work schedule can potentially count on financial success.In general, there are simply a huge number of business ideas for the city, you just need to search. ">in a small town894
- land, as well as various options for subsidies and soft loans to support rural businesses. How to start a business in the countryside and in the countryside The stereotype that exists in our society that you can earn money only in big cities is absolutely untrue. The village is a promising industry in itself, and now the state is interested in its restoration, which will greatly simplify the task. Living in the village, you can self-realize commercial projects in the following areas: Organization of a farm for breeding and growing agricultural crops and domestic animals. Production and sale of building materials. Provision of services in the field of tourism. Ecotourism, a new direction that brings good money. Internet business. You can always start working as a copywriter and get 20 thousand rubles. Breeding exotic animals. Why not create an ostrich farm if there is a demand? The presented list is only a hundredth of the promising ideas that can be implemented in the village. Even if you do not have land, you can rent it, and the farther you are from Moscow, the cheaper it is. Sometimes the rental price can be less than 1000 rubles per hectare. Knowing what to do with the land, you can organize your business with almost 300% profit. The main conditions for success are your desire, the minimum start-up capital and the presence of a good idea. Look at the free options for ideas presented on our website. All issues are resolved without much difficulty. At the initial stage, you can work independently (together with family members and relatives, and then, offer jobs to fellow villagers. It is not necessary to register with state institutions on the very first day - the tax office, statistics agencies and funds. This can be done when you make sure that the project is profitable and promising. ">in the countryside and in the countryside184
- until the release of the first money.(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || .push(() ;(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || .push(() ;(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || .push(() ;Also , often they also consider organizing a business on their site, as well as in a garage, besides this, if the computer does not scare you - pay attention to business ideas on the Internet, for which you only need a computer or laptop. For some, this is small home-based business It is also convenient in that it makes it possible to combine household chores with making money. For mothers on maternity leave, this is often the best option. A huge number of business ideas are born almost out of thin air, for example, someone knows how to knit, sew or even cook deliciously, someone likes to make crafts from beads and wood, while others repair cars and etc. But whatever you say, a home business is the same business and it needs to be taken very seriously in order to get big profits and the possibility of expansion. The most important thing is that so that you do not sell at home, you will need certain costs for the purchase of all equipment. Naturally, there is nowhere without advertising your goods or services. From the calculation of all your expenses and income, you can determine how profitable a home business will be and how to increase its efficiency. ">business at home175
- People buy less and repair moreSmall businesses in the outback of Russia are less affected by the crisis, since many in small towns and villages already do not live well and are used to being content with little and providing for themselves on their own: they repair their own chickens, eggs, potatoes, their own tractor. That's why when big cities and businesses in the premium segments and expensive entertainment suffer the most from the crisis, they may not even notice in the village and this is an excellent audience for you - for example, if you work in the city - pay attention to the opportunity to offer your goods and services to rural residents in times of crisis Many people think that doing business in an unstable economy has no real prospects for development. But it's not. The crisis opens up opportunities for small businesses, you just need to choose the right field of activity. For example, many niches open up for the implementation and development of your business in the field of production and services. During a crisis, you can consistently make a profit by reselling something that will always be in demand: food, especially natural - why not start your own business in the countryside? Another option is to open a rural store, choosing an assortment that is aimed at meeting the main needs of the population. Which direction has the highest chance of success? Each area of business is individual and depends on where you are. Let's give an example of several areas of earnings: A novice entrepreneur needs to focus on repairs household appliances, Vehicle etc. In the field of finance, fast-growing areas predominate: the provision of microcredits (money “before payday” and pawnshop services. The crisis is a good time for students and young people, any extraordinary idea can become an excellent foundation for a profitable start-up project. In our country, you can use the crisis in the economy to creating a team of real professionals with whom you implement any idea aimed at making a profit. "> in a crisis83
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- ; workshop, shoe repair (the main thing is to ensure normal air circulation and the necessary level of artificial lighting; work in the field of trade (not every basement can implement this idea, it will also require a large number of documents); tailoring (a promising business for girls and women .If we consider a business in a small or resort town, then the basement is an excellent room in which you can organize a business that brings a stable income.Another idea for such a business would be a quest room, this project does not require large investments, but can bring huge profits.Check out these and other ideas, they are available for free on our website. With the help of them, you can start earning from almost any amount in your pocket and reach the desired financial freedom. Act! "> in the basement, in the basement24
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