The history of household appliances. Computing Is it possible to communicate without a phone

Technical adaptations have become firmly established in the life of modern people who can no longer imagine solutions to their everyday problems and their lives without them. Silent vacuum cleaners, refrigerators with built-in TVs, steam generators instead of irons, and microwaves are the realities of our life.

These household appliances are no longer a dream or fantasy, they are present in the life of any person. Let's dive into the past and take an interest in how these inventions were created and what form they had in the past.

In 1870 the first whisk was developed and equipped with a mechanism. It took about 50 years for this invention to take the form of a mixer, which went on the mass market in America in 1910. Like any technical novelty, its cost was very high - about $ 3,000. It is for this reason that he was not in great demand, and his weight was about 30 kilograms.

The first hand washing machine was developed in 1782. She worked with a special pen, and the electric washing machines, to which we are so accustomed, were born in 1906. If you need to repair your washing machine, you can contact tismart.ru, which has proven itself in the field of household appliances repair.

In 1922, another miracle of technology was developed, which was called the blender. With its help, it was initially possible to combine water and syrup with carbon dioxide crystals. 13 years later, in 1935, the world saw blenders that could mash, grind and shred.

The first coffee maker was invented in 1806. It was even fitted with filters. The basic principle of the coffee maker was as follows: a little of the ground coffee was put into a metal sieve, and boiled water was poured into it.

Percy Spencer is the creator of the microwave oven we all know. Spencer worked all his life in the laboratory and once noticed an interesting fact. When one of the laboratory assistants approached the magnetron, then all metal objects on his clothes began to heat up, and if there was a chocolate candy in his pocket, it began to melt. After a huge number of complex experiments, a metal box was developed in which a magnetron was mounted. The main purpose of this box was to heat food. In 1945, Percy Spencer received a patent for his invention, and already in 1947 the first models of this device went on sale. In those days, the weight of the "microwave" was 340 kilograms, and in height it was 175 cm.

In this article, we'll talk about the world's greatest inventors of all time. These people are perhaps the most famous inventors in history.

List of inventors:

Archimedes of Syracuse

(287 - 212 BC)

Archimedes was originally from Syracuse, so he received the nickname Archimedes of Syracuse. He is primarily known as an outstanding mathematician, physicist and engineer. Astronomy and, of course, inventions also fell into the sphere of his interests. The life of Archimedes is known only in general details, so a complete biography cannot be found

Overall, he is considered one of the great mathematicians of antiquity and one of the greatest of all time. Archimedes anticipated modern calculus and analysis by applying the concepts of the infinitesimal and the exhaustion method to derive and rigorously prove a number of geometric theorems, including accurately calculating the area of \u200b\u200ba circle, the surface area and volume of a sphere, and the area under a parabola.

Archimedes screw for raising water in irrigation systems.

Other mathematical advances include getting an accurate approximation of Pi, defining and investigating the spiral that gets its name (Archimedean spiral), and creating a system for expressing very large numbers using exponentiation. He was also one of the first to apply mathematics to physical phenomena, laying the foundations of hydrostatics and statics, including the physical explanation of the operation of levers, which everyone now goes through in physics classes in school. It is known that Archimedes actively tried to improve and automate various tasks. One of the most famous problems that he solved was the problem of raising water in irrigation systems, which he solved with an innovative invention - a special screw screw. He also invented composite pulleys and defensive machines to protect his native Syracuse from invasion.

(10 - 75 AD)

Heron of Alexandria was a mathematician and engineer who worked in his hometown of Alexandria, Roman Egypt. He is considered the greatest experimenter of antiquity, and his work is the development of the Hellenistic scientific tradition.

He was busy with the development of geometry, mechanics, hydrostatics, and optics. He wrote a number of scientific papers (with a focus on practice) in all these areas. In the Dark Ages, his name was forgotten, and his inventions ceased to be of any interest to people of that time.

Among his inventions you will find the first robotic systems, self-loading crossbows, music boxes, vending machines and much more, which seems incredible for that time. Heron also published a well-known description of a steam device called an eolipil (sometimes called “Heron's engine” or “Heron's steam turbine”). It is said that he was a follower of the atomists.

Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian Renaissance polymath, that is, a man whose intelligence allowed him to go beyond one area of \u200b\u200binterest. His interests included invention, painting, sculpture, architecture, science, music, mathematics, technology, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history and cartography. Among scientists, he is rightfully considered the progenitor of paleontology, paleoichnology and architecture. In the artistic environment, you can often find him as the greatest artist of all time. He personifies the ideal of humanism of the Renaissance.

In history and science, Leonardo is considered the main example of "universal genius" or "Renaissance man", a man of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination." According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were unprecedented in history, and "his mind and personality seem superhuman to us, while he himself was a mysterious and distant man." Marco Roschi notes that, although there are many myths, hypotheses and assumptions around Leonardo's life, the very thought and perception of Vinci's world were quite logical using empirical methods of cognition, which for those times were a violation of generally accepted rules and dogmas.

Leonardo is deeply respected for his fantastic ingenuity. He created concepts for flying machines (airplanes, helicopters, parachutes) and so on, military vehicles (tank, rapid-fire crossbows, assault ladders, etc.), construction machines (excavator, various cranes and ladders, etc.), music machines, culinary machines and much more. still. During his lifetime, not so many of his inventions were built, which can be explained by the low level of development of industry, metallurgy and technology at that time. However, some of his smaller inventions, such as the automatic bobbin winder and the wire tensile testing machine, entered the industrial world unfinished. Although his achievements now seem simply enormous to us, he, unfortunately, did not have a direct impact on the development of science, since he did not publish many of his findings without sharing them with the scientists and inventors of that time.

Kulibin Ivan Petrovich

Ivan Petrovich Kulibin was a Russian mechanic and inventor. He was born in Nizhny Novgorod and even later received the nickname "Nizhny Novgorod Archimedes". Since childhood, he has shown an interest in the creation of mechanical products. Soon his interest grew into the creation of watch movements. His designs and fertile imaginations have inspired many inventors.

His most famous invention is the project of a bridge over the Neva River, thereby modeling such a complex bridge for the first time. In addition, he invented various automated mechanisms, for example, a scooter carriage with a pedal mechanism and even mechanical prostheses. His area of \u200b\u200binterest was also in water transport, where he also made a number of inventions.

Among the masses, he was primarily known as the inventor of funny toys and fireworks with which he entertained people. All this greatly surprised his contemporaries. Interestingly, he was an absolute teetotaler, did not gamble or smoke tobacco.

James Watt

James Watt was born in Scotland. He was an inventor, mechanical engineer and chemist. He is best known for improving the steam engine of Thomas Newcomen. It was Watt's steam engine that became the foundation for the industrial revolution both in the UK and around the world. After its modernization, the efficiency of the steam engine increased 4 times or more, and its control was simplified.

You can watch a detailed explanation of all the principles of the Watt steam engine and the physics of the process in the video below:

In addition to mechanics and physics, Watt was interested in chemistry and invented a bleaching agent. In his old age, he even managed to engage in inventions in art, trying to develop an eidograph (copying machine) for sculptures, developing ideas for a pantograph (a machine for copying maps). Watt also created the concept of measuring power in horsepower, and later scientists decided to name the unit for measuring power in the SI system (watts) after Watt, which we now see on each light bulb.

Nikola Tesla

Nikola Tesla is a prominent Serbian-American inventor, without whom it is difficult to imagine the era of electricity in the 20th century. He was not only an engineer, physicist, constructor and mechanic, but also a great dreamer-futurist.

He received his education in the Austrian Empire, and in 1884 he emigrated to the United States, where he received citizenship. Then he develops the AC induction motor, and also patents a number of other AC-related inventions, which eventually become the heart of the Westinghouse campaign polyphase system.

3-phase electric motor rotating in a magnetic field

Having made a significant amount of money, he continues his experiments in the field of electricity. He experiments with discharge tubes and tries to take the first X-rays. He was the first to build a small boat with wireless control, which he demonstrated at the exhibition, which surprised his contemporaries, since they could not understand how it was controlled.

He later comes up with the idea of \u200b\u200bwireless lighting and worldwide wireless power distribution. In his laboratory in Colorado Springs, he conducts experiments with high-voltage and high-frequency electricity. The bottom line was that he wanted to wirelessly transfer power between entire continents! But he didn’t have enough money and he couldn’t finish it. Later, a unit for measuring induction in a magnetic field will be named in honor of Tesla.

Remember the tale of the silver saucer and the poured apples? The idea of \u200b\u200btransmitting dynamic images over long distances possessed people even in ancient times, but only at the end of the 19th century did mankind manage to realize its idea and invent the progenitor of the modern television.


Who was its creator? It is rather difficult to answer this question, since many scientists of the world took part in the development and evolution of television.

Who was the inventor of the first mechanical television?

The history of the first television sets began with the German technician Paul Nipkov, who in 1884 invented a special device - the Nipkov disk, capable of scanning images line by line. In 1895, the German physicist Karl Brown created the first picture tube, better known as the Brown Tube.

The scientist considered his creation unsuccessful and put it aside for a long 11 years, but in 1906 his student Max Dieckmann received a patent for a pipe and used the teacher's find to transmit a picture. A year later, he showed the world a television receiver with a small screen 3 by 3 centimeters and a scan rate of 10 frames per second.

In the mid-1920s, British engineer John Loughie Brad made an invaluable contribution to the development of modern television. Using the Nipkov disk, he invented a mechanical television receiver that worked without sound, but gave a fairly clear picture obtained by decomposing it into elements.


At the same time, the scientist created the Baird Corporation, which for a long time was the only world manufacturer of television sets.

Who Invented Electronic TV?

The first electronic television receiver was based on the development of the Russian physicist Boris Rosing. In 1907, he inserted a cathode-ray tube into the receiving apparatus and obtained a static tele-picture of geometric figures. His work was continued by another Russian engineer - Vladimir Zvorykin. After the revolutionary events, he left for America, and in 1923 he patented a unique invention - a television fully functioning using electronic technology.

Subsequently, Zvorykin managed to come up with the so-called iconoscope, thanks to which electronic televisions got into mass production. In 1927, regular television broadcasting began in the United States, and in subsequent years, Britain, Germany and other European countries began to connect television. Initially, the image had an optical-mechanical scan, but by the mid-1930s, broadcasting began to be carried out in the VHF range according to the electronic principle.

Residents of the Soviet Union got the opportunity to watch television in 1939. The creator of the first television set was the Komintern plant in Leningrad, which in 1932 produced an apparatus that worked on the Nipkov disc. The device was an ordinary set-top box with a 3 x 4 cm screen, which had to be connected to a radio receiver.


Interestingly, subsequently, any person could make such TVs with his own hands, focusing on the instructions in the Radiofront magazine. The device required switching the radio to another frequency and made it possible to watch programs that were shown by European countries.

Who invented color television?

Attempts to transmit a color image were made in the era of mechanical television sets. One of the first to present his developments in this area was the Soviet engineer Hovhannes Adamyan, who in 1908 patented a two-color device for transmitting signals.

The recognized inventor of the color television was John Loogie Brad, the author of the mechanical receiver. In 1928, he assembled an apparatus that could transmit three images sequentially using blue, green, and red light filters.

A real breakthrough in the development of color TV broadcasting occurred only after the Second World War. When the United States lost the opportunity to earn money on defense orders, it switched to civilian production and began to use decimeter waves for image transmission.


In 1940, American scientists presented the Triniscope system, in which the images of three CRTs were combined with different colors of the phosphor glow. In the Soviet Union, developments of a similar nature appeared in 1951, and a year later Soviet TV viewers were able to see the first test broadcast in color.

The emergence of electricity and the electric motor

The development of household appliances, in turn, is directly related to the development of electricity. In 1881 in Paris, the great Thomas Edison presented to the public his invention, which became a historical event in modern history - an electric light bulb. This event marked the transition of society to a qualitatively new era of electrification and the use of electricity in everyday life. Emil Rathenau, visiting the exhibition, was shocked by this invention. Returning home, he first received a license to use Edison's invention in Germany, and two years later, founded the German Edison Electrical Engineering Company. In 1887 the company was renamed to - Allgemeine Electrisitat Gesellschaft - which in Russian sounds like "United Electric Society". The oldest German company still exists under this name.

The company created by Rathenau has installed and installed electric lighting in many theaters, restaurants, banks, homes of wealthy citizens. The company carried out the first street lighting systems. But Emil Rotenau was already seized by a new idea. Lighting of buildings and streets is mainly consumed at night. But how can you use the energy generated during the day? And Rotenau found the answer: domestic work, which at that time was usually manual, must be electrified!

Soon, at the Accident Prevention Exhibition in Berlin, the company exhibited the first electrical appliances: an iron, curling irons, an egg cooker, a hotplate, an electric kettle and a cigar lighter (the current lighter looked a little like a candlestick). The royal theater bought a curling iron and an iron: it was just a godsend for a theatrical wardrobe, clogged with costumes and props - before, tongs and irons were heated on an open flame and fires were the scourge of every wardrobe. Now there was no need to fear fire. And the main sensation of the exhibition - His Majesty Kaiser Wilhelm II bought an electric cigar lighter for personal use! The newspapers were choking with delight: "Soon the matches will disappear from our homes, they will be completely replaced by safe electric lighters!"

In 1896, the catalog included eighty "electrical household and kitchen appliances for home use": bottle warmers and pipe lighters, kettles, electric stoves and coffee makers, even a heater for running water. However, the development of household machines required an electric motor.

Back in the middle of the last century, the design principles of a vacuum cleaner, washing machine and dishwasher were developed. However, to move from theory to practice, a compact power source was required. And such a device - a three-phase motor - appeared. It was developed by our compatriot Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky. As a student, he settled in Germany, and in 1884 joined the AEG. Thanks to the three-phase motor, she released a new device "Phoen", the name of which - "hair dryer" - has become a part of our everyday life. At the turn of the century, the design direction became very popular, one of the leaders of which was Peter Behrens, a famous artist and architect. His ideas were based on the idea that any technical work can be done "100%" only if it satisfies the aesthetic ideas of a person. Behrens began working for AEG in 1907 and over 7 years has developed not only the design of individual products, such as a lamp or food processor, but also a number of models of household appliances.

The first working model of a vacuum cleaner appeared in 1901. The vacuum cleaner, called "Snorting Billy", ran on gasoline, was equipped with a five-horsepower vacuum pump, and did not fit into all interiors in size. Therefore, it was parked at the side of the road, and the carpets were taken out into the street for cleaning.

Around the same time, advertisements went around Russian magazines: the picture shows a large covered van pulled by a pair of horses. Through the open door of the van, a bulky mechanism is visible: metal cylinders, gears, a flywheel. Flexible hoses extend from it to the balcony of a two-story house. They are being held by two brave barbel, looking out of the balcony door. The imagination of our compatriots was captivated by the text: "We clean quickly and reliably! We will not leave a single speck of dust!" Both in Russia and in London, the miracle of engineering was very popular. However, at that time in the British capital there were much more horses than vacuum cleaners, and the horses were very frightened by the sight and roar of "Sniffing Billys", so the chief police officer of London banned their use on the street.

The design principle of the vacuum cleaner was developed in the middle of the 19th century. And the vacuum cleaners have moved to homes thanks to the Americans. The first was the Geier house cleaner, released in 1905. But what really became famous were the products of W. H. Hoover Company, which today are the standards of traditional vacuum cleaners. In 1908, the Tin model appeared. It looked like an inverted galvanized bucket with a wooden mop handle attached to it. Attached under the handle, a meter-long dust collector (gauze bag) was lined with satin on the outside. The manufacturer claimed: the vacuum cleaner not only perfectly removes dust from the floor and from crevices, but also "can be used to dry hair quickly." Compared to other "vacuum sweepers", the "Tin Model" was a model of compactness - the engineers managed to bring its weight to 20 kg. Competitors' products at this time weighed more than 50 kg. William Hoover funded the development of the shape of the classic American vacuum cleaner: a brush, a bag and a motor between them, fitted on one handle.

But the Europeans did not stay away from the vacuuming race. In 1912, the Swede Axel Wenner-Gren, the founder of Electrolux, proposed replacing the air pump in vacuum cleaners with a fan, thanks to which the weight of the household appliance was immediately reduced to 14 kg. However, the worldwide fame of the company was brought by the Model V, which appeared in 1921. A metal cylinder moving on wheels, connected to a suction brush by a flexible hose and equipped with replaceable nozzles, was copied by all manufacturers of household appliances almost until the end of the 20th century.

Work on improving the vacuum cleaner was suspended for ten whole years due to the Second World War. And opinion polls in the late forties showed that consumer enthusiasm for mechanical cleaners had dwindled. Shortcomings were identified, which for the coming decades determined the directions of the search for engineering and design ideas. The vacuum cleaner made too much noise during cleaning: it was impossible to talk to a person at a distance of a meter. Was not light and mobile enough. The suction power ranged from very strong (the cleaning brushes were firmly attached to the surfaces) to too weak (only large particles, such as sand, were effectively collected). But the main thing is the disadvantages of filtration - the exhaust air through the exhaust of the vacuum cleaner returned fine dust to the room. It was not possible to combine all the positive qualities in one apparatus. Hand-held vacuum cleaners crawled under furniture, vacuumed curtains, collected rubbish in "inconvenient" places near baseboards and in the corners of rooms. The case of portable vacuum cleaners was covered with special strips to protect furniture. For cleaning carpets, they came up with washing vacuum cleaners. One fabric or paper filter has become irrelevant - two, three, four - "for hygienic suction and protection of the environment from pollution" (this is how the German magazine Das Elektrofach formulated the main task of vacuum cleaners). The 60s were marked by multipurpose vacuum cleaners that combined dry and wet cleaning , with special separators collecting water around the pools, soil from garden paths and sand from terraces. Unfortunately, the Soviet vacuum cleaner can only boast of a successful copy of the most famous Western models. The Rocket, for example, was a replica of the legendary Model V from Electrolux, and the Sputnik was a 1955 Hoover Constellation. Vacuum cleaners became more powerful and lighter, acquired new attachments and functions, and became irreplaceable: by the mid-1980s, 97% of families in developed countries had acquired mobile cleaners.

But constantly making improvements to the traditional design ran into contradictions inherent in the very idea of \u200b\u200ba vacuum cleaner: how to simultaneously increase the volume of the dust container and lighten the vacuum cleaner body? How can I increase the suction power while making my vacuum cleaner work? How to lengthen the hose (a standard 125-130 cm was sorely lacking for cleaning under beds) and leave the vacuum cleaner mobile? How to clean the exhaust air from fine dust, bacteria and carcinogenic particles, if an increase in the number of filters (now there are antimicrobial, water, and electrostatic) inevitably leads to a loss of suction power?

The growth of allergic diseases (according to immunologists, every 10 years the number of people suffering from allergies in the world doubles) and the identification of dangerous allergens in house dust that do not lend themselves to the most advanced filters of traditional vacuum cleaners are serious reasons for the ecological aspect of vacuum cleaning to come to first plan.

In 1957, the production of built-in vacuum cleaners began (they were also called centralized dust removal systems). An original and at the same time simple solution to many years of problems was proposed. The power unit has become stationary (it is installed in the utility room and connected by a duct system with pneumatic sockets in the walls or floors), the exhaust has been taken out into the street, and cleaning is carried out using only one hose. Result? All collected dust is completely removed from the room. Cleaning is almost silent. The combination of cyclonic and self-cleaning fabric filters eliminates the need for replaceable consumables and maximizes the purity of external exhaust. The plastic dust container can be emptied 3-4 times a year. With a vacuum hose from 4.6 to 10.7 m long, you can vacuum efficiently both in a standard apartment and in a multi-storey cottage, on which the original designer worked. The set of attachments provides for the user's desire to clean the blinds and the long-haired cat; without leaving home, knock out carpets and collect long-term dust in a narrow crack under the wardrobe. Improving together with consumers, a washing attachment, separators for collecting water and cleaning fireplaces are gradually being offered.

Many centuries ago, seafarers began to use the movement of their ship relative to the water for washing clothes: it was tied to a rope and thrown overboard. The foamy "jet clearer than blue" quickly washed away all the dirt from the fabric. Meanwhile, on the shore, the sailors' friends were rubbing their linen on stones, using sand as an abrasive to make the process more efficient. So the first of the components of washing was found - a mechanical effect on the fabric.

As for the second - chemical - component, man discovered it a long time ago. During archaeological excavations on the Sano hill in Rome, the remains of the oldest soap were found, for the preparation of which the ash and fat of animals sacrificed to the gods were used.

As soon as the institute for patenting inventions arose, registration of attempts to come up with devices that facilitate washing began immediately. In 1797, the first such device was created - a washboard. And already in 1851 the American James King patented a washing machine with a rotating drum, which was very similar to the modern one. Only the drive of his car was manual. By 1875, more than 2,000 patents for washing devices were registered in America alone. Not all ideas were viable and developed further. It is clear that, for example, a machine that processed only one piece of clothing per wash had no prospect. But the machine, which was built by a certain gold digger in California in 1851, could wash a whole dozen shirts in one "batch". For her work, ten mules had to be harnessed. It was the first "laundromat" in history, that is, a paid washing unit. Probably the customers of this laundry paid for each wash in gold sand. By the way, it was the need to wash a large number of single men concentrated in one place (gold digging towns, seaports, etc.) that prompted the development of public laundries.

After washing the laundry, you need to squeeze the water out of it. Manual rolls for wringing out linen, invented in 1861, have become an integral part of the washing machine for almost a century and a half - they are still used in the simplest semi-automatic machines.

Until the end of the 19th century. Washing machines were mainly driven by the muscular power of humans or animals. Such was the car of William Blackstone, which this Indiana in 1874 presented to his wife on her birthday. Blackstone's invention went down in history as the first household washing machine. And, perhaps, the first mass-produced for sale: Mr. Blackstone, as a true businessman, set up the production and sale of his cars for $ 2.5 per piece. Interestingly, the company founded by Blackstone still produces washing machines to this day.

The use of a motor became a revolution in the development of washing machines - at first it could be either a gasoline internal combustion engine or an electric motor.

One of the first electrically powered washing machines was the Thor, which was manufactured by the Hurley Machine Company of Chicago around 1908. The inventor of the machine, Alva Fischer, went down in history as the creator of a new class of electrical appliances. The machine had a wooden drum, which made eight rotations in one direction or the other. In order to bring the drum rotation mechanism into engagement with the electric motor shaft, there was a lever at the bottom of the machine. All transmission mechanisms of the machine are open - no one was too concerned about consumer safety in those days. The technical evolution of washing machines was accompanied by their aesthetic improvement. "The Ugly Duckling" of the early 20th century. with open drive mechanisms, it has become an elegant household appliance that not only performs a wide range of functions, but also decorates the home.

American sociologists note that the appearance of the household washing machine in 1920 "brought washing back to the house." Up to this point, machine washing already existed, but in the form of public laundries, where the hostesses handed in linen. The advent of a washing machine that was affordable and compact enough to fit in an apartment has transformed the American woman from a consumer of services (in this case, a laundry service) to a consumer of a technology product, which has fueled the rapid growth of the industry.

The structure of women's employment has also changed: over the decade from 1910 to 1920, the number of domestic workers in the United States decreased by 400 thousand people. The advent of household appliances (and by 1925, 53.2% of homes in the United States were electrified), and first of all, washing machines, made it possible to get rid of hand washing and laundry services.

The rapid development of large household appliances began in the last century after the successful introduction of the conveyor into production. Meanwhile, the General Electric company decides to increase the range of finished products, and instead of spare parts for cars, they start manufacturing high-tech household appliances. Some serious firms did not take seriously the idea of \u200b\u200bwidespread production of household appliances. Most of them thought that making such new products was a rather risky and not at all profitable business.

But, nevertheless, in 1911 "General Electric" produced the first refrigerator "Odifren" (this name he received in honor of the creator). After that, washing machines were created, which in appearance and functionality were far from modern mechanisms.

Household appliances during their inception were gigantic units that were difficult to manage and sometimes even unsafe. Such machines were extremely expensive. Moreover, despite the high cost and technical flaws, household appliances began to enjoy great popularity. Housewives all over the world have been able to appreciate the advantages of household appliances at their true worth.

Bosch's first household electric refrigerator was presented back in 1933 (almost 70 years ago) at the Leipzig New Year's fair. It was a very solid apparatus weighing 80 kg. and a volume of 60 liters. Its shape by today's standards was also outstanding - a round "cooling cylinder", standing on massive legs.

In 1989, Bosch revolutionized refrigeration technology again - a new generation of refrigerator models appeared with a cooling system down to 0 ° C and high humidity, allowing food to be kept fresh twice as long. In the production of refrigerators, there is a tendency to produce models with different temperature zones, so that different products can be stored in an optimal way. One of the new products is the 70 cm wide refrigerators, which save up to 50% of electricity compared to conventional models.

The beginning of the III millennium also did not remain without innovations from Bosch - in 2002, refrigerator models with AntiBacteria, an antibacterial silver-based coating, began to be supplied to the world market. The use of AntiBacteria not only prevents the development and spread of bacteria on the inner surfaces of the refrigerator, but also eliminates unpleasant odors, which made it possible to raise the quality of food preservation in Bosch refrigerators to an unattainable height

In the middle of the 20th century, when expensive heavy metals and alloys were replaced by plastics, household appliance factories moved to a more first-class level of production. This made it possible to significantly reduce the cost of the machines. And, as a result, everyone could already buy household appliances.

A further task for home appliances manufacturers was to expand the already finished product collection. And then, following refrigerators and washing machines, microwave ovens, and water heaters, and air conditioners became widespread. Thanks to household appliances, the processes of cooking, washing clothes and cleaning the house have decreased significantly in time, which allowed many people to have more rest and enjoy life.

Built-in appliances were also designed to make life easier. And even the most daring and modern interior will not interfere with the selection of built-in household appliances, since the design of built-in appliances is also being improved and modified.

Without a doubt, the creation of ordinary and built-in household appliances was one of the main achievements of mankind over the past hundreds of years.

Thus, the second generation of household electrical appliances appeared in Europe and America in the 30s and 40s. Were released washing machines, refrigerators, dryers. The development of household appliances has been developing at a particularly high rate recently. In our country, similar devices were developed around this time. In 1945. - washing machines and refrigerators. The range of electric heating devices is expanding.

In the 60s, the production of household heating electrical appliances made a sharp leap not only in quantity, but also in quality. Almost all types of electric irons were equipped with thermostats, and work is underway to reduce the energy consumption of heating electrical appliances. Currently, there are a huge number of different household electrical appliances, including both cooking stoves and washing machines, refrigerators, as well as other types of kitchen appliances, heaters, etc.

Using modern household appliances, we do not think about what they were at the dawn of their appearance. Sometimes we do not notice that getting up in the morning, we turn on any of the home devices, without which our life is not possible, and if for a moment we imagine that there is no TV, refrigerator, microwave oven or iron, you involuntarily think about how much modern humanity depends from electronic devices that make life easier and save a lot of time. Some hundred years ago, all this did not exist and what awaits us in a century is very difficult to say, one can only assume. So, how did household appliances come about and what do they represent today?

TV set

The idea of \u200b\u200btransmitting an image over a distance comes from ancient times, remember the Russian fairy tale about the "saucer with a pouring apple", which also showed the image. The first embodiment of this idea began at the end of the 19th century, and only in 1907, the inventor Max Dieckmann demonstrated the first semblance of a mechanical-type television, having a twenty-line screen 3 by 3 cm and a frequency of 10 frames / s. The principle of electronic television broadcasting in 1923 was patented by our compatriot Vladimir Zvorykin, who emigrated to the states.

And in 1927, the United States began the first television broadcasting, then in 1928 the United Kingdom also began broadcasting, followed by Germany in 1929. VHF band for mass television broadcasting was introduced by Germany in 1935. From that moment on, the rapid development of televisions began, which 180 thousand American families had in 1947 and by 1953 this figure had grown to 28 million. Modern television has not changed its purpose, only the functionality and screen size have undergone changes that make it possible to feel what is happening on the screen in full force.

Fridge

The inhabitants of temperate and northern latitudes were able to store food with the help of cold, in southern countries they did not even imagine that ice could be useful for domestic needs and only rich southerners could order snow from mountain peaks. Our ancestors made cellars. Which are not much different from the current underground refrigerators that our grandparents still use. The first artificial ice was obtained in 1850 by John Gorey, who used a compression cycle in his device, a similar design is used to this day.

In 1879, ammonia began to be used in the compressor, and many meat industry enterprises and others similar began to purchase devices for making ice. The first household electric refrigerator was made in 1913 and used rather toxic substances in its construction. In 1927, General Electric mass-produced the Monitor-Top refrigerator, which was very popular and sales reached 1 million units. Freon began to be used in 1930 and is used today. A modern refrigerator is an attribute of every family, which has intelligent control that allows you to preserve food for a long time.

Microwave

American military engineer Percy Spencer, conducting experiments with ultra-frequency radiation, noticed the property of heating food and patented his invention in 1946. The world's first microwave was produced by the American company Raytheon in 1947 and was called Radarange. At first, it was used exclusively by the military to defrost food in soldiers' canteens and was about the size of a human being.

The first household microwave oven for the home was introduced by the Tappan Company in 1955. And only in 1962, the Japanese company Sharp released the first production model on the mass market, which at first was not in great demand. A modern microwave is a device that includes a grill, convection, microwaves and has a lot of automatic modes for preparing a variety of dishes. This device has firmly entered our everyday life, thanks to
the speed of accomplishment of the assigned tasks.

Washer

Until the 19th century, things were washed by hand, and there was such a profession as a laundress, requiring heavy physical labor. To facilitate washing, primitive implements such as beaters were used with notches to better wipe away dirt. In 1874, the first hand-operated washing machine was put into mass production by William Blackstone, which greatly facilitated this difficult work.

The electric washer appeared in 1908, and the fully automatic washer in 1949 in the United States. At the present stage of development, devices can wash, rinse and wring out, as well as do it with a given temperature regime and intensity, which allows you to wash all types of fabrics and you only need to put the laundry in the unit and press a button.

A vacuum cleaner

Huber Cecil Booth, a Briton by birth, who patented his invention in 1901, was the first to think of sucking dust when cleaning premises. The inventor realized that the device would be in demand, and he designs the Puffing Billy, a bulky unit that can be moved by carriage and run first on fuel and then on electricity. The device had a 30 meter hose and for cleaning the premises was brought as close to the door of the house as possible.

The first household electric vacuum cleaner was patented by P.A.Fisker in 1910, it weighed more than 17 kilograms and could well be used by one person. In 1919, the Association of Vacuum Cleaners Manufacturers was established. The first bagless vacuum cleaner was patented by Amway in 1959. Now vacuum cleaners have more powerful parameters with special brushes and filters for air purification, as well as light weight and compact dimensions.

Iron

This household appliance has a very ancient history, the principle of hot ironing was used during the time of the ancient Greeks, and had the form of an iron rod in the form of a rolling pin, which was heated on fire. In the Middle Ages, metal mugs filled with hot water were used. In the 18th century, an iron with hot coals inside appeared, but heating irons were the most popular. The first electric iron was created by Earl Richardson in 1903. The latest models of irons have a wide temperature range, as well as a steam function that makes ironing easier.