There are many situations when you need to know who is considered a close relative according to the law. The need to pay tax on a gift, division of an inheritance without a pre-written will, confirmation of nationality.
In some cases, situations arise when, on the contrary, it is necessary to confirm that there is no relationship between people - for marriage, employment in law enforcement agencies, etc.
The concept of “close relatives” in the legislation of the Russian Federation
Depending on the branch of law, the concept of “close relatives” has several interpretations.
So for example:
Article 14 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation states that close relatives include:
- relatives in a direct ascending as well as descending line (children, parents, grandparents and grandchildren);
- full (blood) and half (who have a common mother or father) brothers and sisters.
Article 25.6 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses under the concept of “close relatives” means:
- parents and children;
- siblings;
- grandfather and;
- grandchildren.
Article 5, paragraph 4 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation calls close relatives:
- spouse;
- adoptive parents and adopted children;
- siblings;
- grandparents;
- grandchildren.
Clause 18.1 of Article 217 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation states that close relatives are the persons listed in Article 14 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation.
Based on the above, the role of a spouse as a close relative is mentioned only in the Criminal Procedure Code. Who are spouses really related to each other?
Spouse: close relative or family member?
Considering that Article 14 of the Family Code contains the most complete list of persons who are considered close relatives, and the majority rely on it, the spouse is not considered a close relative, but belongs to family members.
From a legal point of view, family members are people who are related by kinship and (or) affinity, who live together, and also lead a joint household.
According to a letter dated October 7, 2010 from the Russian Ministry of Finance, the ex-spouse is neither a close relative nor a family member.
And if a husband gave an expensive gift to his wife, and they were divorced at the time of filing the return, the ex-wife is not required to pay tax on the expensive gift. To do this, the ex-spouse must attach to her declaration to the tax authority documents indicating legal marriage at the time of receipt of the gift and a certificate of divorce.
Take care of yourself and carefully study the law! After all, ignorance does not relieve one from responsibility.
The family is a small unit of modern society. A person needs the values of this institution, because without them life becomes incomplete and meager. In order to correctly name all the numerous members of a large family, you need to understand family relationships.
We bring to your attention material that will help you understand who is and who is not. If previously all family ties were highly valued and studied, in modern society this knowledge has been slightly lost. Let's try to sort everything out.
Why do you need to know the types of kinship ties?
In recent times, families were large, and several different generations of distant and close relatives could live in one house. People of the same kind have always been united by family ties. They always had similar values, concerns, and needs. Previously, this expression “looks like an uncle like three peas in a pod” implied that the nephew and uncle were closest relatives. Today, family values are gradually fading into the background, and now most often people know kinship only to blood brothers and sisters, without remembering cousins and second cousins.
How are connections divided?
It is customary to divide all family ties into three main groups:
Relationship by blood, that is, immediate relatives;
Relatives - by marriage;
Unrelated connections.
Family connections: pages of history
Let's analyze the complex picture of the intricate interweaving of various family ties and turn to the dictionary.
Let's start with the concept of parents. They are usually understood as mother and father. Dad (in colloquial style: daddy, daddy, daddy, daddy, daddy, daddy, daddy, daddy, daddy) is a man in relation to his own children. Mom (mamenka, mamanya, mummy, mother, mother, mother) is a woman in relation to the same children.
Children is a term that refers to daughters and sons. A son (son, son, son, son, son) is a boy, youth, man in relation to his own parents. Daughter (daughter, daughter, daughter, daughter, daughter, daughter) - a girl, girl, woman in relation to her mother and father.
(bastards, illegitimate, fatherless, fatherless, bastards) - those whose parents were not in a marital relationship before their birth. In the Middle Ages in Western Europe, bastards were the name given to illegitimate children of government officials, for example, a duke or a king. Recently, this expression has acquired a vulgar and offensive meaning - bastards. In the 19th and 20th centuries, those children who were born before marriage were called clumped. And those born from members of the royal (royal) family and people of non-royal origin were called morganatic. Such offspring did not have the right to succession to the throne; they were not recognized as having royal blood.
Family ties across generations
Kinship through a generation helps to understand when men and women will have a new status: grandparents.
Grandfather (grandfather, grandfather, grandfather, grandfather, grandfather) is a man in relation to the children of his daughter or son, the father of a mother or father, the husband of a grandmother.
Baba, ba, grandmother) - a woman in relation to the children of a daughter or son, as well as the wife of a grandfather. A grandson (granddaughter) is considered to be a boy, a youth, a man in relation to his own grandparents, in addition, he is the son of a niece or nephew. Granddaughter (or granddaughter) is a girl, girl, woman in relation to her grandmother or grandfather, she can be the daughter of a niece or nephew.
And here are the relatives, the list of which is carried over several generations. A great-grandfather (great-grandfather) is considered to be a man in relation to the children of a granddaughter or grandson; this is the father of a grandmother or grandfather.
A great-grandmother (great-grandmother) is a woman in relation to the children of a granddaughter or grandson; she is the grandmother of any parent (mother or father).
A great-grandson will be a boy, a young man, a man in relation to his great-grandmother and great-grandfather, this is the son of a granddaughter or grandson. A great-granddaughter is considered to be a girl, a girl, a woman in relation to a great-grandmother and great-grandfather, or a granddaughter of a son or daughter.
Family connection through several generations
An ancestor is considered to be the oldest predecessor in a given family, in addition, any compatriot from all previous generations. An ancestor is the father of a great-great-grandmother or great-great-grandfather, most often any distant ancestor of your family. An ancestor is the mother of a great-great-grandmother or great-great-grandfather, a distant ancestor.
The ancestor is the forefather, that is, the ancestor is the most famous representative of the clan, and the genealogy originated from him. An ancestress (foremother, ancestress) is the name given to the first legendary representative of the clan, with whom genealogy began.
A proband (proposit) is considered to be the person from whom the pedigree is recorded. A descendant (offspring) is a person who descends from an ancestor by birth. Descendants are representatives of future generations. It is also interesting to note that there are such concepts in genealogy as (great)granddaughter, (great)grandmother, (great)grandfather, (great)grandson, which mean ancestors and descendants through k+1 generations.
Blood relatives in Russian genealogy are considered direct kinship only in the male line. The principle “from father to son” is descending and perfectly illustrates the irrelevance in a certain period of time of the status of men belonging to the noble class, since it was not transmitted through the female (maternal) line. All descendants and ancestors on the female (maternal) side are not directly related, that is, she becomes the last and only direct descendant in her line. There is such a thing as a “misfire of the family,” which implies the absence of sons in the family. As examples of awareness of direct kinship, one can consider the rules of succession to the throne.
What is indirect blood relationship?
If a brother and sister have the same father and mother, then they are considered blood, full blood. A boy, a young man, or a man is called a brother in relation to other children if they have the same parents. The eldest is considered to be the boy in the family who has the maximum age in relation to other children of the same father and mother. The youngest will be a boy whose age is minimal compared to the others. The main condition is the same parents.
A married brother is a brother who was born before marriage, but is recognized by his parents as his child. A sister is a girl, girl, woman in relation to other children (child) who were born by the same parents. The eldest will be a girl (girl, woman), whose age is greater than that of the other offspring. The condition also applies here that all children are born to the same parents. The youngest is the girl (girl, woman) born last in the family. In the old days, a sister was called married if she was born before the marriage between the parents, that is, before the official wedding, but they did not abandon the baby.
Closest relatives are twins. Who do they call that? They are considered to be the children of one mother, who gave birth to several babies at once during one pregnancy. There are those that have the same gender, as well as amazing external similarities. And there are fraternal people, who can be of different sexes. In some cases, twins are understood only as identical (identical) sisters or brothers, and fraternal ones are considered triplets, twins, taking into account their number.
Siblings (siblings) is a term that is used to refer to sisters and brothers (in the relationship between them) who come from the same parents, but are not twins. Half-siblings are offspring who have one common parent (mother or father). There is a division of inferiors into several groups:
Consanguineous (consanguineous), that is, coming from different mothers, but from the same father;
Monotuterine (one-uterine), that is, coming from different fathers and one mother.
There is a family connection between the brothers. By step-parents we mean those whose parents are legally married to each other, but do not have children together. Perhaps, this type of family relationship, that is, such types of relatives as half-sister and brother, from the point of view of social and legal status, is considered non-blood relationship. It is assumed that direct patrimonial relations between stepchildren are to be regarded as characteristic until their parents have common children, that is, their uterine and half-blood relatives. Through offspring, they will all be blood, since the direct descendants of their stepchildren, as well as the descendants of their half-sisters and brothers, will be such by definition, they are related to their parents (after a generation, and directly with the sisters and brothers themselves, as well as between themselves.
Cousins
The close family ties we have considered are only a small list of those complex interweavings that are determined by the genetic characteristics of each genus.
Let's analyze the connections between cousins. So, if we consider children in families created by brothers and sisters, then they will be cousins in relation to each other. A boy (young man, man) is considered a cousin in relation to the children of his aunt or uncle; this is how the son of an aunt or uncle is called.
Previously, a cousin on the father's side, that is, the son of an uncle, was called stryychich, and on the mother's side - uychich. A girl, a girl, a woman is called a cousin in relation to the children of an aunt or uncle, this is also the daughter of an aunt or uncle. In ancient times, it was affectionately called stryechka.
Second and fourth cousins
Let's try to figure out who the second cousin is. Children of first cousins are called second cousins in relation to each other. This is the name given to the grandson of a sister or brother, as well as the cousin of a mother or father, the son of a great aunt or uncle. In genealogy, a second cousin is the granddaughter of the sister or brother of a grandmother or grandfather, and she is also considered the daughter of a great aunt or uncle.
Not everyone knows their family ties. Who is who in the fourth generation? Siblings with common parents, first cousins with common grandparents, second cousins with common great-grandparents... I could go on, but the essence of the connections is obvious. From the fourth generation onwards, they try to indicate the full number of “tribes” existing between relatives. Such a concept as cousin (cousin) in practice has much more meaning than the simple designation of a cousin or brother. During the Middle Ages, in the monarchical houses of Europe, in addition to the modern naming along the lateral line, in case of belonging to the same generation, this concept was also used to refer to lateral relatives of the previous generation, if the age was approximately equal.
A similar fact is demonstrated in M. Druon’s historical novel “The Damned Kings,” where Count Robert of Artois refers to his fourth cousin, Queen Isabella of England, as “cousin.” Also, this word can very often be found in foreign films, although in our time in modern domestic society it does not always take root, since simply sister is more acceptable to people’s subconscious (often the word “cousin” is simply omitted). However, both options are correct, so there is no need to condemn those who ignore the word “cousin”.
Neighboring generations
The table of kinship ties shows the chain between different generations, but what are relatives in neighboring generations called? Uy - that’s what my mother’s brother used to be called. Stryya is his father's sister, and Stry is his brother. Vuina is my mother's sister. Currently, such designations are not found; they have irrevocably left the Russian language, which in ancient times was much richer. In the old days, a brother's nephew, a brother's son, was called brother. Perhaps it was the oversaturation of words to designate their relatives that led to significant simplification.
Today, some concepts are clearly not used for their intended purpose, since few people these days understand family ties and their old Russian names. Sister - that’s what a sister’s nephew was called in the old days. And tratanina was the name of a brother’s niece or brother’s daughter. Strictly small - this was the name in past centuries for a cousin, that is, a boy (young man, man) in relation to the children of a cousin or brother.
What were the names of children of blood relatives, as well as cousins and brothers of parents? Dsherich was the name given to the nephew by his aunt, and the daughters were called the niece. A second cousin is a girl in relation to the children of a second cousin or a second cousin of the mother or father.
Parents (relatives through generations), such as sisters and brothers of grandparents, are an old giant; a great-uncle (elder brother) used to be called this. There is also an old fellow, that is, a great-uncle (younger brother). A great aunt is considered to be a great aunt, that is, an aunt of a mother or father, as well as a sister of a grandfather. A great-niece is a cousin or granddaughter of a sibling. A great-nephew is a cousin's granddaughter or a niece's daughter, as well as a granddaughter of a sister or brother. Want to know who is a close relative? Use the materials that we have selected for you.
After marriage, another line of kinship appears and a new status: spouse. The second is a man in relation to a woman with whom he has entered into a legal marriage. The spouse is the woman who married the man. The husband's father is called father-in-law, mother - mother-in-law. The wife's mother is the husband's mother-in-law, and the father is the father-in-law. The matchmaker is the father of the young in relation to the parents of the young, and vice versa, the father of the young in relation to the parents of the young. The mother of each spouse is called a matchmaker in relation to the parents of the second member of the family union. The brother-in-law (schwager) is the brother of the spouse. His sister is called sister-in-law. The brother-in-law (schwager) is the wife's brother. The brother-in-law's son will be Shurich. The sister-in-law is the wife's sister. Primak is a son-in-law who was adopted into the family by his mother-in-law or father-in-law, leading the same household with them. The husband of a sister or daughter is called a son-in-law. The son's parents consider his wife to be their daughter-in-law. My brother's wife is a Yatrovka. It is customary to call a husband a brother-in-law, that is, these will be men married to sisters. A cousin's wife is called a bro.
Non-family relationships
Non-family relationships play an important role in the life of any person. A sweetheart is a girl with whom a man is in love. She (of course, most often not she, but everyone around her, who in one way or another try to egg her on, sometimes using this word as humiliation or mockery, although it is not such) calls the man who shows her signs of attention and cares . A groom is considered a young man who has intentions of marrying a girl whom he “runs after”, inviting her to a cafe or to the next newfangled movie show, for which it is very difficult to get tickets. A bride is a girl who is going to marry her boyfriend.
Those planted are those persons who, during the wedding, act as the parents of the bride or groom.
A cohabitant is a man who lives with a woman and has a close relationship with her that is not officially registered.
A lover is a married man who has a close relationship with a woman that is immoral from the point of view of the law. In principle, and in terms of morality, such relationships are wrong. A mistress is a woman who has an intimate relationship with a married man, which is also not entirely correct.
Agree, it is not so easy to independently understand relationships with close and distant relatives, especially if you delve into the intricacies several generations ago - into the distant past, inaccessible to our direct gaze. But then there was no Internet to maintain contact between relatives; people could retain so many statuses in their memory that it is difficult to imagine today. May you, after reading this article, have some knowledge about close and distant relatives. You won’t use it every day, but for a change you can address your loved ones in a slightly different way, showing your love for knowledge of traditions. Such an appeal to people of the older generation will be especially pleasant, since they know the traditions even better and will appreciate your desire, giving you a sweet and generous smile.
A brother or sister is often the closest to a person in the world. Sometimes you want to call a friend this way, but a real blood brother can only be someone with whom you have at least one common parent - mother or father. In addition, there are godbrothers, half-brothers, named brothers and, of course, cousins. Once you start to figure out which relatives are related to whom, it is very easy to get confused. And to understand, for example, who the cousin’s cousin is, becomes almost impossible.
What does the term mean?
Cousins are those whose parents are blood brothers or sisters. That is, either your brother's mother is your aunt, or your father is your uncle. These laws of kinship apply regardless of gender. It’s just that if it is a female relative, then he is called a cousin, and if it is a male relative, he is called a cousin.
Literally, the word “cousin” means “belonging to two families.” And in a figurative meaning, this word can be understood as “belonging to the second degree of kinship.” By the way, other relatives can also be cousins: grandparents, aunts and uncles.
The need to determine degrees of relationship arose in those days when it was customary to have many children - at least five. They, in turn, had the same number of children, and in the end it became completely difficult to figure out who was dealing with whom. But it is also wrong to exclude a sibling from the kinship of children - after all, this is not the most distant relative. And, besides, in that era, family ties were very helpful, and people clung to them. Nowadays city dwellers usually limit themselves to communicating with relatives of the first generation, or at most the second. But earlier, the importance of family ties played a big role, and cousins, uncles and aunts were considered close people, despite the fact that there were so many of them.
Relation degree
Relatives do not always treat each other well, and sometimes they would prefer not to have anything in common, but this does not depend on their desire. Kinship is a connection between people, both emotional and legal, which is determined either by the presence of common ancestors, or by the act of marriage or adoption.
Relationships can be consanguineous or non-consanguineous (for example, through marriage and adoption). In addition, it has degrees. In addition to the emotional coloring, these degrees play a role in receiving an inheritance. Thus, first of all, the inheritance will be given to the closest relatives, and to second-order relatives only in the absence of the first ones. Immediate family members include parents, children, spouses and siblings. If there are no second-order relatives, then third-degree relatives can also claim the inheritance, and so on.
In the Russian tradition, there are dozens of names for degrees of kinship. This is due to the fact that our ancestors used to live in large communities, and belonging to a large family gave advantages, since it was easier to survive together.
It is noteworthy that in villages a similar attitude towards kinship can still be found today. At village weddings there are at least 100 people. And in the city it became very difficult to maintain such family ties, and such interesting names of kinship as father-in-chief, father-in-law, or daughter-in-law became archaic.
Step-brother
Do not confuse cousins and stepbrothers. Stepbrothers are not blood. They became brothers as a result of the marriage between their parents. After all, after such a marriage, children begin to live together like brothers. But they are neither official nor blood relatives. If children are of different sexes, then theoretically they can even get married, but in practice this is condemned and considered immoral. Since many still see a hint of incest in this.
Cousins
There is an opinion that cousin is the same cousin, because in English and French this combination of words is translated as cousin. But here it is worth noting that literal translation is not always possible due to conceptual differences in cultures. Both the English and the French use the word “cousin” to designate a distant blood relative in the same tribe as someone, and not necessarily in the second. That is, they also call second and fourth cousins cousins.
And if we transfer this word into the Russian language, then it is also only as a common name for all brothers, except for siblings. And “cousin,” accordingly, is the name for sisters of all tribes.
Who are the wives' or husbands' cousins?
They are relatives, naturally, not by blood. If we talk about who the husband’s cousin is, then we can say that he is the cousin-in-law. But, in fact, only a sibling is considered a relative and is simply called a brother-in-law.
Questions about, for example, who is the husband's cousin, are asked more for the sake of educational interest, and not in order to maintain such family ties. In the Russian tradition, this degree of relationship is called “seventh water on jelly.”
Children of cousins
Family ties such as grandmother - grandson, aunt - niece are preserved even with cousins, but with a prefix. And if we talk about a specific case, for example, about who your cousin’s daughter is, then she is your cousin’s niece. And the daughter of a second cousin will be a second cousin, that is, a niece in the third generation. Who is your cousin's son? Accordingly, a cousin's nephew.
The children of cousins themselves will also have a relationship in relation to each other, but this time it will be threefold. This means they can be called second cousins. This relationship is already quite distant, and often they do not even know each other closely. But it’s still worth knowing about such relatives.
Can cousins get married?
This question has two sides: moral and formal. According to Article 14, paragraph 2 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation, such marriages are possible. But from a moral, ethical and genetic point of view, this is extremely undesirable. This is still too close a relationship, and it can cause genetic abnormalities in the children of such spouses.
In the history of monarchical states, including the Russian Empire, there are many cases when, in order to maintain power, people married cousins. And since an heir was needed, they had to have children. The latter almost always had either poor health or some kind of abnormality.
Hemophilia of Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich Romanov was a hereditary disease of the Romanovs and, remarkably, other royal houses of Europe in the 19th-20th centuries. It was called “the royal disease” in those days. Now geneticists are very likely to claim that this pathology was caused by numerous incest in the reigning clans. Because then, in order to preserve the throne within the same clan, they did not disdain marriage between cousins, without seeing anything immoral in it.
Fourth and fifth cousins
The terms “fourth cousin”, “fifth cousin” and so on are formed rather by analogy and are rarely used in real life. In some cultures, it is customary for all numerous relatives to gather for weddings or funerals, and then at such events they begin to remember who is a fourth cousin and who is a sixth cousin. But, in fact, these are already very distant relatives. Whether such people should be considered relatives in the modern world is a philosophical question. After all, if you start digging even deeper, then all people on Earth are relatives to each other in the fourteenth generation.
There is a specific name. Relationships can be consanguineous or non-consanguineous, arising as a result of marriage. The latter is otherwise called a property.
Blood relatives
The closest relatives are parents (mother and father) and their children. People who have common parents, brothers and sisters. If there is only one common parent, such brothers and sisters are called half-brothers: half-brothers (common mother) or half-brothers (common father).
The second marriage of the parent introduces some nuances. The father's second wife is a stepmother in relation to his children from his first marriage, and the mother's second husband is a stepfather. Children in relation to their stepmother or stepfather are stepsons and stepdaughters.
The parents of the father or mother are grandfather and grandmother. The parents of a grandfather or grandmother are called great-grandparents, their parents are called great-great-grandparents. The children of a son or daughter are called grandchildren, the children of grandchildren are called great-grandchildren.
Children or sisters are usually called nephews, and brothers and sisters of parents are called uncles and aunts.
In relation to people who have common ancestors in the second generation, the term “cousin” is used. For example, cousins are children of parents' siblings; they do not have common parents, but they have common grandparents. Parents' first cousins are called great aunts and uncles, and cousins' nephews are called first cousins. Brothers and sisters of grandparents are called great-uncles and grandmothers, and grandchildren of brothers and sisters are called great-nephews.
If there are common ancestors in the third generation, the term “second cousins” is used in the same way.
In-laws
When people get married, their family members are included in new family ties. In some cases, their names fit into the system of consanguinity terms. For example, an uncle or aunt can be called an aunt’s husband or an uncle’s wife, a nephew can be called not only one’s nephew, but also one’s spouse’s nephew. But for most properties there are separate names.
A daughter's husband is called a son-in-law, and a son's wife is called a daughter-in-law or daughter-in-law. The husband's parents are the father-in-law, the wife's parents are the father-in-law and mother-in-law.
The brother is the brother-in-law, and his sister is the sister-in-law. The wife's brother is the brother-in-law, the wife's sister is the sister-in-law.
A daughter-in-law is called not only a son's wife, but also a brother's or brother-in-law's wife. However, there is another designation for the brother-in-law’s wife, which is rarely heard nowadays - yatrov.
Spiritual kinship
Christians have a special kinship generated by the “second birth” of a person - the Sacrament of Baptism.
For the newly baptized, the godfather and godmother become the godfather and godmother, and he becomes the godson for them. For the godson's parents and for each other, they become godfather and godfather. Parents are also called in relation to their child's godparents.
Children of a godfather or godmother are the godson's godbrothers and sisters.
Once upon a time there was such a thing as foster brothers and sisters. Such non-blood “kinship” connected people who were raised by the same woman, but who were not brothers and sisters. Currently, such feeding is prohibited by law, therefore, modern children will no longer have foster brothers and sisters.
I found a very detailed article on Wikipedia,
Consanguinity in direct line
In neighboring generations
- Father(colloquial) dad, daddy, daddy, folder, dad, dad; rude dad) - a man in relation to his children.
- Mother(colloquial) Mother, mother, mummy, mommy, nurse, mommy, mommy; rude mother) - a woman in relation to her children.
- Son(colloquial) son, sonny, son, son, son) - a boy/man in relation to his parents.
- Daughter(colloquial) daughter, daughter, daughter; outdated daughter, daughter, daughter) - a girl/woman in relation to her parents.
- Parents- a general term for father and mother.
- Children- a general term for sons and daughters.
- Illegitimate children(illegitimate children, bastards, bastards), outdated fatherless children, fatherlessness) - children whose parents were not married.
- Bastards(in Western Europe in the Middle Ages) - illegitimate children of an influential person (king, duke, etc.), now often used in a vulgar, offensive meaning: bastards.
- Broken children- in Pomerania in the 19th - early 20th centuries, children born premarital.
- Morganatic children- children born in marriage between a member of the royal, royal, etc. family with a person of non-royal, non-royal origin. They have no right to succession to the throne. See morganatic marriage.
A generation later
- Grandfather (grandfather, grandpa, grandfather) - a man in relation to the children of a son or daughter, the father of a father or mother, the husband of a grandmother.
- Grandmother (granny, woman) - a woman in relation to the children of a son or daughter, mother of a father or mother, wife of a grandfather.
- Grandson (grandson) - boy/man in relation to grandparents, son of a son or daughter, son of a nephew or niece.
- Granddaughter (granddaughter) - girl/woman in relation to grandparents, daughter of a son or daughter, daughter of a nephew or niece.
After two generations
- Great-grandfather, great grandfather- a man in relation to the children of a grandson or granddaughter, the father of a grandfather or grandmother, the grandfather of a parent.
- Great-grandmother, great-grandmother- a woman in relation to the children of a grandson or granddaughter, mother of a grandfather or grandmother, grandmother of a parent.
- Great-grandson- boy/man in relation to great-grandfather and great-grandmother, son of a grandson or granddaughter, grandson of a child.
- Great-granddaughter- girl/woman in relation to great-grandfather and great-grandmother, daughter of a grandson or granddaughter, granddaughter of a child.
After many generations
It should be noted that in Russian genealogy direct relationship is considered exclusively through the male line: “descending from father to son”; This norm is well illustrated by the now irrelevant status of belonging to the noble class, which, as is known, was not inherited through the mother’s line, that is maternal ancestors and descendants are not directly related(she is the only and last direct descendant in her line). It is no coincidence that there is an expression: “the race is cut short,” which implies, first of all, the absence of sons. Another example of strictness in understanding direct kinship is the rules of succession to the throne.
Indirect blood relationship (on the mother's side, along the branches and lines of the father's family)
In one generation
Native
Fullbred, blood- brothers and sisters (in relation to each other), descended from the same father and mother.
- Brother- a boy/man in relation to another child(ren) of his parents
- Older brother- a boy/man in relation to the younger child(ren) of his parents.
- Younger brother- a boy/man in relation to the older child(ren) of his parents.
- Wedded brother (outdated) - a brother born before the marriage of his parents and recognized by them.
- Sister- a girl/woman in relation to another child (children) descended from the same parents.
- Elder sister- a girl/woman in relation to the younger child(ren) of her parents.
- Younger sister- a girl/woman in relation to an older child (children) of her parents.
- Wedded sister (outdated) - a sister born before the marriage of her parents and recognized by them.
- Twins- children of one mother, developed during one pregnancy. There are identical twins (same sex and absolutely similar in appearance) and fraternal twins. Sometimes only identical brothers or sisters are called twins, in which case fraternal brothers and sisters are called twins, regardless of the number (two, three, etc.).
- Sibs (siblings) is a general term for siblings (in relation to each other) who are descended from the same parents but are not twins.
- Half-blooded- having only one common parent. In turn, half-brothers and sisters are divided into:
- Half-blooded (homogeneous) - descended from the same father, but different mothers.
- Monouterine (monouterine) - descended from the same mother, but different fathers.
Summary
Half-siblings- children whose parents are married to each other, but do not have children together; - the only and rather interesting case when their position in the genealogy, social and legal status, are classified as consanguinity. Direct family relations between the descendants of half-brothers and sisters will be regarded as characteristic(see below) until their parents have common children - their half-blooded And uterine brothers and sisters. All of them will become blood relatives through descendants, since their descendants and the descendants of their common (half and uterine) brothers and sisters will be in consanguinity by definition - both with their parents, and with them, and among themselves, respectively.
Cousins
Cousins- children of brothers and sisters in relation to each other:
- Cousin(or cousin, from fr. cousin), - a boy/man in relation to the child of an uncle and/or aunt, the son of an uncle and/or aunt.
- Stryjchich (strict) - (outdated) paternal cousin, uncle's son.
- Ujchich (Vujicic, wow) - (outdated) maternal cousin, aunt's son.
- Cousin(or cousin, from fr. cousine), - girl/woman in relation to the child of an uncle and/or aunt, daughter of an uncle and/or aunt.
- Stryechka - (outdated) paternal cousin, uncle's daughter.
Second cousins
Second cousins- children of cousins in relation to each other:
- Second cousin- grandson of a brother and/or sister of a grandfather or grandmother; son of a great uncle or aunt, cousin of a parent.
- Second cousin- granddaughter of a brother or sister of a grandfather or grandmother; daughter of a great uncle or aunt, cousin of a parent.
Fourth cousins
Fourth cousins- children of second cousins in relation to each other.
Siblings have common parents, cousins have common grandparents, second cousins have common great-grandparents, fourth cousins have common great-great-grandparents, and so on.
In neighboring generations
Parent's siblings (and their spouses):
- Uncle (uncle) - a man in relation to the children of a brother or sister, a brother of a father or mother.
- Stryi (striae, build, strytsa) - (outdated) paternal uncle (father's brother).
- Ouch (wow) - (outdated) maternal uncle (mother's brother).
- Aunt (aunt, decomposition aunt) - a woman in relation to the children of a brother or sister, a sister of a father or mother.
- Stryya (striae, weird, stryyna) - (outdated) paternal aunt (father's sister).
- Vuina - (outdated) maternal aunt (mother's sister).
Children of a brother or sister:
- Nephew (nephew, netiy) - a boy/man in relation to an uncle or aunt, the son of a brother or sister.
- Bratych (bro, brother, sonny) - (outdated) brother's son, brother's nephew.
- Bratanich - (outdated) nephew, son of an older brother. The youngest son - brother.
- Sister (little sister, sisterhood, sister) - (outdated) sister's son, sister's nephew.
- Niece (niece, Nester) - a girl/woman in relation to an uncle or aunt, the daughter of a brother or sister.
- Bro (bro, bro, sonny) - (outdated) brother's daughter, brother's niece.
- Sister (sisterly) - (outdated) sister's daughter, sister's niece.
Parent's cousins:
- great uncle (strict small) - boy/man in relation to the children of a cousin = cousin of the father or mother.
- Great Aunt- woman in relation to the children of a cousin = cousin of the father or mother.
Children of a cousin:
- Great cousin- a boy/man in relation to a great uncle or aunt, the son of a cousin.
- Dsherich- nephew by aunt.
- Great niece- girl/woman in relation to a great uncle or aunt, daughter of a first cousin.
- Dchersha- aunt's niece.
Aunt Uncle)
Uncle Aunt)
Cousin
(Cousin)
Bro
(Cousin-in-law)
Great cousin
(cousin)
A generation later
Siblings of grandparents:
- great uncle (great uncle) - a man in relation to the grandchildren of a brother or sister, brother of a grandfather or grandmother, uncle of a parent.
- Old grand - (outdated) elder brother of a grandfather or grandmother, great-uncle.
- Old fellow - (outdated) younger brother of a grandfather or grandmother, great-uncle.
- Great aunt (great aunt) - a woman in relation to the grandchildren of a brother or sister, sister of a grandfather or grandmother, aunt of a parent.
- Great-nephew- a boy/man in relation to a parent’s uncle or aunt, a grandson of a sibling, a son of a nephew, a cousin.
- Great-niece- a girl/woman in relation to a parent’s uncle or aunt, a granddaughter of a sibling, a daughter of a nephew, a cousin.
Grandmother
Great Uncle/Great Uncle
(Great Aunt/Great Aunt)
Father
Great Aunt
(Great Uncle)
great uncle
(Great aunt)
Second cousin
(Second cousin)
Grandparents' cousins:
- Second cousin- a man in relation to the grandchildren of a cousin, cousin of a grandfather or grandmother, cousin of a parent.
- Second cousin grandmother- a woman in relation to the grandchildren of a cousin, cousin of a grandfather or grandmother, cousin of a parent.
- Great-great-cousin- a boy/man in relation to a parent's great uncle or aunt, grandson of a cousin, son of a first cousin, second cousin.
- Great-great niece- a girl/woman in relation to a parent’s great uncle or aunt, granddaughter of a first cousin, daughter of a first cousin, second cousin.
Relatives through a greater number of generations are called by adding the prefix “great-”. For example: “great-great-great-grandfather”, “great-great-great-great-great-great-grandfather”.
Property (Relationship through marriage)
Spouses
- Spouses- married persons.
- Husband (spouse) - a man in relation to a woman married to him.
- Wife (spouse) - a woman in relation to a man married to her.
Parents of spouses
- father-in-law- husband's father.
- Mother in law- husband's mother.
- Father-in-law- wife's father.
- Mother-in-law- wife's mother.
- Matchmaker- the father of one of the spouses in relation to the parents of the other spouse, that is, the father of a son’s wife or the father of a daughter’s husband.
- Matchmaking- the mother of one of the spouses in relation to the parents of the other spouse, that is, the mother of a son’s wife or the mother of a daughter’s husband.
Brothers and sisters of spouses
- brother-in-law- Brother husband ( Eastern European dialects - Schwager).
- Sister-in-law- husband's sister.
- Brother-in-law- brother-in-law ( Eastern European dialects - Schwager).
- Shurich (obsolete)- brother-in-law's son.
- sister-in-law (outdated brother-in-law) - wife's sister.
Mother in law
husband's mother
father-in-law
husband's father
Mother-in-law
wife's mother
Father-in-law
wife's father
brother-in-law
Brother husband
Sister-in-law
husband's sister
N
husband
M
wife
sister-in-law
wife's sister
Brother-in-law
brother-in-law
Spouse of a close relative
- Son-in-law- husband of a daughter, sister, niece. In other words, son-in-law- a man in relation to his wife’s family: to her parents (father-in-law and mother-in-law), her sisters (sisters-in-law), her brothers (brothers-in-law) and the latter’s wives (daughters-in-law).
- Primak (Priymak, housekeeper, vlasen, haunted, wabium) - a son-in-law adopted into the wife's family by his father-in-law or mother-in-law into a house for one household.
- Daughter-in-law(Dahl's etymology: son- son's wife - now considered erroneous) - the son's wife in relation to his father (father-in-law).
- Daughter-in-law- wife of a son, brother, brother-in-law, brother-in-law. In other words daughter-in-law- a woman in relation to her husband’s family: his mother (mother-in-law), brothers (brothers-in-law) and sisters (sisters-in-law), brothers’ wives (jatrovkas, consorts) and sisters’ husbands (sons-in-law).
- Yatrovka (Yatrova, brother) - the wife of a brother, brother-in-law, brother-in-law. In other words Yatrovka- a woman in relation to her husband’s family: his brothers (brothers-in-law) and his sisters (sisters-in-law), brothers’ wives (yatrovki) and sisters’ husbands (sons-in-law). Yatrovki(daughters-in-law) - women whose husbands are brothers.
- Intercourse- a woman in relation to her brother-in-law’s wife (mistress). In other words, prostitutes- women whose husbands are brothers.
Yatrovki = Sexuals
- Brother-in-law- sister-in-law's husband = wife's sister's husband. In other words, brothers-in-law- men whose wives are sisters. See also Brother-in-law (disambiguation).
- Uika (vuyka) - (obsolete) Uya's wife, that is, the wife of the maternal uncle, the wife of the mother's brother.
- Bro- cousin's wife.
Non-family relationships
In people's lives, close, non-family relationships are of great importance, which is also reflected in terminology. You should remember the external proximity of these terms to the terms of consanguinity and not confuse them.
Before marriage
- Sweetheart- a girl/girl/woman who is the object of someone’s love in relation to the one who is in love with her.
- Fancy man- a boy/youth/man who is courting or in love with a female person in relation to her.
- Groom- a man intending to get married, in relation to his future wife (bride).
- Bride- a woman intending to get married, in relation to her future husband (groom).
- Betrothed (obsolete)- a man (often abstract, ideal), in relation to a woman with whom he will marry in the future, a future husband.
- Narrowed (obsolete)- a woman (often abstract, ideal), in relation to the man with whom she will marry in the future, a future wife.
Wedding and marriage
- Imprisoned parents- persons replacing the parents of the bride or groom at the wedding.
- Planted mother- a woman who replaces the mother of the bride or groom at a wedding.
- The imprisoned father- a person who acts instead of the father of the bride or groom at a wedding.
Outside of marriage
- Roommate (vulg. co-bedmate) - a man who lives together with his partner and is in a close relationship with her without official registration. (See Actual marriage)
- roommate(concubina) - a woman who lives with her partner and is in a close relationship with him without official registration. (See Actual marriage)
- Lover (vulg. hahal) - a man who is in a close relationship with his partner, not encouraged by the law or morality of a given society, community, How to call relatives???? .
- Mistress- a woman who is in a close relationship with her partner, not encouraged by the law or morality of a given society, community, or relatives.
Relationships during the second (and subsequent) marriage
- Half brother, half sister- children who have the same father and different mothers.
- Half brother, Half sister- children who have the same mother, but different fathers.
- Step-brother, stepsister- children from the first marriages of persons in relation to each other, that is, not relatives, not half-blooded or half-bred, but only “brought together” into one family.
- Stepfather (outdated stepfather) - a man in relation to his wife’s child born in another marriage, the mother’s husband, but not the father.
- Stepmother- a woman in relation to her husband’s child born in another marriage, the father’s wife, but not the mother.
- Stepson- a male representative in relation to the partner of his parent in another marriage, a step-son of a husband or wife.
- Stepdaughter- a female representative in relation to the partner of her parent in another marriage, a step-daughter of her husband or wife...
Relationships upon adoption or loss of parents
- Adopted- adopted child.
- Stepdaughter(named daughter, adopted) - a female person in relation to the adoptive parents.
- Foster-son(named son, adopted) - a male person in relation to the adoptive parents (adoptive parents).
- Adoptive mother(named mother) is the stepmother of the adoptive child.
- Adoptive father(named father) is the stepfather of the adoptive child.
- Guardian- a person who is entrusted with guardianship over someone.
- Co-guardian- a person acting as a guardian jointly with another person in relation to the guardian.
- Ward- the person in respect of whom guardianship or trusteeship is exercised, in relation to the guardian/guardians and trustees.
- Trustee- a person who is entrusted with guardianship over someone.
Spiritual Relationships
- Godfather (godfather) - a man in relation to the one whom he baptized.
- Godfather- godfather in relation to the parents of the godson and to the godmother, also receiver. The child's father in relation to the godfather and godmother.
- Godmother (godmother) - a woman in relation to the one whom she baptized.
- Kuma- godmother in relation to the parents of the godson and to the godfather, also successor. The child's mother in relation to the godfather and godmother.
- Godson (godson) - a male person in relation to those who baptized him.
- God daughter (goddaughter) - a female person in relation to those who baptized her.
- Godfather- father of the godfather or godmother.
- Godmother- mother of the godfather or godmother.
- Godbrother- son of a godfather or godmother.
- Godsister- daughter of a godfather or godmother.
- Cross brothers(brothers on the cross, named brothers, sworn brothers) - men who exchanged pectoral crosses in relation to each other.
- Cross Sisters (sisters of the cross, named sisters, twin cities, sisters) - women who exchanged crosses in relation to each other.
Biological connections
- Donor- a person who gives his blood, tissue, cells or organ for transplantation to other people.
- Recipient- a person who receives a transplant of any organ, tissue or cells of another organism.
- Simera- an organism with an established graft.
- Dairy mother(mother, nurse) - a woman who fed someone else’s child with her breast, in relation to this child.
- foster brother- a boy/man in relation to a person with whom they were breastfed by the same woman, but who is not a sister or brother on the mother’s side.
- Milk sister- a girl/woman in relation to a person with whom they were breastfed by the same woman, but who is not a maternal sister or brother.
- Surrogate mother- a woman who gave birth to a child for other people as a result of the implantation of an embryo in her, in relation to the child born to her.
Individual status
- Bachelor- a man who has not entered into marriage, an unmarried man.
- Bobyl- an old unmarried man (bachelor).
- Virgo, girl- a woman who has not been married. The term maiden (obsolete) indicates the chastity of a girl.
- Spinster, bobyliha- a woman who has never been married, whose marriage is not expected due to age or personal characteristics.
- Diluted- a man who has divorced and has not remarried.
- Divorced- a woman who has divorced and has not remarried.
- Widower- a man who did not marry after the death of his wife.
- Gander- a man who lives separately from his wife for a long time for a reason depending on her.
- Widow- a woman who did not marry after the death of her husband.
- Straw Widow- a woman who lives separately from her husband for a long time for a reason depending on him.
- Soldier- a woman whose husband serves as a soldier.
- Single mother- an unmarried woman or a widow raising one or more children.
- Single father- an unmarried man or widower raising one or more children.
- Orphan- a child or minor whose one parent has died.
- Orphan- a child or minor whose both parents, that is, father and mother, have died.
- Foundling- a child of unknown parents, abandoned to strangers.
- Foundling- a child abandoned by unknown parents and found by strangers.
- Changeling- a step-child, who, secretly from the parents, was replaced in infancy by their own child.
Other
- Uncle, mom (mother), nanny (nanny)- a person (a man or a woman, respectively) assigned to care and supervise a child.
- Kunak (Turkic, cf. tat. qunaq) - among the Caucasian highlanders - a person associated with someone by an obligation of mutual hospitality, friendship and protection; friend, buddy.
- Mother heroine- an honorary title for mothers in the USSR who gave birth and raised 10 or more children.
- Sworn brother, sworn sister- a person who is not biologically related to this person, but has agreed to a brotherly (sisterly) relationship voluntarily. Typically such agreements are bilateral.
- Founding Father- a man who initiated, established or founded something.
- Kindred- a native of the same land who is related to someone historically or culturally.
- Countryman (vernacular- land, vulg. zema) - a native of the same area as someone else.
- Like-minded person- a person who has common views, beliefs, and ideology with the subject.
