Person unit h. The ending -s in English. Exceptions and other difficult cases

Adjectives:

* - look at the position of the article. It comes before the adjective, as mentioned above.

1. Verbs win, convince, find yourself, feel, wonder and some others, belonging to the so-called insufficient verbs (i.e. verbs limited in the formation or use of personal forms), do not form the 1st person singular form of the present-future tense. If it is necessary to use these verbs in the indicated form, descriptive construction is used, For example: I can win, I want (I strive) convince, Can find yourself I'll try feel I won't weird.

Rarely or almost never used in literary language due to the unusual sound of the form "bashu" (from bass ), "I'm telling you" (from make noise ), "I'm nailing" (from nail ), "duju" (from blow the whistle ), "nonsense" (from nonsense ), "I'll block" (from block ), "vacuuming" (from vacuum ), "neighbor" (from neighbor ), "shkozhu" (from mischief ).

Due to phonetic coincidence with forms from other verbs, such forms as "I'm waking up" (from make a noise compare: I wake you up from wake up ), "hold" (from dare compare: I'm holding from hold ), "I'm pushing" (from pummel, compare: I push from grieve ) and some others.

Verbs kill, murmur form the 1st person singular form I will kill , I grumble.

2. Verbs recover, get sick of, get sick of form personal forms according to type 1 conjugation: I'll get well , -e eat , -they; I'll get sick of it , -eat, -eat; I'm disgusted , -eat, -eat. Forms of these verbs I'll get better , -And sh, -yat etc. use is not recommended.

3. Verb rest on forms the past tense ( was based ) with suffix -And - and gerunds ( resting on ) (according to II conjugation), present tense forms and participles are formed according to I conjugation ( is based ,-there are building ).

The same ratio of verb forms be ruffled – swaying, swaying – sways, sways, unsteady.

Equal variants of indefinite form lay down – lay form personal forms of I conjugation from the verb lay: stele (sya), stelesh (sya), stele (sya) etc.

Verb honor in the 3rd person plural has equal forms honor - honor , as well as equal forms of the present participle honorable – honoring ; Wed from Gorky: They both love honor memory of her. – Their honor, thousands like him obey them. Wed. verb forms honor in compatibility conditions: will mail memory by getting up, will mail for the honor But: will honor presence.

4. Some verbs (so-called abundant) form double forms of the present tense, for example: rinse in the presence of regulatory forms rinsing, rinsing, rinsing, rinsing, rinsing has valid forms: I rinse , rinsing, rinsing, rinsing, rinsing.

The same ratio of verb forms splash, drip, cluck, sway, purr, wave, prowl and etc.

Along with the stylistic one, there is a semantic distinction between parallel forms.

Verb splash in meaning "sprinkle, sprinkle" has personal forms splashing, splashing (splashing water, splashes underwear); in meaning “scatter drops”, “sprinkle splashes” has personal forms splashing, splashing (fountain splashes, splashes saliva).

Verb move in meanings “to move by pushing or dragging”, “to move, to make movements”, “to force to go forward, to direct” has personal forms moving, moving (move furniture, moving fingers, moves troops); in meanings “to promote the development of something,” “to be the cause of someone.” actions" has personal forms moves, moves (driving strength that they drives! ); in meaning "to set in motion, to put into action" moves – moves (spring moves/moves clockwork).

Verb drip in meaning "fall in drops" has parallel personal forms drip, drip And drop, droplet (dripping tears, rain caplet ), but in phraseology only: not above us caplet ; in meaning "pour, pour in drops" has personal forms drip, drip (dripping potion).

Verb throw in meaning “to sew, to sew with stitches, to hem a loop” has personal forms I'm throwing , throws (throws jacket, throws the seam). Its homonym, verb throw in meaning "scatter, scatter" has personal forms sword, throws (mosques Thunder and lightning, mosques angry looks; Also: mosques caviar); in the same sense "throw" in sports usage the form is used throws : throws grenade, disk, spear etc.

In common speech and in dialects there are forms clicks (instead of calls – from click ), meows (from meow ; literary form meows - from mew ).

Verbs sprinkle, ruffle, pinch in the presence of neutral forms sprinkles, pinches, flutters have differently conjugated colloquial forms with deletion -l-: the forms are conjugated according to the I conjugation pouring, pouring, pouring, pouring , according to II conjugation – pour in , the same ratio of forms for verbs to pinch, to shake.

5. Verbs milk, cut, water, hide in literary language form the imperative mood in -And , form on th non-normative. Wed: ...Alarm swearing give them a drink! (Block). – Get drunk her tea, spoiled girl,–Ovsyanikov shouted after her(Turgenev).

Some verbs with a prefix You- form parallel forms of the imperative inclined singular: throw it away - throw it away, iron it out - iron it out, push it out - pull it out, paint it - paint it, get out - get out, spit it out - spit it out, take it out - stick it out, put it out - put it out, straighten it out - straighten it out, get enough sleep - spill out, stare - stare. But the plural form has no variants and is formed from the second singular form, for example: push out, paint out, spit out etc. The same ratio of verb forms cork , clean, notify, sugar, drift, treat: cork - cork, cork, (not) drift – (not) drift, (not) drift etc.

Some verbs in it : spoil, writhe, wrinkle, puff up, flatten have parallel forms in both numbers of the imperative mood: spoil, spoil - spoil, spoil; squirm, squirm - writhe, writhe etc. Forms take a look , out in the presence of regulatory look, come out are colloquial, but in phraseological use only: take it out Yes put it down. The forms also have a colloquial character go figure (instead of go ), clip (instead of hug ); go (instead of go ); forms go , go are unacceptable.

§174. Variants of species forms

1. Bi-aspect verbs form And organize in the past tense they are used only in the perfect form (cf.: Parliament formed commission; head of department efficiently organized work); in the past tense verbs are used in the meaning of the imperfect form form, organize (cf.: city ​​authorities annually organized folk festival; interdepartmental commission more than once formed such commissions).

2. Variants of the imperfective verb with alternation in the root O – A condition – condition equal; options concentrate, respect are acceptable under regulatory standards concentrate, manure; options suspect , agree are obsolete under regulatory to suspect, to agree; not recommended for use authorize instead of authorize.

3. Alternation O - A in the root is observed in a number of verbs when forming an aspect pair: exhaust O thief– exhaust A get sick, get sick O tit– sick A chill, freeze O zit- frozen A live, stuck O it– stuck A it will cost O no– cost A givate, process O thief– processing A tyvat, ennoble O baby– oblagor A live, osv O it– osv A to itch, smallpox O rip– smallpox A honor, honor O it- udost A learn, learn O it– usv A to live and etc.; Verbs demoralize, mobilize, neutralize, normalize, realize, stylize, electrify -And zirova -; Verbs agonize, activate, hospitalize, idealize, ironize, privatize, symbolize, vernalize etc. do not allow variants with the suffix -And call -.

4. Species pairs slam - slam, preoccupy - preoccupy, disgrace - to disgrace, discredit - defame, defer - to delay, to time - to coincide, to legitimize –legitimize etc. preserve the root O.

5. Variants of prefixed imperfective verbs with suffixes -And va-, -yva- And -and I-, forming species pairs: prepare/procure – prepare, encourage/encourage – to encourage, to accommodate/accommodate – to adapt, to catch a cold/to catch a cold – catch a cold, cut/cut - cut equal rights.

6. Variants of unprefixed and prefixed imperfective verbs, forming aspectual pairs, freeze/freeze – freeze, defame/defame - to discredit, to care/concern - to preoccupy and others are equal.

7. Variants of two-type verbs with a suffix -And call - And -isirova- vulcanize – vulcanize, harmonize – harmonize, canonize - canonize, colonize -colonize, legalize – legalize, modernize – modernize, rationalize - rationalize, secularize – secularize, stabilize – stabilize, standardize – standardize etc. have equal rights, although variants with the suffix -isirova- in these pairs they become more common.

Form options disdain - disdain, read - read, whistle - whistle equal rights.

In pairs climb - climb, see - see, hear - hear, raise – raise the second option is colloquial.

8. It is necessary to distinguish between the meanings of paired verbs of motion:

The first verbs in each pair denote an action without indicating direction or an action that is not performed in one step (verbs uncertain movement), and the second are actions that flow in one direction, or an action that occurs continuously and at a certain moment (verbs certain movements). Wed: truck carries brick-truck lucky brick; airplane flies over the forest- airplane flies over the forest; ducks swim in the reeds– ducks float to the shore and so on.

In some cases both forms are acceptable, for example: Bus on this line walks every five minutes.– Bus on this line coming every five minutes. The difference between both options is as follows: walks has the meaning "roundtrip", i.e. indicates movement in more than one direction, but coming denotes only "there", i.e. indicates movement in one direction.

Wed. Also: go by mail(movement in one direction) – Not go by mail(“movement back and forth”) and prefixes: to me I arrived Brother(“arrived and is here”) – to me came Brother(“he was and left”).

The meaning of the forms under consideration also depends on the context: when specifying an action, verbs of a certain movement are used. Wed:

This morning he drove us to the station.- This morning he carried we got to the station very quickly;

I walked went to work yesterday.- I was a little late when walked went to work yesterday;

On that day we went in town.“We weren’t tired that day because were driving into the city slowly.

9. The names of means of land, mechanical and air transport are usually combined with the verb go, For example: Bus coming along the new route; Train coming at a speed of 60 kilometers per hour; Tram coming to the park; Aircraft are coming(Also flying) in sequence, But: Trams are bad walking. Word motorbike combines with verb drive, For example: The motorcycle was riding right at us.

The names of means of transportation on water are combined as with a verb go, same with the verb swim, For example: Down the river go (swim) loaded barges; Near the shore the boat was sailing; Destroyers are coming in the wake column; In the sea ships are sailing.

10. Parallel forms of the masculine past tense of verbs with a suffix -Well- lethargic– vya Well l, lip– linden Well l, blind– blind Well l, rejected- rejected Well l, flex– died Well l, resorted- resorted Well l, terminated– terminated Well l, refuted– denied Well l, fluff- fluff Well l equal; forms dry Well l, freezing Well l, mok Well l, off Well l, chilly Well l in the presence of regulatory dry, frozen, wet, extinguished, chilly are acceptable.

1. Variants of the indefinite form of perfective verbs reach - to reach, to overtake - to overtake, to overtake - to overtake, to comprehend - comprehend equal; personal forms of parallel variants do not form and serve both indefinite forms.

§175. Returnable and non-returnable forms

1. Type options in the distance turns white sail- in the distance turns white sail(with reflexive and non-reflexive forms of the verb having the same meaning “to be visible with your color, to stand out with it”) differ in that in the reflexive verb the indicated feature is revealed less clearly and less persistently. Wed. Also: in the distance turns black forest- in the distance turns black forest, something in the fog turns blue - something in the fog turns blue, turns yellow honey in a cup– turns yellow honey in a cup and so on. If there is a word in a sentence indicating the intensity of the manifestation of a characteristic, the non-reflexive form is preferable, for example: bright turns green young grass.

In meaning « become white (green, red, black etc.)" Only the irreversible form is used, for example: strawberries in the sun blushes (becomes red or more red ), silver from time turns black, arctic fox fur in a sock turns yellow .

2. threaten - threaten, knock - knock, clean - clean up and so on. reflexive verbs have the meaning of greater intensity of action, interest in its result; compare: He knocked in the door- He knocked at the door to be opened for him. Stylistically, these forms differ in that the forms on -With I characterized by a reduced style of speech, for example: One woman threatened from the threshold of her hut s grab me(Turgenev).

3. In pairs that have the same meaning circle - spin around, spit - spit, splash - splash around, decide - make up your mind and so on. first ( non-refundable) forms are characterized as general literary, the second - as colloquial; compare: Dasha decided start an independent life as soon as possible(A.N. Tolstoy). – Relegated to the rank of cook, Glafira made up my mind while away your life in the kitchen(Ch. Uspensky). Not recommended for use play instead of play .

4. When using verbs in -With I one should take into account the possibility of their two meanings coinciding - passive and reflexive, which can give rise to ambiguity, For example: Here are going children lost on the street(do they come on their own or are they collected?). In such cases, an edit appropriate to the desired meaning is necessary; compare:

A) Here come children...;

b) Here collect children...

Wed. Also: "Detail rushes to the bath"(instead of Detail throw to the bath). In the technical literature, forms on -With I It is advisable to use in cases where the action itself comes to the fore, regardless of its manufacturer, for example: Door opens automatically. If the concept of an action is associated with the idea of ​​its producer, sometimes vague, then it is more correct to use forms without -With I .

§176. Participle forms

1. Unprefixed verbs with suffix -n y- type extinguished Well ugh, mok Well ugh, dry Well ugh, I'm freezing Well ugh, fluff Well yah, yah Well oh, chilly Well t form participles extinguished Well wet, wet Well frozen, frozen Well fluff Well vyshay, vyya Well gone, keeping this suffix.

Verbs with suffix -n y- type plunged Well yeah, rejected Well yeah, I came running Well yeah, terminated Well Ugh, refuted Well t form parallel forms of participles, as well as personal forms of the masculine past tense: plunged - caster, rejected - rejected, resorted - resorted, terminated - terminated, refuted - refuted.

2. Active present participles on -sch yes - coincide in meaning with the passive participles on -my: composition, sending yes (we send washed) to the East; sleeve, sewing ongoing(sew washed) to the armhole; goods, I'm exhibiting ongoing(exhibit washed) to the showcase; but in combinations like cows, departing (sent) for slaughter; reaction,called (calling) medical drug the passive participle should be preferred (see also §175, paragraph 4).

§177. Forms of participles

1. The overwhelming number of verbs with a suffix -n y- does not have parallel forms of gerunds: reject – having rejected, get wet - getting wet, freezing - when frozen, dissolve – having terminated, But. cool down – cooling down/cooling down . Forms on -V shi preserved in proverbs and sayings: Having given word, be strong; Having removed head, they don’t cry over their hair.

2. Variants of participles locked, died, unlocked, wiped, rubbed in the presence of regulatory having locked, died, unlocked, wiped, rubbed are acceptable.

3. Verbs to -With you do not form parallel adverbial forms: vyve sti - having brought out, answered here - having taken, found sti - having found, it is unacceptable to use brought out, took, found

4. In pairs sticking out - sticking out (cf.: run sticking it out language); putting – putting (cf.: putting hand on heart), gaping - gape (cf.: listen gape mouth), fastened – reluctantly (cf.: agree reluctantly heart), breaking - at breakneck speed (cf.: rush at breakneck speed head), lowering – later (cf.: work later sleeves) and so on. the second forms are obsolete, but are preserved in stable phraseological expressions.

5. Stylistically colored (like folk or ancient speech) are the adverbial forms in -y chi (-yuchi) look Yuchi , a game Yuchi, ghoul Yuchi, units teach, sorry Yuchi, alive teach and so on. In the meaning of adverbs the forms are used playfully (do playfully ), sneaking (go sneaking ), happily (live happily ), skillfully (use skillfully ) and some others.

It is carried out according to the person and number of the latter, which creates the opportunity to change the form of the predicate expressed by the verb and obtain so-called “personal” forms by this part of speech. Moreover, if in the Russian language numerous personal verb forms are different for each person and number, then in comparison with it the English personal verb forms are often the same, for example:

As can be seen from the above examples, in the first case the verbal predicate agrees with the subject I (I) and takes shape get up (first person singular), in the second example due to agreement with the subject she (she) the verb gets an ending – s – gets up (third person singular), and the difference between the third example and the first is also in the person and number of the predicate (they is the third person plural), which, however, does not in any way affect the form of the predicate.

Consequently, we come to the conclusion that the difference in person and number does not always lead to a change in its form.

English verb face

• the first one, which corresponds to the pronouns I (I), we (we):

I go skiing every winter. –I go skiing every winter.

We go swimming on Tuesdays.– We go swimming on Tuesdays.

• the second – you (you, you, you):

You always help your friend. –You always help your friend.

In the autumn you like walking in the forest together. –In autumn, you love to walk through the forest together.

• the third - he (he), she (she), it (it), they (they).

He likes writing letters to his penfriends. –He loves to write letters to his pen pals.

She helps us with our homework. – She helps us with our homework.

English verb number

I(first person singular)travel a lot during my holidays. –I travel a lot during my holidays.

We(first person plural)travel to Asia every two years. –We travel to Asia every two years.

Person and number of the subject as a guide for verb conjugation

Thus, those positions at which verbs are conjugated (as far as the grammatical system of the English language, which is rather poor in endings, allows) can be presented in the following table:

Of course, these are conditional guidelines, and in real sentences, not only pronouns can appear as subjects (see the topic for more details Subject in English), but by replacing it with the appropriate personal pronoun, you can always determine the person and number of the subject, and therefore the necessary personal form of the verb. For example:

Differences in the category of person between Russian and English

At the same time, the correspondence of certain nouns that perform the functions of a subject with personal pronouns differs in Russian and in English, especially with regard to the third person singular. Thus, in the Russian language, the category of gender is in no way tied to the biological sex of the subject (he is a table, a backpack; she is a jacket, a tent; it is a window, a ghost). In English:

• pronoun he You can designate only a male representative (man, boy, male animal, if it is necessary to emphasize his gender);
• she– accordingly, only a female representative (woman, girl, female animal, if it is important to emphasize her gender);
• and all objects, phenomena and animals whose gender is not so important for the statement, if necessary, replace them with a personal pronoun, are designated using the word it.

Rare cases of verb expression of the categories of person and number

It was already mentioned above that verb forms in an English sentence do not reflect the category of person and number very often. Such manifestations can be discussed in the following situations:

Let us recall that in a sentence a verb can act as a predicate (personal forms of the verb) or be part of a predicate (non-personal forms of the verb). Only finite forms of verbs have person and number.

In English, the verb has two numbers (singular and plural), and is also conjugated by persons (first person - I / we - I / We, second person - you / You - You / You, third person - he / she / it / they - He/She/It/They).

When constructing a sentence in English, the person and number of the verb are determined by the subject, which is expressed by both personal pronouns and nouns.

So, in the present tense, it is necessary to add an ending to verbs in the third person, singular ‘ s/es'.

I sometimes play computer games.

I sometimes play computer games.

She sometimes watch es TV.

She sometimes watches TV.

Let's look at verb forms to be depending on the person and number.

PRESENT TENSE

Thus, in all other situations, the person and number of the verb is determined only by the context or by the pronoun. Consequently, personal pronouns as subjects are never omitted and always come before the semantic verb.

The Russian language has a lot of grammatical categories. These include the category of person, the category of tense and mood of verbs, the category of gender, etc. The study of categories and their grammatical expressions together provides objective knowledge about the morphology of the language.

Category of person in Russian

There are 3 persons in Russian - first, second and third. Its forms express the relation of the action to the speaker. To correctly determine the 1st, 2nd, 3rd person in the Russian language, you need to know the basic pronouns that express its semantics. Let's look at the table.

So, we have 3 persons in Russian. The table above shows which pronouns you should focus on when identifying a person.

The 1st person shows the attitude towards the action of the speaker or speakers. Speakers are participants in an action or conversation.

The 2nd person form expresses the attitude of the action towards the interlocutor or interlocutors. They are also part of the conversation.

The 3rd person forms have a dual nature. They can express, firstly, the attitude of the action towards the person (people) not participating in the conversation. Moreover, they are indirect participants in the action. Secondly, the 3rd person forms in Russian express the relation of an action to an object or something inanimate.

Not all pronouns can be identified with a person. As you know, pronouns are divided into several categories: personal, reflexive (it is one - itself), possessive, interrogative-relative, negative, demonstrative and attributive. Only personal pronouns have the category of person, and they are all listed in the table above. It should be remembered that for personal pronouns the category of person is one of the most important, and most importantly, unchangeable categories.

Person category of verbs

Verbs have a clearly defined category of person in the Russian language. Many foreigners learning the Russian language find it difficult to readjust, because when the persons change, the endings of the verbs automatically change. It is also worth noting that not all forms of verbs have persons in Russian. So, for example, in past tense forms it is impossible to determine the person. For example, take the verb “read”. Let's try to identify his face: “I” read, “you” read, “he” read. It is clearly visible that when the persons change, the verb itself does not change. His face can only be determined in context. Compare: “I read a book.” - "Paul was reading a book."

The same phenomenon is observed in plural forms: “we” read, “you” read, “they” read. Likewise, a face can only be contextual.

An interesting phenomenon is observed in present tense forms. In the 3rd person, the gender category of future tense verbs is erased. Let's compare: “She is painting a picture” and “He is painting a picture.” If we take the verb “writes” without context, it becomes unclear whether a person of male or female gender performs this action.

1st person for verbs

Persons in Russian verbs are mainly indicated by endings. Verbs of the first person singular (in the present and future tenses) have endings -U or -YU. For example: I’m writing, reading, calling, screaming. Verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugations have the same endings in the 1st person, so when writing 1st person verbs people make fewer spelling mistakes.

2nd person for verbs

2nd person in Russian verbs has its own characteristics. They are associated with verb endings. As you know, endings in verbs depend on the conjugation. So, verbs of the 1st conjugation have the ending -EAT in the singular and -ETE in plural. For example, eat, come in. Verbs of the 2nd conjugation have an ending -LOOK in the singular and -ITE in the plural. For example, you call, shout. The 2nd person of verbs can be recognized either in a certain context or by a special ending.

3rd person for verbs

As mentioned above, the 3rd person in Russian is determined by the pronouns “he”, “she”, “it”, “they”. 3rd person verbs have their own ending paradigm. For verbs of the 1st conjugation these are the endings -ET in the singular and -YUT in the plural (he, she, it reads, they read). Verbs of the 2nd conjugation have endings -IT And -AT (YAT) in the plural - he, she, it calls, they call.

If you know the inflections that determine the faces of verbs in Russian, then there will be no problems with the formation of new forms. It is also worth noting that knowing the category of a person helps when writing words. Verb endings are one of the most difficult spellings in the school curriculum. Knowing the faces will help you navigate the choice of ending.

Conclusion