What tests should be taken when planning a pregnancy for a man. What male tests are needed when planning a pregnancy? Prognosis for fertilization

Hello, dear readers, Lena Zhabinskaya is with you!

Every mother dreams of good health for her baby. For the sake of it, she specially prepares, completely changes her habits, her diet, and what’s there - her life, without even thinking about the fact that this is not always enough to make her dream come true.

Two people in love are involved in the process of conception. Therefore, the process of preparation for it must go through both. You and I already know.

Today we will talk about what tests to pass to a man when planning a pregnancy. What are they needed for? To identify or exclude the presence of diseases in him, including the most insidious and occurring in a latent form.

And also to make a serious contribution to the immunity of the crumbs now, as well as save him from problems with the nervous system and psyche in the future.

Looking ahead a little, I’ll say that you don’t need to make a list of necessary analyzes on your own. It is issued by a urologist on the basis of an external examination and examination of the prostate gland.

And although these two procedures are not as pleasant as we would like, they allow you to take the first step towards the most important thing - the appearance of the crumbs, and they must be steadfastly endured for this reason alone.

In addition, during the consultation, the doctor will conduct a survey to identify existing pathologies or a predisposition to them.

After going to him, you can go for an examination.

The main thing is to first follow the instructions of doctors, which will allow you to diagnose the disease as accurately as possible, if it is detected.

But more on that later.

The future dad before conception will have to do:

• tests for sexual infections;
• TORCH complex;
• Rh factor and blood group;
• spermogram;
• biochemical and general blood tests;
• general urine analysis.

Why so many and can you do without them? Let's figure it out.

Tests for genital infections

Sexually transmitted infections are the most insidious and dangerous, so if they are detected, treatment should begin immediately.

Moreover, they can interfere with conception, and if it did take place, threaten the health and life of the unborn baby. After all, unfortunately, they are able to provoke a miscarriage.

The main thing is not to refuse them in any case, because sometimes these tests help save a small life.

However, the situation when the future father smokes is an even more common problem.

Smoking by one of the parents at the stage of pregnancy planning is not so bad.

But a child who is forced to constantly inhale tobacco smoke - a potential asthmatic - is much more likely to get ARVI and is prone to a whole bunch of other diseases.

Therefore, if you smoke, now there is a very weighty reason to quit - you are the creator of the health of your unborn baby.

Many guys I know have successfully thrown using Puer Combo- natural innovative tablets from vegetable raw materials. What helps more - the solution or the pills, I don’t know, but the guys said that it pulls less after the pills, and I believe them, because I saw the result with my own eyes.

Be healthy and take care of yourself, Lena Zhabinskaya was with you, bye-bye!

For a spouse, preparation for conception is no less important than for a woman. This is required for the following purposes:

• fertility assessment - to find out if a man can fertilize a woman;
• improving sperm quality - to improve the chances of conception and reduce the risk of chromosomal mutations in the fetus;
• genetic risk assessment (according to indications) - allows you to find out the likelihood of transmitting hereditary diseases to the child.

Preparing for pregnancy requires lifestyle changes and examinations to identify conditions that may reduce the chances of conception or a successful pregnancy.

When should you start preparing for the conception of a child?

Quite often pregnancy at spouses comes spontaneously. Often they are not prepared for it purposefully. However, conscious couples usually try to make preparations for conception. For men, it begins 3 months before the expected date of the fertilizing sexual intercourse. This is due to the fact that the full cycle of sperm maturation is about 3 months. Therefore, if you were exposed to negative factors 1-2 months ago, they will be reflected in the spermogram.

• Bad habits should be abandoned. You can not drink, smoke and take drugs. They disrupt the quality of sperm and reduce the chances of pregnancy. In addition, alcohol and drugs increase the risk of sperm DNA damage. If one of them fertilizes an egg, this may result in a spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) or the birth of a sick child.
• It is necessary to coordinate with the doctor all the drugs that you are taking. Some of them negatively affect spermatogenesis. It is impossible to cancel medications on your own. You need to contact the doctor who prescribed them, and agree with him on the replacement of drugs with other, safer means. It is also necessary to abandon dietary supplements and herbs if you use them for self-healing or maintaining health.
• Exclusion of thermal effects on the scrotum. In the process of preparing for pregnancy for men, you should not overheat the scrotum. Because it disrupts spermatogenesis. The scrotum is not located inside the abdominal cavity for nothing, but outside the body. This is necessary to keep it cool. The temperature in the scrotum is higher than in other parts of the body. Only under such conditions spermatozoa normally mature. Therefore, before conception, you should abandon the bath, sauna and prolonged lying with a book in a hot bath. It is also worth limiting the time spent in the car, because, while driving, men also overheat the scrotum.
• Exclusion of other negative factors. It is necessary to exclude all negative factors that can affect spermatogenesis: toxins, radiation, stress, physical overwork. You should eat well, get enough sleep, have a regular sex life. In this case, conceiving a child is unlikely to be a problem.

Examination of a man when planning a pregnancy

Preparation for pregnancy for men includes an assessment of the state of reproductive health.

Need to define:

• is the sperm suitable for fertilizing the egg;
• are there any infections in the body of a man that are dangerous for the female body;
• whether there are any genetic risks (for men with a burdened genetic history or over the age of 40 years).

Therefore, the basic examination of men when planning a pregnancy includes:

• blood test and urogenital scraping for sexually transmitted infections;
• according to indications - genetic counseling and karyotyping.

The main analysis in the preparation of pregnancy for men is a spermogram. It allows you to evaluate the quantity and quality of sperm.

The concentration of spermatozoa per unit volume of ejaculate is determined, their mobility and morphological structure are assessed. Based on this information, the doctor concludes whether the sperm is fertile. The list of necessary tests when planning pregnancy includes tests for sexually transmitted infections. After all, many of them are dangerous for the developing fetus. This is primarily herpes and chlamydia. Many other infections can lead to miscarriages, infect the baby in utero or during childbirth.

If you need to prepare for pregnancy, contact the AltraVita clinic. Here you can take tests and get advice on lifestyle. You will find out how ready your sperm is for fertilization. If your tests are abnormal, you will receive treatment that will restore your fertility and conceive a healthy baby.

What tests are prescribed for men when planning a pregnancy? The article describes the necessary and mandatory set of studies, as well as an additional list of tests that are prescribed for men with children.

Procreation is a natural desire for every man. However, in order not to expose a woman to the risk of pathologies and complications during pregnancy, it is worthwhile to undergo mandatory and, if necessary, additional tests in advance.

According to reproductologists, the percentage of the number of causes that led to infertility in men and women is almost the same: infertility factors in women are 19, in men 18. It is for this reason that a married couple should go for preventive scheduled examinations, and not a woman who dreams of giving birth to a healthy child. baby.

Examination of a man at the time of pregnancy planning reduces the risks that may pose a danger to the mother and child in the future.

Which doctor to contact

If a female doctor is a gynecologist, then a male doctor who conducts preventive and scheduled examinations is a urologist. Primary anamnestic examination and history taking allows you to draw up an approximate plan of action, prescribe tests, ultrasound or spermogram if in doubt.

Male Risk Factors

Among the reasons that can provoke complications of an ongoing or planned pregnancy are:

• immunological diseases;
• genetic features;
• hereditary factors;
• hypertension;
• previously transferred diseases: mumps, measles, rubella, chickenpox, influenza;
• diabetes;
• autoimmune diseases;
• relationship with a woman;
• low quality of germ cells (sperm);
• low motor activity of the sperm.

In each case, individual causes and additional diagnostic methods are established to determine the likely risk factors for carrying a pregnancy by a woman.

Tests for men who have not had children

Men who have not previously had children, but want to prevent possible negative consequences for a woman, undergo a routine examination by a urologist, where they check:

• the size of the lymph nodes in the inguinal zone, including;
• size and anatomy of the testicles, their asymmetry;
• the condition of the prostate is checked;
• an examination of the penis, the condition of the head;
• an anamnesis of complaints is collected, compared with real risk factors.

Men who have not previously had children due to contraception should not worry. Even in the absence of contraindications from sexual partners, pregnancy may be absent for several months. An abnormal situation is considered if conception does not occur for a year or more.

Spermogram

The main analysis that allows you to assess the condition and quality of the ejaculate under a microscope. In the absence of comments, further studies are not assigned. The quality, quantity of seminal fluid and the concentration of active spermatozoa in it are taken into account.

After suffering a complex form of mumps, men in adulthood have a large number of inactive spermatozoa, which reduces the likelihood of conception.

sperm activity

The activity of the sperm in the seminal fluid ensures natural conception and the absence of the likelihood of an ectopic pregnancy in women. It is necessary to conduct an analysis, which is called a biochemical study of the ejaculate.

Biochemical indicators of sperm are dependent on the work of the accessory glands of a man and the hormonal background of the body. If one of the systems is violated, conception is impossible.

Virological research

Blood tests for the presence of viral diseases are carried out immediately before conception, in the presence of good results of all steel studies. Antibodies to certain viruses persist throughout life, but other diseases can recur.

Analysis of urine

Urinalysis is not the main criterion for assessing men's health. It represents the general picture in the case of diseases of a secondary nature. For example, in the presence of diseases of the liver or kidneys, complex studies are taken as the basis, while an increased amount of protein or leukocytes will be present in the urine.

Blood test

Biochemical parameters of blood also change in case of a serious illness. However, it is necessary to make a decision only in a comprehensive study. For example, with a recent cold, the number of leukocytes in the blood will be exceeded, but this indicator is not abnormal.

TORCH infections

A complex of 5 infections is offered to a woman to pass sooner. But, a man can also optionally donate blood from a vein to establish or refute a present infection such as chlamydia or Trichomonas. The analysis is carried out for a long time, the result should be expected from one and a half months after the delivery of the biomaterial.

Compatibility of sexual partners

As a rule, the compatibility of partners is carried out only if the partners had previously had an unsuccessful pregnancy experience. Miscarriages or fading may indicate the presence of incompatibility, however, other indications are necessary to determine such a pathology:

• genetic congenital and hereditary diseases;
• relationship with a woman, incompatible blood types;
• severe toxicosis in past pregnancies.

One miscarriage does not yet indicate the presence of incompatibility.

Specifics of analyzes for couples with children

The prevailing opinion that the cause of all troubles during childbearing is only the woman herself and her health is debunked by doctors who say that both sexual partners can provoke pregnancy complications.

No one can predict in advance when and under what circumstances a developmental anomaly may occur, but if it is possible to exclude probable risks, then this must be done by both partners.

Tests for men with children: extended list

If a man already has children, and when trying to re-conceive, a woman is not pregnant for a year, then this is a reason to seek help from a reproductologist or urologist who will help identify the cause of the anomaly and prescribe treatment. The study is based on the establishment and elimination of the causes that provoked infertility.

TORCH Analysis

TORCH infections do not cause infertility, but they serve as reasons why conception does not occur. For example, the quality of sperm is affected by an existing Trichomonas infection, which reduces both the amount of ejaculate and its quality.

In total, the TORCH complex includes five studies that are enshrined in the name of the analysis:

• T - toxoplasmosis;
• O - other infections prescribed by a doctor (chlamydia or ureaplasmosis);
• R - rubella or rubella;
• C - cytomegalovirus or cytomegalovirus;
• H - herpes (herpes papilloma).

Spermogram

On the basis of spermograms, the number of active heads of the spermatozoon and their motor activity are determined. In fact, this is the main test, after which it makes no sense to carry out many other analyzes.

What PCR reveals: a list of diseases

Using a special urological probe, a scraping is taken from the internal tissue of the urethra. The process is uncomfortable but bearable. Based on such a study, the doctor can say about the presence of diseases of the genitourinary system:

• testicular infection;
• kidney disease;
• prostate diseases;
• diseases of protozoan etiology;
• fungus Candida;
• staphylococcus, streptococcus;
• chlamydia;
• trimomonas;
• herpes;
• infectious proctitis;
• venereal diseases in the stage of the incubation period.

The PCR study is the most informative and capacious analysis, which, based on DNA extraction, allows you to confirm or exclude many diseases.

What will the IFA show

This is a study that allows you to identify specific blood antibodies of a protein nature regarding the antigens of the disease. Particular attention is paid to immunoglobulin antibodies.

The analysis helps to assess the work of the protective function of the blood, to identify immunodeficiency in blood diseases, infections, autoimmune and hormonal diseases.

Assign an ELISA study in the presence of herpes, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis, cytomegalovirus.

Bakposev

Bakposev allows you to determine the presence of bacteria in the body. For example, staphylococcus provokes complications in the work of the heart and muscle activity, affects the formation of a pathogenic handicap. The disease is not fatal, but requires complex treatment and prevention of all relatives living with a man.

Amount of ejaculate

The amount of seminal fluid is normal - 3-5 ml. However, in the presence of inflammatory diseases, in the presence of sexually transmitted diseases, this amount is reduced to 0.5 ml. In this case, pregnancy cannot occur.

The solution to the problem is the establishment of the causes that led to the decrease in sperm and their elimination. Common causes:

• smoking;
• alcohol;
• testicular injury;
• taking drugs to stimulate muscle activity (in bodybuilding, as an option);
• abuse of fatty foods.

secret of the prostate

The sperm of a man is only a generalized name that is recognizable. In fact, the composition of semen includes not only spermatozoa, but also the secret of the prostate gland. Microscopic examination helps to establish the presence of diseases of the prostate.

Fern symptom - this is the name of the analysis of the study of the secret of the prostate gland. If everything is normal, then when the liquid dries on the glass, crystals of various shapes form, resembling a fern leaf.

ECG

The study of the state of the cardiovascular system allows you to diagnose diseases of various directions. Since the reproductive system of a man is dependent on the work of blood vessels and their expansion, if this function is violated, a weak release of germ cells is also observed.

genetic research

Spermatogenesis is controlled by a huge number of male sex genes, including the Y chromosome. Gene mutations can be congenital or hereditary, but in any case, such a violation leads to the impossibility of pregnancy in the sexual partner.

Karyotype analysis reveals the most common causes of infertility - oligozoospermia and azoospermia.

Klinefelter's syndrome (extra X chromosome) and CFTR gene mutation are the most common causes of genetic infertility.

What to do when a problem is found

Not all identified causes of infertility in men are treatable. However, this does not mean that pregnancy cannot occur. For example, genetic diseases are not treated, but conception occurs as a result of ICSI, where a genetic mutation is excluded, and only healthy fertilized eggs with a normal chromosome set are taken to fertilize the uterus.

Prognosis for fertilization

Male infertility or diseases leading to pregnancy complications are observed in 40% of cases. However, this does not mean that in the presence of pathology, conception is impossible. In some cases, diagnostic methods and effective treatment options are used. The main task is to identify the cause and prevent the formation of negative consequences.

Pregnancy planning is not only the preparation of the female body, but also the examination of the man. The tests that need to be done before conception are determined by the doctor. Often, proper comprehensive preparation reduces the risk of complications during pregnancy.

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is the decision of both spouses to conceive and give birth to a child in conditions of physical and psychological readiness, with a responsible approach to all stages of future parenthood. If the psychological readiness to conceive a child comes down to the desire to become parents, then physical readiness depends on the health of future fathers and mothers. Planning for pregnancy is otherwise called preconception preparation ( pre - before, gravida - pregnant) or preconception preparation ( in English "conception" - conception).

Pregnancy planning or preconception preparation is a set of diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive measures that are carried out in order to prepare future parents for conception, pregnancy and childbirth.

Pregnancy planning should be distinguished from family planning. Family planning, despite the name, implies a set of measures aimed at preventing the occurrence of pregnancy, that is, reducing the number of unwanted pregnancies and related abortions and their consequences. Family planning is especially relevant before the age of 19 ( early years of sexual activity) and after 35 years ( in the presence of a child and unwillingness to re-pregnancy or the presence of contraindications to it).

Conception and pregnancy are different concepts. Conception is the process of fusion of male and female germ cells ( egg and sperm), resulting in the formation of a germ of a new organism. This process depends on both spouses. Pregnancy is the process of carrying a conceived embryo in the female body. The role of a man in the process of pregnancy is to ensure the psychological and physical comfort of a pregnant woman. This is also included in the pregnancy planning process. Thus, the female body must be prepared for conception, and for pregnancy, and for childbirth, and the male body - only for conception. Therefore, preconceptional assessment of the state of health and correction of existing disorders for both spouses and separately preconception preparation for the expectant mother are singled out separately.

Pregnancy planning is necessary in order to give birth to a healthy baby, as often future parents do not know about their illnesses until they decide to conceive a child. The more responsible future parents are in preparing for conception and pregnancy, the lower the risk of complications in the child and in the pregnant woman. If the parents are healthy, then the child will also be healthy - this is the principle of pregnancy planning.

Planning pregnancy avoids the following adverse effects:

• reduces the risk of maternal and fetal mortality;
• reduces the risk of complications in mother and child after childbirth;
• prevents the development of congenital malformations and chromosomal abnormalities;
• reduces the risk of miscarriage and the birth of premature babies.

What should be done when planning a pregnancy?

Both future parents are involved in pregnancy planning, so there is a general plan for both, as well as an individual preparation plan for each spouse. In addition to self-preparation, decision-making and plans to create conditions for the birth and growth of the baby, professional help from a doctor is required. The doctor in the family planning center draws up the so-called general pregnancy planning calendar - this is a program designed for several months of preparation for conception and maintenance of pregnancy.

The pregnancy planning program includes the following items:

• preparation of the female body for pregnancy;
• identification or exclusion of contraindications to pregnancy;
• correction and treatment of contraindications to pregnancy;
• full examination and diagnostics of health before conception;
• identification or exclusion of pathologies that may have an adverse effect on the fetus;
• assessment of the state of immunity of the female body, including the presence of immunity to some infections that are especially dangerous for the fetus;
• necessary diagnostic procedures in each trimester of pregnancy;
• treatment of existing pathologies before conception or during pregnancy.

The pregnancy planning program includes the following steps:

• assessment of the health status of men and women ( comprehensive examination);
• preventive actions ( nutrition, vaccinations, vitamins);
• additional measures for the diagnosis and treatment of pathologies that violate women's health ( obstetric and gynecological pathology).

Which specialist consultations are needed before planning a pregnancy?

Consultation of doctors when planning pregnancy is necessary for both spouses. In the male body, under the influence of many external factors and internal diseases, the process of sperm formation may be disrupted or the number of viable and ready to fertilize the egg spermatozoa may decrease. This causes male infertility or hereditary diseases in the unborn child.

Often outside of pregnancy, many diseases in a woman do not manifest themselves in any way, but its onset causes their exacerbation, and diseases, in turn, increase the load on the body of a pregnant woman. To prevent these diseases from escalating, consultation of narrow specialists is necessary. They will identify risk factors and help eliminate them, thereby eliminating the adverse effects on the fetus.

Consultation of doctors when planning pregnancy

When planning a pregnancy, a woman must be examined by the following doctors:

Consultations of other specialists are appointed according to indications.

Contraindications for pregnancy

There are conditions in which pregnancy is contraindicated. Sometimes this is only a temporary cause, after the elimination of which pregnancy may occur, and gestation and childbirth do not threaten the health or life of the mother and fetus. However, there are a number of diseases that threaten a woman's life if she decides to become pregnant. The fact is that pregnancy is a rather large burden on the female body, because the mother's body must ensure the viability of two. Severe pathology does not allow this, the existing disease worsens, becomes more severe or leads to serious complications, sometimes life-threatening.

Pregnancy is absolutely contraindicated in the following pathologies:

• epilepsy- a mental illness that is considered incompatible with pregnancy, as it is accompanied by severe convulsions, and drugs that are prescribed for epilepsy ( anticonvulsants) violate the maturation of the fetus;
• diabetic nephropathy- pathology of the kidneys in diabetes mellitus, with severe renal failure ( assessed by laboratory);
• coronary artery disease- damage to the heart vessels, which causes a violation of the contraction of the heart muscle ( heart failure) or can provoke an abnormal heart rhythm with the risk of death during an attack.
• retinopathy- severe pathology of the vessels of the retina, which can lead to retinal detachment.
• Heart, lung, kidney, liver failure- severe damage to these organs affects the health of a woman even without pregnancy, requiring constant pills or surgery.
• Autoimmune diseases- severe diseases of the connective tissue ( rheumatic) affecting multiple organs ( heart, kidneys, brain, arteries), causing their insufficiency, which does not allow a healthy child to be born.
• Severe heart defects- with heart defects, heart and / or pulmonary insufficiency develops, so pregnant women with uncompensated ( without correction by surgery) heart defects are contraindicated. If an operation was performed, then many defects are compensated ( circulation is not affected) and pregnancy is not contraindicated.
• Severe arterial hypertension- a pronounced increase in blood pressure, which causes complications from the kidneys, heart, brain, is a contraindication to pregnancy, if it cannot be normalized in any way ( malignant forms).

Pregnancy is undesirable in the following pathologies:

• any chronic and infectious diseases in the acute stage ( including tuberculosis.);
• course of drug therapy such as chemotherapy), if drugs are contraindicated during pregnancy;
• within a year after the transferred operations;
• obesity and underweight;
• HIV infection ( the baby will be born healthy with a 50% chance).

Very often, a woman does not know about the presence of any of the above diseases, but the onset of pregnancy leads to a sharp exacerbation of it, which causes medical termination of pregnancy ( vital) testimony. Abortion is a difficult test for the female body, especially if there is also some serious illness. Complications may occur after pregnancy and its artificial termination. To avoid all this, a woman in the presence of certain pathologies, the doctor will recommend that she refuse to plan a pregnancy and prescribe birth control pills or suggest some other method of contraception.

At the same time, the presence of contraindications to pregnancy is not a sentence. Despite the objective reasons to abandon the idea of ​​bearing a child, with many diseases ( even included in the absolute contraindications) their correction and treatment, planning of conception and control over the condition of a woman during pregnancy are possible. However, this requires a visit to the doctor before conception and proper planning of pregnancy. Pregnancy planning for serious illnesses is carried out according to a special program together with a gynecologist and a doctor of a narrow specialty, whose competence is a specific pathology.

Examination of a woman and a man when planning a pregnancy

Examination and consultation is carried out for all women who visit the gynecologist's office or antenatal clinic. If a woman is not yet going to become a mother, then any consultation is considered reproductive education, when the doctor tells the patient what exactly she should do so that an unplanned pregnancy does not occur. This is part of family planning. At the same time, the woman is informed about exactly what needs to be done when she and her partner decide to conceive. If such a desire arises, the gynecologist examines the woman and her partner according to the pregnancy planning program.

The health assessment of expectant fathers and mothers includes:

• Collection of anamnesis- this is the name of the process of questioning and collecting data from the patient.
• Physical examination- includes actions that the doctor himself conducts, without resorting to instrumental and laboratory research methods. Includes general examination, listening to the lungs, heart and blood vessels, palpation and tapping.
• Laboratory screening- tests prescribed for all couples to exclude severe pathologies.
• Instrumental research methods- necessary to assess the condition of internal organs.

When planning a pregnancy, the doctor will ask future parents the following questions:

• What were the diseases, injuries and operations in the past?
• What are the chronic diseases?
• Are there any hereditary pathologies in future parents or their relatives?
• What are the working conditions especially in a woman) and what professional unfavorable factors are there ( e.g. vibration, noise, radiation, chemicals and more)?
• What are the living conditions?
• What is the lifestyle of a woman and a man?
• Are there bad habits?
• Is the woman taking any medications?
• Does the woman have an allergic reaction?

For women, the following information is also specified:

• At what age did the first menses start?
• How many days does a menstrual cycle last?
• Are periods regular?
• Are there painful periods?
• How heavy are periods?
• At what age did a woman begin to have sex?
• What is the sexual activity of a woman ( frequency of sexual intercourse, change of partners in the last 6 months, use of contraceptives)?
• How many pregnancies did the woman have?
• How many pregnancies ended in childbirth?
• Have there been any abortions? artificial or spontaneous)?
• Are there any children born with congenital defects?
• Have there been stillbirths?
• Was there an ectopic pregnancy?
• Have you ever had to resort to assisted reproductive technologies ( in vitro fertilization)?
• Have there been complications during previous pregnancies ( toxicosis, diabetes, premature birth, fetal growth retardation, placental abruption and other complications)?
• Have you ever been diagnosed with infertility? inability to get pregnant within a year up to 35 and within 6 months in women over 35 years of age with an active sexual life without the use of contraceptives)?
• Have you had any pelvic surgery?
• Were there any complications after childbirth or abortion?
• Have there been or are there currently inflammatory diseases of the genital organs or sexually transmitted infections?

Examination and physical examination when planning a pregnancy include:

• measurement of height and weight;
• determination of body mass index ( weight in kg divided by height in m 2);
• measurement of blood pressure and pulse;
• auscultation of the lungs and heart;
• measurement of respiratory rate ( in diseases of the respiratory and heart organs, this frequency changes);
• palpation of the mammary glands, abdomen;
• gynecological examination ( vaginal examination, taking smears).

Necessary tests when planning a pregnancy

When planning a pregnancy, both a woman and a man must pass a series of tests. In most cases, these tests do not reveal anything, but they make sure that there are no contraindications to pregnancy.

When planning a pregnancy, a woman should pass the following tests:

• General detailed clinical blood test- includes 24 indicators of the cellular composition of the blood ( erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets) and 5 leukocyte fractions ( leukocyte formula or the ratio of different types of protective cells of the body), sedimentation rate of erythrocytes ( ESR) . The analysis is given in the morning on an empty stomach. Blood is usually taken from a vein, since a detailed analysis requires the determination of a larger number of indicators than with a conventional general blood test, for which blood from a finger is sufficient. A general detailed clinical blood test provides general information about the health of the expectant mother. In the presence of a pathological process of any type ( infection, inflammation, metabolic disorders, chronic diseases, tumors and other pathologies) this analysis produces a change in at least 3 parameters.
• Complete urinalysis– includes the definition of physical ( quantity, transparency, specific gravity, reaction, smell), chemical ( content of protein, glucose, metabolic by-products, enzymes) properties of urine, as well as microscopic examination of its sediment ( cellular elements and dissolved salts). Urine is collected in a special glass. You need to collect morning urine, and first urinate into the toilet, and then into the bottle. It is necessary to deliver the urine test to the laboratory within 2 hours after collection.
• Blood chemistry- allows you to determine the amount or level of various chemical compounds dissolved in the blood. It is mandatory to need such parameters as total bilirubin, glucose, creatinine, urea, ALT, AST ( liver enzymes), total protein, calcium, sodium, potassium. Additionally, a detailed biochemical study may be prescribed, depending on the pathology that the woman has. For analysis, blood is taken from a vein. The analysis is also given in the morning on an empty stomach.
• Coagulogram ( hemostasiogram) - an analysis to assess the blood coagulation system. Includes many options. This analysis allows you to identify a tendency to form blood clots ( blood clots) inside the arteries of the expectant mother, which disrupts the blood circulation of the fetus and can lead to termination of pregnancy. The tendency to bleed is also a dangerous condition.
• Blood test for hormones- is given in the same way as a biochemical blood test. Pituitary hormones are determined ( TSH, LH, FSH, prolactin), thyroid hormones ( thyroxine, triiodothyronine), female sex hormones ( estradiol, progesterone), male sex hormones ( testosterone, androstenedione), as well as a protein that binds sex hormones ( sex steroid binding protein).
• blood type and rhesus- these parameters are determined during a blood test, blood is taken from a vein.
• Analysis for infections- a blood test is given, in which antibodies to HIV 1.2, antibodies to pale treponema are determined ( the causative agent of syphilis), hepatitis B virus antigen ( HBsAg) and antibodies to the hepatitis C virus.
• Pap test - cytological examination ( cell composition analysis) epithelium of the cervical mucosa and its canal ( analysis of smears for the presence of malignant cells).
• Analysis for STIs ( sexually transmitted infections) - blood, urine or scraping from the cervical canal is suitable for analysis. The analysis will reveal either the pathogens themselves ( under the microscope, only some microorganisms are detected), their DNA ( polymerase chain reaction or PCR) or colonies of pathogens after sowing the material on a nutrient medium. The analysis reveals such STIs as chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, mycoplasmosis, syphilis, ureaplasmosis, herpes, genital warts.
• Analysis for TORCH infection- detects antibodies class IgG and IgM) to pathogens of such infectious diseases as toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, rubella, type 2 herpes. Depending on the detected class of antibodies, a recent or long-standing infection is determined, that is, the presence of temporary or permanent immunity. These infections can cause miscarriage or lead to fetal abnormalities.
• Genetic analyzes- a blood test is given, a cytogenetic ( to detect chromosomal diseases), molecular genetic ( to detect gene diseases) research.

When planning a pregnancy, a woman needs to undergo the following instrumental studies:

• fluorography- X-ray examination of the lungs;
• ultrasound procedure ( ultrasound) - ultrasound of the mammary glands, thyroid gland, pelvic organs in women, as well as ultrasound of the small pelvis in men with suspected infertility;
• transvaginal ultrasound of the pelvic organs- this is an ultrasound using a vaginal sensor, performed from 5 - 7 and on the 22nd day of the menstrual cycle;
• mammography- x-ray examination of the mammary glands, which is carried out for all women without fail to exclude malignant tumors of the mammary gland;
• ECG- electrocardiography is performed in women before conception to exclude severe arrhythmia and other disorders that can be life-threatening ( pregnancy increases the load on all organs, including the heart).

When planning a pregnancy, a man is assigned the following studies:

• general blood analysis;
• general urine analysis;
• a blood test to determine the Rh factor and blood group;
• analysis for STIs ( the material is semen or a swab from the urethra);
• blood test for hormones LH, FSH, testosterone, sex hormone binding protein);
• blood test for infections HIV, hepatitis B, C);
• fluorography;
• spermogram ( analysis of activity and sperm count).

Advice on pregnancy and conception can increase the fertility of men and women. Fertility is the ability to fertilize. The absence of disease does not always mean that fertility is high. Many factors, seemingly insignificant, can significantly reduce the ability to conceive. Men should prepare for conception 2 to 3 months in advance. This time interval corresponds to the complete renewal of sperm ( growth and development of "new" spermatozoa). Women also begin to prepare for 3, and sometimes 6 months before conception.

When planning pregnancy and during pregnancy, women should:

• avoid alcohol ( fully);
• stop taking narcotic, psychotropic drugs ( after consultation with a psychiatrist);
• stop smoking including electronic cigarettes);
• stop contact with toxic substances ( if a woman is in contact with them due to her professional activities), choose ecologically clean areas with uncontaminated soil for living;
• control the weight lose weight or make up for a lack of body weight);
• control blood pressure;
• Healthy food;
• take some vitamins and minerals;
• get vaccinated.

To increase fertility when planning a pregnancy, men should:

• to refuse from bad habits ( smoking, alcohol).
• be physically active sports, walking);
• do not overheat the testicles ( refrain from bathing, do not use heated seats, do not direct hot water jet at the testicles, do not wear too tight and warm underwear);
• regulate the frequency of sexual intercourse ( sexual intercourse 2-3 times a week allows you to "collect" more fertile sperm);
• Healthy food.

Nutrition during pregnancy planning

Nutrition is one of the most important moments for successful conception and pregnancy. For men, nutrition affects sperm activity. For women, nutrition determines nutritional status ( from English "nutrition" - food). A nutrient is a biological element that is necessary for chemical processes in the body and to maintain its normal functioning. These are substances such as vitamins and trace elements.

Nutritional status includes:

• body mass index;
• body type;
• food consumed;
• clinical condition ( compliance with the body's needs for nutrients and the actual intake of these substances with food).

Nutritional status may be insufficient or excessive. Your doctor will recommend restoring your pre-conception weight loss or normalizing excess weight. With insufficient weight, the fetus will not receive the substances it needs, and with too much weight gain, there is a risk that the child will have metabolic problems and obesity in the future ( Every extra pound a woman gains during pregnancy increases her child's risk of becoming obese by 8%.). The main cause of the disorders lies in the development of the so-called gestational diabetes mellitus, that is, impaired glucose uptake during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes is directly related to body mass index, that is, weight.

After conception and during pregnancy, the metabolism of the fetus adjusts to that of the mother. If there are any metabolic disorders in the mother, then they will also occur in the fetus, with the only difference being that for the fetus they can become irreversible.

Essential Nutrients Before Conception and During Pregnancy

Thus, in addition, when planning pregnancy and in its early stages, the following vitamins and minerals should be taken:

• iodine- in the amount of 150 mcg per day ( up to childbirth and during breastfeeding);
• folic acid- 400 mcg per day until 12 weeks of pregnancy;
• vitamin D- appointed additionally in the autumn-winter period ( the required amount of vitamin D is determined by the doctor, since it is formed in the body and when exposed to sunlight, and an overdose of this vitamin is just as dangerous as its deficiency);
• iron preparations- are prescribed for low levels of red blood cells and hemoglobin in the blood, severe bleeding and exhaustion of the body before conception;
• omega-3 acids- require an additional appointment in the event that a woman does not eat fish.

Fish oil containing omega-3 acids is also prescribed when planning pregnancy in capsules of 1 capsule ( 1000mg) per day for at least one month.

The remaining vitamins and microelements should not be taken additionally in the form of tablets, since eating food containing these substances is quite enough to prevent their deficiency. At the same time, an additional intake can cause hypervitaminosis, which also adversely affects the fetus and the course of pregnancy, as well as vitamin deficiency.

You should also limit your caffeine intake. Too much coffee before conception increases blood clotting, which can cause blockage of the small arteries of the uterus that feed the fetus, disrupt its attachment to the uterus and miscarriage in the early stages. When pregnancy has already occurred, caffeine can disrupt the development of the fetus if taken in large quantities. The maximum allowable is 1 - 2 cups of coffee per day, although many doctors recommend giving up coffee altogether.

To improve reproductive health, men should consume the following foods:

• Products that improve sperm motility and viability- seafood ( crabs, oysters, shrimp), wholemeal bread, which contain omega-3 fatty acids.
• Products that prevent mutations in sperm genes- vegetables ( eggplant, tomatoes), fruits and berries ( strawberries, peaches), which contain antioxidants.
• Products that increase the number and improve the quality of spermatozoa- nuts ( walnut, almond), oils ( rapeseed, linen), oily fish ( salmon, halibut, sardines, mackerel, trout), which contain substances such as zinc and selenium.
• Products that increase sperm activity- lard, liver, vegetable oil, sour cream, caviar, eggs, due to the content of lecithin in them.

Vaccinations when planning a pregnancy

Vaccination or vaccination is indicated for those women who do not have antibodies in their blood to infections that cause abnormalities in the development of the fetus when they become infected during pregnancy or at conception. To find out if there is immunity against these viral infections, a woman is tested to determine the level of antibodies to these viruses. Antibodies are elements dissolved in the blood that have a “code” for a specific pathogen. If this pathogen enters the bloodstream, then the antibodies "arrest" it and, together with the pathogen, are removed from the body ( through the kidneys). Two types of antibodies to these infections are detected in the blood - class G immunoglobulins ( IgG) and class M ( IgM). IgM are temporary antibodies that are produced in the process of fighting an infection. They are removed from the body after a while, and in return, IgG is formed, which provide lifelong or permanent immunity.

Vaccination when planning pregnancy is carried out for the following infections:

• rubella;
• hepatitis B;

Vaccinations against other infections are carried out according to indications, for example, if there is a threat of an influenza epidemic. It is also desirable to be vaccinated against infections such as poliomyelitis, tetanus and diphtheria, however, this is not mandatory and is carried out in cases where the next vaccination against these infections has come up ( once every 10 years) 1 month before the planned pregnancy.

Vaccination is carried out 3 - 6 months before the planned conception, since in order to create immunity to certain infections ( e.g. for hepatitis B) re-vaccination is required.

Vaccination when planning pregnancy is contraindicated in the following cases:

• immunodeficiency state;
• oncological diseases ( malignant tumors);
• allergic to certain substances antibiotics, eggs).

Choosing the time of conception when planning a pregnancy

After the future parents have followed all the advice of doctors and "brought themselves into the right shape", it remains to choose a favorable moment for conception. Conception is possible within a few days during one menstrual cycle. Such a period is called the fertility window or ovulation period. Ovulation is the moment the egg is released from the ovaries. A few days before ovulation and within a few days after it, a woman can conceive. Knowing the duration of your menstrual cycle, as well as identifying signs of ovulation, allows you to calculate the period of ovulation.

Signs of ovulation include:

• sudden drop in body temperature the woman registers the lowest body temperature during the cycle);
• secretion of clear mucus from the cervix, which is stretched;
• positive ovulation test carried out like a pregnancy test);
• folliculometry ( ultrasound of the ovaries, which allows you to monitor the processes in the ovaries, and, having waited for the period of ovulation, choose a favorable moment for conception).

There are also certain intervals of favorable ages when it is easier for a woman to become pregnant. Depending on the age of the onset of menstruation, these intervals are different.

Age intervals favorable for conception

This method is based on individual biorhythms, which determine the periods of maximum concentration of energy in the body, which increases the chances of conceiving and giving birth to a healthy child.

There is an opinion that the life rhythms or biorhythms of a person are arranged in such a way that 2 months before his birthday and 2 months after is a period of a sharp decrease in the energy or vital activity of the body. Pregnancy during this period is not recommended in order to save the energy needed for bearing.

You can also take into account the seasons of the year and choose the most favorable season for conception. From the point of view of conception and the good nutritional status of a woman, the most favorable seasons are autumn and summer. During these months, a large amount of vitamins enters the body along with vegetables and fruits, and a woman is not so afraid of their deficiency, which means that the risk of adverse complications for the fetus is lower. On the other hand, autumn is a period of contagious diseases. With low immunity, any infection can adversely affect the fetus. The disadvantage of conception in the summer is childbirth in the spring, when the body has the least nutrients. This can lead to loss of milk. Nutritional deficiencies also require the appointment of an additional amount of vitamins and trace elements if the spouses decide to conceive a child in winter or spring.

IVF pregnancy planning

Planning pregnancy in in vitro fertilization ( ECO) or fertilization outside the female body with the subsequent introduction of the embryo into the uterus is not much different from planning a pregnancy in a natural way. A feature of pregnancy planning during IVF is control by a reproductive specialist. A reproductologist is a narrow specialist who usually specializes in both a gynecologist and an endocrinologist, but is engaged in restoring the reproductive health of a couple ( both men and women). Reproductive health is the ability to conceive and carry a healthy child. IVF is the main tool of a reproductologist if all possible methods of treatment for pregnancy in a natural way have not yielded results.

IVF pregnancy planning includes:

• passing the same tests as when planning a natural pregnancy;
• endoscopy of the uterus and abdomen detection and elimination of various pathologies);
• checking the patency of the fallopian tubes ( radiopaque examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes - hysterosalpingography);
• genetic analysis ( given by both partners);
• following the same doctor's recommendations for nutrition, healthy lifestyle and taking certain drugs ( for both partners);
• drug stimulation of ovarian function in order to obtain as many eggs as possible that can be fertilized;
• obtaining sperm from a spouse.

The period between two successive births is called the intergenetic interval. The time from previous births to the next conception must be at least 33 months. This period includes 2 years after childbirth and 9 months of the previous pregnancy, that is, 1 period necessary for bearing and feeding a child. Such an interval is optimal from the point of view that the female body has time to recover, and the risk of defects in the next child, as well as the risk of any other disorders associated with pregnancy and childbirth ( for both mom and baby) decreases. However, it is not recommended to stretch this interval too much ( 10 years or more).

If a previous pregnancy ended in miscarriage early in pregnancy ( up to 12 weeks), then the next conception should be planned in 3 to 6 months. This period of time is the minimum period for restoring hormonal balance after pregnancy. Even if the pregnancy ends in an abortion, the woman's hormonal system undergoes changes, and the normalization of the cyclical changes necessary for conception ( menstrual cycle) occurs over several months.

To quickly normalize hormonal levels, doctors after an abortion may recommend cyclic hormonal therapy with contraceptives. Despite the apparent paradox ( use of birth control pills for subsequent conception), this has a number of advantages. Firstly, contraceptives used between two pregnancies allow you to save eggs and not waste them if a woman does not plan a pregnancy. It is important to preserve the eggs or ovarian ( ovarian) reserve, especially in women over 35 years of age, as in some cases the number of eggs is prematurely depleted. Secondly, birth control pills after an abortion allow you to quickly fix a malfunction in the hormonal system, since these drugs are the same female hormones that are secreted by the ovaries. Their content in tablets corresponds to the desired level for each day of the menstrual cycle. The sooner the hormonal balance is restored, the sooner it will be possible to think again about planning a pregnancy after a miscarriage.

Where to start planning pregnancy?

Pregnancy planning should begin with a visit to a gynecologist at a antenatal clinic or a reproductive health center. There, it is necessary to undergo an examination and make sure that there is no pathology that may impede the onset of pregnancy, cause it to be interrupted, or be life-threatening for the expectant mother. Not only the woman, but also her husband should be examined. It is important to make sure that the future dad is healthy and that there are no adverse factors that can disrupt conception and lead to the development of fetal abnormalities. It is especially important to be examined for those couples whose first child was born with a hereditary pathology or congenital anomalies, as well as in cases where the future parents themselves or their close relatives suffer from a hereditary disease.

Pregnancy planning includes the following steps:

• assessment of the health of future parents and their ability to conceive ( it's called reproductive health) – conducted for all couples, it is desirable to include medical genetic counseling in the health assessment;
• taking vitamins and minerals- you need to start 3 months before conception;
• early diagnosis of possible complications- carried out after the onset of pregnancy during the first months.

Which hormones should be tested for when planning a pregnancy?

When planning a pregnancy, both a man and a woman are tested for hormones in order to exclude the presence of a hormonal imbalance, and, if there is one, to eliminate it. Hormones are determined in the blood on an empty stomach. To donate blood, you need to come to the laboratory in the morning. A few days before the test, the doctor will recommend a diet. For a day and on the day of delivery, you can not be nervous, smoke, take alcohol. You can not take the test immediately after arriving at the clinic. It is necessary to sit quietly for 20-30 minutes. To determine the level of hormones in the blood, blood from a vein is needed.

After receiving the data of the analysis for hormones, the doctor may prescribe pharmacological tests to clarify the exact level of the violation. To do this, re-analysis for a specific hormone is given after the introduction or ingestion of any drug or hormone that affects the level of hormones in the body. According to the type of reaction of the body to the administration of the drug, the doctor makes a diagnosis.

A woman should take a blood test for the following hormones:

• TSH ( thyroid-stimulating hormone);
• LG ( luteinizing hormone);
• FSH ( follicle-stimulating hormone);
• prolactin;
• T4( thyroxine);
• T3( triiodothyronine);
• estradiol;
• progesterone;
• testosterone;
• androstenedione;
• dehydroepiandrosterone ( DHEA sulfate).

A man must donate blood for the following hormones:

• testosterone.

Without fail, both future parents also pass an analysis for a protein that binds sex hormones ( sex steroid binding globulin), the level of which indicates the number of “free” ( able to act) and related sex hormones.

What tests should a man take when planning a pregnancy?

The male body must also be healthy for successful conception. When planning a pregnancy, a man, like a woman, begins to prepare 2 to 3 months before conception. After visiting the office of a gynecologist and a urologist ( andrologist) the future dad receives a referral for a series of tests and the passage of some instrumental studies.

When planning a pregnancy, a man must pass the following tests:

• general blood analysis;
• a blood test to determine the blood group and Rh factor;
• general urine analysis;
• blood test for hormones LH, FSH, testosterone);
• blood test for sex hormone-binding globulin;
• blood test for infections HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and C);
• analysis for sexually transmitted infections;
• spermogram.

Be sure to undergo a fluoroscopy ( X-rays of light) to rule out tuberculosis. It is also desirable for a man to undergo an ultrasound examination of the scrotum and small pelvis in order to exclude the pathology of the genital organs.

If necessary, a blood test is taken to determine the chromosome set and other genetic tests. In some countries, genetic tests are mandatory; in Russia and other CIS countries, such an analysis is desirable, but more often it is prescribed according to indications ( the presence of hereditary diseases in a man or among members of his family or the birth of a child in a family with a hereditary or congenital anomaly).

How and when is folic acid prescribed when planning a pregnancy?

Folic acid is a vitamin B9 essential for the development of the fetus, especially its neural tube ( brain and spinal cord). From folic acid, nucleic acids are formed, that is, the DNA of the cell, therefore, during pregnancy, an additional amount is needed, because the cells of the embryo are actively dividing.

Deficiency of this vitamin during pregnancy leads to the following consequences:

• congenital malformations ( especially neural tube defects);
• anomalies of the limbs and ears;
• splitting of the upper palate;
• malformations of the urinary system;
• heart defects;
• omphalocele ( congenital umbilical hernia);
• mental impairment in the child after birth, as well as a high risk of autism and schizophrenia.

Folic acid is indicated when planning pregnancy for all women. It should be taken at a dose of 400 - 800 mcg per day. Start taking folic acid 1 to 3 months before the planned conception and continue during the first three months of pregnancy. It is important to know that to reduce the risk of adverse effects on the fetus as well as on the mother ( folic acid reduces the risk of pregnancy toxicosis, placental abruption) is possible only if you start taking folic acid before conception. This is how you can reliably ensure the normal level of folic acid in the body. Even taking folic acid from the very first days of pregnancy does not guarantee such an effect, according to studies. To saturate the body with folic acid, you need 8-12 weeks of taking 400 mcg, but if conception is planned earlier, then it is prescribed at a dose of 800 mcg per day, which allows you to reach the desired level in a month.

It is not recommended to take folic acid in large doses after the 12th week of pregnancy, as its excessive amount can have adverse effects, for example, lead to the development of malformations of the cardiovascular system in the fetus, a malignant tumor, impaired vision and mental abilities.

Folic acid can be prescribed as a separate drug, but most often doctors prescribe vitamin-mineral complexes that contain not only folic acid, but also other essential vitamins and minerals.

In some cases, folic acid is prescribed in high doses ( 4000 - 5000 mcg). This is required for pathologies that most often lead to defects in the neural tube of the fetus. In these cases, the doctor prescribes a vitamin-mineral complex containing folic acid in the amount of 400-800 mcg ( e.g. elevit pronatal) and additionally a preparation containing only folic acid.

Folic acid in high doses is prescribed when planning pregnancy in the following cases:

• maternal diabetes;
• taking anticonvulsants;
• intestinal malabsorption syndrome;
• A woman had a baby with a neural tube defect.

Women who smoke and abuse alcohol should also consume more folic acid ( Mandatory exclusion of smoking and alcohol when planning pregnancy).

Folic acid is also found in foods ( broccoli, spinach, lettuce, beans, lentils, peas, beets, orange). When cooking, it is important to take into account that vegetables and fruits must be taken fresh, as folic acid loses its properties if vegetables are cooked.

Folic acid is also indicated for men when planning a pregnancy. For men, it is necessary to increase the number of spermatozoa and their genetic usefulness. With a deficiency of folic acid in the male body, the genetic apparatus of spermatozoa may change - abnormal cell division and mutation will occur, which will cause the development of Down syndrome and other hereditary anomalies in the fetus ( , Klinefelter syndrome). Also, folic acid deficiency leads to male infertility and miscarriages.

Duphaston and utrogestan when planning pregnancy

Duphaston and utrozhestan are progesterone preparations - a female sex hormone. It is secreted mainly in the second phase of the menstrual cycle, its purpose is to prepare the uterine mucosa for the implantation of the embryo after conception. It is this hormone that is called the pregnancy hormone due to its ability to relax the uterus. Progesterone preparations are prescribed when planning pregnancy in cases where a woman has a deficiency of this hormone. If there is not enough progesterone, then there is little chance of conception and pregnancy. A hormone deficiency means that the uterus will be prone to spasms. They take duphaston and utrogestan for 3 months from the 11th to the 25th day of the cycle. After the onset of pregnancy, duphaston is continued during the first months of pregnancy.

What vitamins to take when planning a pregnancy?

When planning pregnancy, vitamins are shown to be taken by both a woman and a man. Vitamins and microelements are not formed in the body themselves, therefore, if they are not enough with food, then their deficiency quickly occurs. It is recommended to start taking a few months before the planned conception, the best time is 3 months ( sometimes for 6), since sperm is completely renewed, on average, in 72 days ( 60 – 90 days). During this period, it is also necessary to give up smoking and alcoholic beverages.

A man should take the following vitamins and minerals when planning a pregnancy:

• folic acid ( vitamin B9) - a necessary component of DNA, therefore its purpose promotes the formation of spermatozoa without mutations, and folic acid also increases the activity of spermatozoa;
• tocopherol ( vitamin E) - improves sperm quality and increases sperm activity, thereby increasing the chances of conception;
• vitamin C ( vitamin C) - a strong antioxidant that protects spermatozoa from damage during their growth and maturation period;
• zinc- is an important trace element that is involved in the formation of male sex hormones, the formation of spermatozoa ( their shells and tails), increases the activity of spermatozoa and their ability to fertilize;
• selenium- prevents the development of defective forms of spermatozoa;
• L-carnitine ( vitamin B11) - increases sperm motility, so that the chances of sperm reaching the egg on time ( before its destruction) increase.

A woman needs to take the following vitamins and minerals when planning a pregnancy:

• Folic acid- is needed for the formation of the placenta, the formation of the circulatory system between the mother and the fetus, as well as for the growth and division of all cells in the child's body.
• Vitamin E- is an antioxidant, that is, the "protector" of cells from free radicals. It also participates in the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, facilitates the supply of oxygen to tissues.
• B group vitamins ( B6, B2, B12) amino acids are formed from these vitamins ( "bricks" for building proteins). It is especially important to take vitamin B2 after stopping birth control pills ( combined oral contraceptives).
• Vitamin C- needed for the formation of collagen, from which the bones and blood vessels of the fetus are formed. It is involved in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, is able to strengthen the walls of small blood vessels, and has an anti-inflammatory effect.
• Iron- an especially necessary element during the second and third pregnancy, necessary for the creation of red blood cells ( blood).
• Iodine- a necessary component for the formation of thyroid hormones.
• Zinc- it produces proteins, fats, carbohydrates
• Magnesium- Needed for the normal transmission of electrical impulses between nerve cells.
• Selenium- necessary for the formation of hormones and enzymes.

When is chimes prescribed when planning a pregnancy?

Curantyl is a drug that has 2 main properties. It dilates small blood vessels and thins the blood. Both of these properties provide improved blood circulation. When planning pregnancy and in the first months of pregnancy, chimes are prescribed to reduce blood clotting. The fact is that a frequent risk factor for miscarriages, placental insufficiency ( uteroplacental vessels), late toxicosis of pregnancy and other pathologies is a tendency to increased blood clotting - hypercoagulability. With hypercoagulation in small vessels, blood clots are formed - blood clots. They disrupt blood circulation, preventing the process of attaching the embryo to the uterus, that is, the onset of pregnancy. Curantil enhances blood flow to the fetus and improves venous outflow, which eliminates oxygen starvation of the fetus and helps to maintain pregnancy.

Another effect of chimes is the stimulation of thickening of the uterine mucosa during the menstrual cycle, which is especially important in cases where a woman, according to ultrasound, has a thickness of the surface layer of the uterine mucosa ( endometrium) does not reach the level required for embryo attachment.

Curantil also has an immunomodulatory effect, so it is sometimes prescribed in the autumn-winter period to prevent viral infections.

No adverse effect mutations, defects) does not have a chimes effect on the fetus.

Thus, chimes are indicated when planning pregnancy in women with increased blood clotting ( diagnosed according to blood test - coagulogram), especially against the background of infertility.

Curantyl is prescribed at a dose of 75 - 225 mg per day ( 1 tablet may contain 25 or 75 mg of the drug). Rarely, higher doses of 600 mg are required. Take the tablet on an empty stomach, 1 hour before or after a meal, without chewing, drinking a few sips of water. The exact dose of chimes is determined by the doctor, since this drug, in addition to positive effects, also has a number of side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, a sharp drop in blood pressure, headache, heart palpitations and allergic reactions.

How often should you have sex when planning a pregnancy?

When planning a pregnancy, together with a gynecologist, a planning calendar or a favorable moment for conception is drawn up. It is at this time that the doctor will recommend the intercourse of future parents.

Over the course of 3-4 cycles, it turns out on which days in the middle of the cycle ovulation occurs ( release of an egg from the ovaries). This is done by determining the signs of ovulation ( body temperature change, clear mucus secretion, ovulation test and ultrasound data). After ovulation, the egg is scheduled to meet with the sperm. If this happens, conception will occur. However, after ovulation, the egg can be fertilized within 2 days. After the expiration of this period, she "gets old" and can no longer be fertilized.

In each month, there are 7 - 8 favorable days for conception, they are called the fertile window - these are a few days before ovulation, the day of ovulation and 2 days after it. Sexual intercourse during this period can lead to successful conception. However, with frequent sexual intercourse, sperm may not be enough. 2 days break between sexual intercourse is the best period for the accumulation of sperm, which increases the possibility of conception.

You can have sex every day, and every other day in the period from 10 to 18 days of the cycle ( approximate ovulation period), especially if the woman has an irregular cycle. In this case, it is impossible to know exactly the day of ovulation, so it is better to have sexual intercourse every day during these 7 days in the middle of the cycle, but it is not recommended to do this several times a day so as not to deplete sperm reserves.

If spermatozoa enter the body of a woman 1 to 2 days before ovulation and on the day of ovulation, then the chances of conceiving are much higher. The fact is that spermatozoa must reach the fallopian tube from the vagina. This takes time. Depending on the activity of spermatozoa, the journey may take several hours or 3-4 days. Therefore, it is important that the spermatozoa are in the female body even before ovulation.

One of the most important elements of family life are male tests when planning pregnancy. The general health of a man, the absence of diseases of various origins, the normal functioning of the reproductive organs have a very large impact on the likelihood of a successful conception of a healthy child. The elimination of latent infections and pathologies in a man provides a guarantee that the child will not have congenital diseases or developmental abnormalities.

Exemplary survey plan

A comprehensive examination of a man, carried out in the case when the spouses are planning the birth of a child, includes a number of mandatory and a number of additional procedures. Mandatory procedures include microbiological studies and a blood test to detect hidden forms of sexually transmitted diseases, immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis, fungi, and a group of TORCH infections that are dangerous for the development of a child.

Additional types of examinations performed on a man before his wife's pregnancy include specific types of tests required in case of genetic or hereditary diseases, or in case of prolonged difficulties in fertilization or suspected infertility.

Special tests for men are also carried out with a large difference in the age of sexual partners, the presence of congenital pathologies, mismatch of the Rh factor or blood groups.

The main specialist who determines the program for examining a man when planning a pregnancy is a urologist. A urologist can conduct an initial anamnestic survey in order to collect information about possible diseases, pathologies or physical abnormalities, and conduct a number of special events.

First of all, in the course of the interview, the doctor must find out what diseases that affect the conception of a child, the future father suffered or suffers. Hereditary or genetic factors are identified that may manifest themselves during the conception of a child.

After that, a preventive examination of the external reproductive organs of a man is performed in order to identify pathologies. It includes examination of the penis, testicles, inguinal lymph nodes, blood vessels of the genitourinary system.

Next, a preliminary rectal examination and palpation of the prostate gland is carried out, the secretions of the prostate gland are selected for an appropriate microbiological study.

Then, based on the results of the survey and examination, a general blood test and urinalysis, as well as special tests are prescribed to obtain complete and reliable information about the health of the subject.

Based on the data obtained, a program of preparation for further examinations by specialized specialists is drawn up. If necessary, a special diet and regimen are prescribed, which include, for example, quitting smoking, taking alcohol, drugs and stimulants, refraining from sexual intercourse, etc.

Therapeutic examination

Examination of a man by a therapist when planning a pregnancy makes it possible to diagnose, if they are present, a number of diseases that are inherited, such as bronchial asthma, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diseases of the central nervous system, and others.

During a therapeutic examination, the following tests are carried out:

1. General analysis of blood and urine.
2. Determination of blood group and Rh factor.
3. A blood test for the content of male hormones and insulin.
4. Ultrasound or computed tomography (if necessary).
5. Electrocardiogram for persons over 45 years of age.

Based on the results of the tests, the therapist can prescribe appropriate preventive or therapeutic procedures, prescribe the necessary drugs or refer the patient to a hospital for treatment.

Microbiological analyzes

Microbiological tests performed on men during examinations when planning a pregnancy can detect the presence in the body of pathogens that are the causative agents of various diseases, including sexually transmitted diseases. Many sexually transmitted diseases can lead to dysfunction of the male genitourinary system and adversely affect the reproductive functions of the body.

An analysis for the presence of latent or hidden sexually transmitted diseases is usually carried out according to the method of studying the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of urethral tissue scrapings, which makes it possible to detect many pathogens, in particular:

• candida;
• trichomonads, gonococci and spirochetes;
• ureaplasma, toxoplasma, mycoplasma;
• gardnerella and papillomas;
• pathogens of herpes and other viral infections.

Very often, a day before a comprehensive PCR analysis for the presence of sexually transmitted diseases, the subject is injected with a special drug that provokes an exacerbation of a latent disease. Sometimes, as a method of provoking the disease, they use the use of spicy, smoked or salty foods, or the intake of small amounts of a low-alcohol drink - wine or beer.

PCR analysis allows you to determine the presence of pathogens with a high probability. However, in some cases, microbiological studies may include, if necessary, a serological test for the presence of antibodies in the acute course of the disease, an analysis of scrapings of the oral cavity for candidiasis or herpes, and other necessary samples.

If there are pathogens of infectious diseases in the body of a man, appropriate treatment is prescribed for both spouses, regardless of the results of the woman's tests.

Sperm analysis

Spermographic analysis is performed in elderly men, after undergoing sexually transmitted diseases or surgical operations on the genitals, or if male infertility is suspected.

When analyzing a spermogram, studies are performed, including:

1. Determination of color, composition and volume of semen.
2. Analysis of the number of spermatozoa, their structure and activity;
3. Microbiological studies for the presence of pathogenic microflora, leukocytes or erythrocytes.

A spermogram allows you to study the functioning of the reproductive organs of a man and draw a conclusion about his ability to conceive a child. Before conducting a semen analysis, a special regimen should be followed for 3-5 days, including:

1. Refusal of sleeping pills, narcotic or strong painkillers.
2. Abstinence from taking psychotropic drugs and antibiotics.
3. Refusal to use alcoholic, stimulating or tonic drinks.
4. Exclusion from the daily diet of foods such as seasonings, pickles, marinades, excessively spicy or salty foods.
5. Prevention of radiation exposure, hypothermia or overheating of the body.
6. Restriction of strength exercise.
7. Sexual abstinence.

In some cases, together with a spermographic study, an analysis of the secretion of the prostate gland is also performed.

Prostate secretion analysis

This study is performed with suspicion of possible inflammatory or infectious diseases of the genitourinary sphere of a man. The selection of the secret is made from the urethra by rectal massage of the prostate gland. The resulting material is subjected to microscopy in order to diagnose inflammatory processes and functional disorders of the gland. In addition, microbiological studies of the secret are carried out for the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, as well as the presence of blood fractions in it.