All main events from. Key dates for Russian history for the exam. New type of cards

2-4 million years - the beginning of the separation of humans from the animal world (the use of sticks and stones by Australopithecines).

X-III millennium BC – Neolithic revolution.

III millennium BC – 476 AD – the era of the most ancient civilizations (states).

776 BC – the first Olympic Games in Ancient Greece.

773 BC - According to legend, Rome was founded by the brothers Romulus and Remus.

594 BC – reforms of the Athenian archon Solon, the first known reforms in human history.

336-323 BC. – the reign and military campaigns of Alexander the Great.

395-1453 – Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium

476 – fall of the Roman Empire, transition from ancient history to the history of the Middle Ages.

800 – Coronation of Charlemagne in Rome.

862 – the beginning of ancient Russian statehood, the Rurik dynasty (862-1598).

988 – adoption of Christianity by Ancient Russia under Vladimir I (980-1015).

1054 – split of Christianity into Catholicism and Orthodoxy.

1147 – foundation of Moscow.

1206-1242 – Mongol military expansion under the leadership of Genghis Khan and his successors.

1243-1480 - Mongol-Tatar yoke over Russian lands.

1480 – “standing on the Ugra”, the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

1517 – the beginning of the Reformation after the theses of Martin Luther.

1547 - coronation of Ivan IV Vasilyevich into the kingdom, the beginning of reforms in the Moscow state.

1605-1613 – Time of Troubles in Russia (1613-1917 – reign of the Romanov dynasty).

1649 – legal registration of serfdom in Russia by the Council Code.

1640-1688 - English bourgeois revolution.

1682-1725 – reign of Peter the Great (emperor since 1721).

1703 – foundation of the city of St. Petersburg.

1776 – declaration of independence of the United States of America.

1789-1799 – French bourgeois revolution.

1812, September 7 - Battle of Borodino, the decisive battle of the Patriotic War of 1812 against Napoleon.

1861-1865 - American Civil War.

1871 – completion of the unification of Germany.

1929-1933 – global economic crisis.

1933 – A. Hitler’s rise to power, the “new course” of F.D. Roosevelt.

1992-1998 – radical socio-economic reforms in Russia.

1993 – creation of the European Union.

2008-2011 – global economic crisis.

Literature for the entire textbook.

* Vasiliev L.S. General History: (textbook: 6 volumes). - M.: Higher School, 2007.

* History of international relations: main stages from antiquity to the present day: textbook. - M.: Logos, 2007.

* History of Russia: from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century (textbook). Under. ed. member-corr. RAS A.N. Sakharov.- M.: AST: Astrel; Vladimir: VKT, 2009.

* History of mankind: (in 8 volumes). - Ed. Z.Ya. De Laata.- Paris, UNESCO; M.: MAGISTR-PRESS, 2003.

* Krasnyak O.A. World History: (a unified idea of ​​the patterns of historical development of the countries of the West and East from ancient times to the present day). - M.: URSS: Publishing House LKI, 2008.

* Domestic history: Textbook for technical universities / Ed. V.V. Fortunatova. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005.

* Platova E.E., Ovodenko A.A. History of foreign economic relations in questions and answers. – St. Petersburg, 2005.

* Sadokhin A.P. History of world culture: textbook for universities. - M.: Unity, 2010.

* Wells G.D. General history of world civilization. - 2nd ed. - M.: Eksmo, 2007.

* Fortunatov V.V. Domestic history: Textbook for humanitarian universities. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007.

* Fortunatov V.V. Codes of national history. A manual for tested graduates (USE), applicants and university students. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2009.

* Fortunatov V.V. Russian history in faces. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2009.

* Fortunatov V.V. Russian history in aphorisms. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2010.

* Fortunatov V.V. History of world civilizations. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2011.

* Yakovlev I.A. History of humanity: the history of relations between man and nature as a civilizational process. - St. Petersburg: Aletheya, 2006.

Dvornichenko A. Yu. Russian history from ancient times to the fall of autocracy. Textbook.- M.: Publishing house “The Whole World”, 2010- P.172.

Both victories of Alexander Nevsky are included in the list of Days of Military Glory of Russia, which is officially approved by the Russian government.

It seems remarkable that during the RTR television project “Name of Russia” in 2008, Alexander Nevsky took first place among Russian television viewers.

Some authors believe that taking the Bastille was not difficult and the prison governor was executed for no reason. But other French people and others believe that the revolution began with a beautiful and symbolic action.

Konotopov M.V., Smetanin S.I. History of the Russian economy. M.: Paleotype: Logos, 2004. pp. 51-52.

Mironov B.N. Social history of Russia during the imperial period (XVIII-early XX centuries): Genesis of the individual, democratic family, civil society and the rule of law. SPb.: Dm. Bulanin, 1999. T. 1, 2. 548+ 566 p. 3rd ed. SPb.: Dm. Bulanin, 2003.

Dvornichenko A.Yu. Russian history from ancient times to the fall of the autocracy. - M.: Ves Mir, 2010. - P.447.

See: State Security of Russia: History and Modernity / Ed. ed. R. N. Baiguzina.- M.: “Russian Political Encyclopedia” (ROSSPEN), 2004.- P.507-514.

65 years of the Great Victory. In six volumes / Under the general editorship. S.E. Naryshkina, A.V. Torkunova-M.: "MGIMO-University", 2010.

See: Soviet foreign policy during the Cold War (1945-1985). New reading. M., 1995.- P. 210.

The secrecy has been removed. Losses of the USSR Armed Forces in wars, hostilities and military conflicts. Statistical research. M.: Military Publishing House, 1993. pp. 407–409.

History is a science that collects, studies, systematizes facts and events that occur or have happened at any time in the past of human civilization. True, there is an opinion that this is far from the most serious branch of knowledge. Partly because information about many facts raises doubts about their reliability. In addition, everyone can interpret the phenomena occurring in society as they like. But still, there are the most important historical events that cannot be erased from the chronicles of civilization, because they represent a certain foundation, that is, the basis of the life of society and human relationships. Some of them are worth special mention.

Chronicles of centuries

What are they, historical events that everyone should know? Ancient chronicles are full of endless wars, struggles for power between the rulers of various states and conspiracies of their confidants. The chronicles of millennia are replete with uprisings of the poor against the dominance of the rich. Almighty kings are overthrown during periods of bloody revolutions. And then some tyrants are replaced by others, if not dictators, then often individuals who do not disdain deception and betrayal in their own interests. There are also enough bright leaders with a strong character, who, partly for good reason, are later called great leaders and heroes. The names of many of them have been preserved by history, although a good half of humanity sometimes does not remember what and against whom they fought.

World conquerors often occupy a more honorable place in the memory of descendants than the discoverers of new continents, philosophers, scientists and artists. However, on the scale of civilization, it is creative discoveries that truly contribute to progress. The most important historical events of ancient times, perhaps, are: the conquest of fire, the domestication of animals and the breeding of cultivated plants, the invention of the wheel, writing and numbers. But who remembers the authors of these discoveries and revolutionary innovations? History does not keep their names.

The most famous person

No one knows whether this man actually lived, or whether his biography from the first to the last word is pure fiction. However, whether he was a real person or a myth, entire states rallied around his name and the most important historical events took place. Centuries-long wars and endless verbal battles were fought for and against his ideas, where supporters and opponents clashed in fierce battles. And even the chronicle of the new era begins counting from the date of his birth.

Jesus Christ, as evidenced by the lines of Holy Scripture, was just the son of a simple carpenter from an unremarkable city in Israel called Nazareth. He is considered the founder of idealistic philosophy, which formed the basis of many religious cults. He was executed in Jerusalem as a criminal, for which he was subsequently deified.

Europe

Every nation builds its own history. In some ways it is similar to the chronicles of other states. However, it is definitely endowed with its own unique features. The culture of a nation is part of the country's history. It is closely connected with the events that occur in the political, state, economic and spiritual fields. It expresses the essence of a nation and human relationships. And each nation has its own most important historical events.

In the ancient period, civilizations such as the Hellenic and Roman arose in Europe, which subsequently gave others a lot in terms of the development of politics, philosophy, science, music, theater and sports. In the first millennium AD, other peoples moved to this continent. Among them are the Huns, Bulgarians, Khazars, Turks and Vikings. They created many states and civilizations that laid the foundations of modern world culture.

Discovery of America

History preserves the name of this great Spanish navigator, although he did not end up where he wanted to go. Until the end of his life, Christopher Columbus did not understand that the four expeditions that were carried out under his command with the blessing of the Catholic kings did not visit India at all. He landed on the island of San Salvador, sailing with his crew on three ships across the Atlantic Ocean, and saw the outlines of an unknown continent on October 12, 1492. This date is celebrated as the day of the discovery of America and refers to the main historical events that influenced the course of development of civilization.

The states of the New World, especially the United States, have occupied key positions in politics and economics over the past centuries, each year continuing to increase their influence on the course of events on the planet.

Formation of Rus'

Our state took shape over a vast period of time, uniting from a huge number of disparate tribes of the Eastern Slavs. Experiencing the strong influence of Byzantium, a neighboring power, Rus' became Orthodox. This happened more than a thousand years ago. And the adoption of Christianity is rightfully considered a historical event that radically influenced the life of Russia. The new religion changed people's ideas, their views, cultural traditions, and aesthetic tastes. Before the times of the dominance of the Golden Horde, Rus' was considered an advanced, cultural, developed country and a significant state.

The Battle of Kulikovo - a battle that took place in September 1380, ended with the defeat of the troops of the Tatar Khan Mamai, although Russian losses were also significant. But the victory greatly strengthened the authority and influence of the Moscow princes among neighboring peoples and contributed to the final liberation of Rus' from the Mongol-Tatar yoke. This achievement, as well as the military glory of later periods, including the defeat of Napoleon's troops in 1812, contributed to the formation of the spirit of the nation. Russians in the world are known for their love of freedom, desire for independence and ability to repel enemies.

The era of scientific achievements

Classical science of the 19th century, paying tribute to its ancient roots, continued to remain largely metaphysical. However, the fundamental discoveries of the second half of the century revolutionized scientific minds. Here are some of them: cell theory in biology, the law of conservation of energy in physics, the theory of the development of the Earth in geology.

The idea of ​​a gradual change in the numerous species of flora and fauna existing on planet Earth has been in the air for a long time, but it finally took shape only in the 19th century in the works of the traveler and naturalist from England Charles Darwin. He published his book on the origin of species in 1859. At first it aroused vehement criticism, especially from religious leaders who saw the theory of the emergence of life without divine intervention as an encroachment on centuries-old moral principles.

The discoveries of the 19th century not only influenced the minds and worldviews of people, but prepared the ground and became the impetus for subsequent grandiose, large-scale and at the same time tragic historical events of the 20th century.

A century of revolutions, wars and tyrants

The next century was marked by numerous technical innovations, the development of aviation, the discovery of the secrets of the structure of the atom and the conquest of its energy, deciphering the DNA code, and the creation of computers.

The rapid development of industry and the economic redistribution of the world in the first half of the century became the fundamental reason that pitted the strongest states in the most brutal and bloody world wars, the beginning of which dates back to 1914 and 1939. In this century, the world heard the names of such great titans as Lenin, Stalin, Hitler, who radically changed the course of the history of the planet.

The victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War, which put an end to the senseless bloodshed in 1945, marked the beginning of a new era in world history.

Conquest of space

The idea of ​​human flights to other planets was expressed by progressive astronomers of the Middle Ages. The great scientist Isaac Newton developed theories that later formed the basis of astronautics. Jules Verne wrote science fiction novels about trips to the moon. Such dreams began to come true in April 1961, when manned space flight took place. And Yuri Gagarin became the first earthling to see the planet from a completely different angle.

The Cold War, which followed the bloody battles of the 20th century, gave rise not only to an arms race that was absurd in its madness, but also to a competition between the leading powers for influence beyond the confines of the earth's atmosphere. Human space flight was complemented by the launches of interplanetary satellites and American landings on the Moon, the first of which took place in July 1969 as part of the Apollo program.

The advent of the Internet

The first signs of the imminent birth of the World Wide Web began to make themselves felt in the 50s of the turbulent last century. We can say that the impetus for its emergence was also the Cold War. Influential circles in the United States were very concerned about the appearance of intercontinental missiles in the USSR, so lightning-fast information transmission devices were urgently invented. For this purpose, computer network connections were used. The foundations of the Internet were laid by engineer Leonard Clayton. Later, the World Wide Web opened up tremendous opportunities for humanity to communicate and exchange information.

Here is a brief summary of the historical events that everyone should know. What will happen in the future to the inhabitants of the cozy but restless planet Earth, only the future will show.

• Russia from antiquity to the end of the 16th century. (beginning of the 17th century)
• Russia in the XVII–XVIII centuries.
• Russia in the 19th century
• Russia in the 20th century

Russia from antiquity to the end of the 16th century. (beginning of the 17th century)

• IX century. – Formation of the Old Russian state.
• 862- “The Calling of the Varangians” to Rus'.
• 862–879- The reign of Rurik in Novgorod.
• 879–912– The reign of Oleg in Kyiv.
• 882– The unification of Novgorod and Kyiv into a single state under Prince Oleg.
• 907, 911– Oleg’s campaigns to Constantinople. Treaties with the Greeks.
• 912–945– The reign of Igor in Kyiv.
• 945- Revolt of the Drevlyans.
• 945–962- The reign of Princess Olga during the early childhood of her son Prince Svyatoslav.
• 957– Baptism of Princess Olga in Constantinople.
• 962–972- The reign of Svyatoslav Igorevich.
• 964–972. – Military campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav.
• 980–1015– The reign of Vladimir I Svyatoslavich the Holy.
• 988– Adoption of Christianity in Rus'.
• 1019–1054- The reign of Yaroslav the Wise.
• 1037– Beginning of construction of the Church of St. Sophia in Kyiv.
• 1045– Beginning of construction of the Church of St. Sophia in Novgorod the Great.
• OK. 1072– Final design of “Russian Truth” (“Pravda Yaroslavich”).
• 1097 g. - Congress of princes in Lyubech. Consolidation of the fragmentation of the Old Russian state.
• 1113–1125. – The Great Reign of Vladimir Monomakh.
• 1125–1157 g. – The reign of Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky in Vladimir.
• 1136– Establishment of a republic in Novgorod.
• 1147– The first mention of Moscow in the chronicle.
• 1157–1174– The reign of Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky.
• 1165– Construction of the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl.
• 1185– The campaign of Prince Igor Novgorod Seversky against the Polovtsians. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign."
• 1199– Unification of the Volyn and Galician principalities.
• 1202– Formation of the Order of the Sword.
• 1223, May 31st.- Battle of the Kalka River.
• 1237–1240. – Invasion of the Mongol Tatars led by Khan Batu into Rus'.
• 1237– Unification of the Teutonic Order with the Order of the Sword. Formation of the Livonian Order.
• 1238, March 4. – Battle of the City River.
• 1240, July 15. - Battle of the Neva. The defeat of the Swedish knights on the Neva River by Prince Alexander Yaroslavich. Nicknamed Nevsky.
• 1240– The defeat of Kyiv by the Mongol-Tatars.
• 1242, 5th of April. - Battle on the Ice. The defeat of the crusaders on Lake Peipus by Prince Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky.
• 1243 g. – Formation of the Golden Horde state.
• 1252–1263. - The reign of Alexander Nevsky on the Grand Duke's throne of Vladimir.
• 1264– Collapse of the Galician-Volyn principality under the blows of the Horde.
• 1276– Formation of an independent Moscow principality.
• 1325–1340– The reign of Prince Ivan Kalita in Moscow.
• 1326– Transfer of the residence of the head of the Russian Orthodox Church - the Metropolitan - from Vladimir to Moscow, turning Moscow into an all-Russian religious center.
• 1327– Uprising in Tver against the Golden Horde.
• 1359–1389– The reign of Prince (from 1362 – Grand Duke) Dmitry Ivanovich (after 1380 – Donskoy) in Moscow.
• OK. 1360–1430. – Life and work of Andrei Rublev.
• 1378 g. – Battle of the Vozha River.
• 1380 8 September– Battle of Kulikovo.
• 1382 g. – The defeat of Moscow by Tokhtamysh.
• 1389–1425. – The reign of Vasily I Dmitrievich.
• 1410 g., July 15- Battle of Grunwald. Defeat of the Teutonic Order.
• 1425–1453. – Dynastic war between the sons and grandsons of Dmitry Donskoy.
• 1439 g. – Florentine Church Union about the unification of the Catholic and Orthodox churches under the leadership of the Pope. The act of union was signed by the Russian Metropolitan Isidore, for which he was deposed.
• 1448– Election of Bishop Jonah of Ryazan as Metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church and All Rus'. Establishment of autocephaly (independence) of the Russian Orthodox Church from Byzantium.
• 1453– Fall of the Byzantine Empire.
• 1462–1505– The reign of Ivan III.
• 1463– Annexation of Yaroslavl to Moscow.
• 1469–1472– Travel of Afanasy Nikitin to India.
• 1471– Battle on the Sheloni River between Moscow and Novgorod troops.
• 1478– Annexation of Novgorod the Great to Moscow.
• 1480 g. - “Standing on the Ugra River.” Elimination of the Horde yoke.
• 1484–1508– Construction of the current Moscow Kremlin. Construction of cathedrals and the Chamber of Facets, brick walls.
• 1485– Annexation of Tver to Moscow.
• 1497– Compilation of the Code of Laws of Ivan III. Establishing uniform norms of criminal liability and judicial procedural norms for the entire country, limiting the right of peasants to transfer from one feudal lord to another - the week before and the week after November 26 (St. George's Day in the fall).
• End of the 15th – beginning of the 16th centuries.– Completion of the process of formation of the Russian centralized state.
• 1503– Controversy between Nil Sorsky (the leader of the non-acquisitive people, who preached the refusal of the church from all property) and Abbot Joseph Volotsky (the leader of the acquisitive people, a supporter of the preservation of church land ownership). Condemnation of the views of non-possessors at the Church Council.
• 1503– Annexation of the Southwestern Russian lands to Moscow.
• 1505–1533– Reign of Vasily III.
• 1510– Annexation of Pskov to Moscow.
• 1514– Annexation of Smolensk to Moscow.
• 1521– Annexation of Ryazan to Moscow.
• 1533–1584– The reign of Grand Duke Ivan IV the Terrible.
• 1547– The crowning of Ivan IV the Terrible.
• 1549- The beginning of the convening of Zemsky Sobors.
• 1550– Adoption of the Code of Laws of Ivan IV the Terrible.
• 1551– “The Hundred-Glavy Cathedral” of the Russian Orthodox Church.
• 1552– Annexation of Kazan to Moscow.
• 1555–1560– Construction of the Intercession Cathedral in Moscow (St. Basil's Cathedral).
• 1556 g. – Annexation of Astrakhan to Moscow.
• 1556– Adoption of the “Code of Service”.
• 1558–1583- Livonian War.
• 1561- Defeat of the Livonian Order.
• 1564- The beginning of book printing in Rus'. Publication by Ivan Fedorov of “The Apostle” - the first printed book with a set date.
• 1565–1572– Oprichnina of Ivan IV the Terrible.
• 1569– Conclusion of the Union of Lublin on the unification of Poland with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into one state – the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
• 1581– The first mention of “reserved years.”
• 1581– Ermak’s campaign in Siberia.
• 1582– Signing of Yam Zapolsky truce between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
• 1583– Conclusion of the Truce of Plus with Sweden.
• 1584–1598- The reign of Fyodor Ioannovich.
• 1589- Establishment of the Patriarchate in Rus'. Patriarch Job.
• 1597 g. - Decree on “pre-scheduled years” (a five-year period for searching for runaway peasants).
• 1598–1605- Board of Boris Godunov.
• 1603– Uprising of peasants and serfs under the leadership of Khlopok.
• 1605–1606– Reign of False Dmitry I.
• 1606–1607– Peasant uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikov.
• 1606–1610– The reign of Tsar Vasily Shuisky.
• 1607–1610– Attempt of False Dmitry II to seize power in Russia. The existence of the “Tushino camp”.
• 1609–1611. - Defense of Smolensk.
• 1610–1613. - “Seven Boyars”.
• 1611, March – June. – The first militia against Polish troops led by P. Lyapunov.
• 1612– The second militia under the leadership of D. Pozharsky and K. Minin.
• 1612, October 26. – Liberation of Moscow from Polish invaders by the Second Militia.
• 1613– Election of Mikhail Romanov to the throne by the Zemsky Sobor. The beginning of the Romanov dynasty. 1613–1645 – The reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.
• 1617– Conclusion of the Stolbovsky “eternal peace” with Sweden.
• 1618– Deulino truce with Poland.
• 1632–1634– Smolensk War between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Russia in the XVII–XVIII centuries.

• 1645–1676- The reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
• 1648– Semyon Dezhnev’s expedition along the Kolyma River and the Arctic Ocean.
• 1648– The beginning of the uprising of Bogdan Khmelnitsky in Ukraine.
• 1648– “Salt riot” in Moscow.
• 1648–1650– Uprisings in various cities of Russia.
• 1649- Adoption by the Zemsky Sobor of a new set of laws - the “Cathedral Code” of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The final enslavement of the peasants.
• OK. 1653–1656– Reform of Patriarch Nikon. The beginning of the church schism.
• 1654, January 8. - Pereyaslavskaya Rada. Reunification of Ukraine with Russia.
• 1654–1667– Russia’s war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for Ukraine.
• 1662– “Copper riot” in Moscow.
• 1667– Conclusion of the Andrusovo truce between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
• 1667– Introduction of the New Trade Charter.
• 1667–1671– Peasant war led by Stepan Razin.
• 1672, May 30.– Birth of Peter I.
• 1676–1682– Board of Fedor Alekseevich.
• 1682 g. – Abolition of localism.
• 1682, 1698– Streltsy uprisings in Moscow.
• 1682–1725– The reign of Peter I (1682–1689 – under the regency of Sophia, until 1696 – together with Ivan V).
• 1686– “Eternal Peace” with Poland.
• 1687 g. – Opening of the Slavic Greek Latin Academy.
• 1695, 1696– Campaigns of Peter I to Azov.
• 1697–1698. - “Great Embassy”.
• 1700–1721- North War.
• 1703, May 16.– Founding of St. Petersburg.
• 1707–1708– Peasant uprising led by K. Bulavin.
• 1708, September 28.– Battle of the village of Lesnoy.
• 1709, June 27.- Battle of Poltava.
• 1710–1711- Prut campaign.
• 1711- Establishment of the Senate.
• 1711–1765– Life and work of M.V. Lomonosov.
• 1714– Decree on single inheritance (cancelled in 1731).
• 1714, July 27.– Battle of Cape Gangut.
• 1718–1721– Establishment of boards.
• 1720- Battle of Grengam Island.
• 1721– Peace of Nystadt with Sweden.
• 1721– Proclamation of Peter I as emperor. Russia became an empire.
• 1722– Adoption of the “Table of Ranks”.
• 1722– Signing of the decree on the succession to the throne.
• 1722–1723- Caspian campaign.
• 1725 g. – Opening of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg.
• 1725–1727– The reign of Catherine I.
• 1727–1730– The reign of Peter II.
• 1730–1740- The reign of Anna Ioannovna. "Bironovschina."
• 1741–1761. - The reign of Elizaveta Petrovna.
• 1755, January 25.– Opening of Moscow University.
• 1756–1763- Seven Years' War.
• 1757– Foundation of the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg.
• 1761–1762– The reign of Peter III.
• 1762- “Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility.”
• 1762–1796– The reign of Catherine II.
• 1768–1774– Russian-Turkish war.
• 1770– Victory of the Russian fleet over the Turkish in the Battle of Chesma and the Russian ground forces over the Turkish army in the battles of the Larga and Cahul rivers.
• 1774– Conclusion of the Kyuchuk Kaynardzhi Peace following the Russian-Turkish War. The Crimean Khanate came under Russian protectorate. Russia received the territory of the Black Sea region between the Dnieper and the Southern Bug, the fortresses of Azov, Kerch, Kinburn, and the right of free passage of Russian merchant ships through the Black Sea straits.
• 1772, 1793, 1795– Partitions of Poland between Prussia, Austria and Russia. The territories of Right Bank Ukraine, Belarus, part of the Baltic states and Poland were transferred to Russia.
• 1772–1839. – Life and work of M.M. Speransky.
• 1773–1775– Peasant war led by Emelyan Pugachev.
• 1775 g. – Carrying out provincial reform in the Russian Empire.
• 1782 g. – Opening of the monument to Peter I “The Bronze Horseman” (E. Falcone).
• 1783. – The entry of Crimea into the Russian Empire. Georgievsky Treaty. Transition of Eastern Georgia under Russian protectorate.
• 1785 g. – Publication of letters of grant to the nobility and cities.
• 1787–1791– Russian-Turkish war.
• 1789– Victories of Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov at Focsani and Rymnik.
• 1790– Victory of the Russian fleet over the Turkish in the battle of Cape Kaliakria.
• 1790– Publication of the book by A.N. Radishchev "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow."
• 1790– Capture by Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov of the Turkish fortress Izmail on the Danube.
• 1791– Conclusion of the Peace of Jassy following the Russian-Turkish War. The annexation of Crimea and Kuban, the territory of the Black Sea region between the Southern Bug and the Dniester, was confirmed to Russia.
• 1794– Uprising in Poland led by Tadeusz Kosciuszko.
• 1796–1801– Reign of Paul I.
• 1797. – Cancellation of the order of succession to the throne established by Peter I. Restoring the order of succession to the throne by primogeniture in the male line.
• 1797– Publication by Paul I of the manifesto on the three-day corvee.
• 1799– Italian and Swiss campaigns of A.V. Suvorov.

Russia in the 19th century

• 1801–1825– The reign of Alexander I.
• 1802– Establishment of ministries instead of boards.
• 1803- Decree on “free cultivators”.
• 1803– Adoption of a charter introducing university autonomy.
• 1803–1804– The first Russian round-the-world expedition led by I.F. Krusenstern and Yu. F. Lisyansky.
• 1804–1813– Russian-Iranian war. Ended with the Peace of Gulistan.
• 1805–1807– Russia’s participation in the III and IV anti-Napoleonic coalitions.
• 1805, December.– Defeat of Russian and Austrian troops in the Battle of Austerlitz.
• 1806–1812– Russian-Turkish war.
• 1807– Defeat of the Russian army near Friedland.
• 1807– Conclusion of the Peace of Tilsit between Alexander I and Napoleon Bonaparte (Russia’s accession to the continental blockade of England, Russia’s consent to the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw as a vassal of France).
• 1808–1809– Russian-Swedish war. Annexation of Finland to the Russian Empire.
• 1810– Creation of the State Council on the initiative of M.M. Speransky.
• 1812, June – December. – Patriotic War with Napoleon.
• 1812– Conclusion of the Bucharest Peace following the Russian-Turkish War.
• 1812, August, 26th- Battle of Borodino.
• 1813–1814– Foreign campaigns of the Russian army.
• 1813- “Battle of the Nations” at Leipzig.
• 1813– Conclusion of the Treaty of Gulistan following the Russian-Iranian War.
• 1814–1815– Vienna Congress of European States. Solving the problems of the structure of Europe after the Napoleonic wars. Annexation of the Duchy of Warsaw (Kingdom of Poland) to Russia.
• 1815– Creation of the “Holy Alliance”.
• 1815– Granting of the Constitution to the Kingdom of Poland by Alexander I.
• 1816. – The beginning of the mass creation of military settlements on the initiative of A.A. Arakcheeva.
• 1816–1817– Activities of the “Union of Salvation”.
• 1817–1864- Caucasian War.
• 1818–1821– Activities of the “Union of Welfare”.
• 1820– Discovery of Antarctica by Russian navigators under the command of F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev. 1821–1822 – Formation of the Northern and Southern Decembrist societies.
• 1821–1881– Life and work of F.M. Dostoevsky.
• 1825, December 14.– Decembrist uprising on Senate Square in St. Petersburg.
• 1825, December 29 – 1826, January 3.– Uprising of the Chernigov regiment.
• 1825–1855– The reign of Nicholas I.
• 1826–1828– Russian-Iranian war.
• 1828– Conclusion of the Turkmanchay Peace following the Russian-Iranian War. Death of A.S. Griboedova.
• 1828–1829– Russian-Turkish war.
• 1829– Conclusion of the Peace of Adrianople following the Russian-Turkish War.
• 1831–1839– Activities of the circle N.V. Stankevich.
• 1837. – Opening of the first railway St. Petersburg – Tsarskoe Selo.
• 1837–1841– Conducting P.D. Kiselev reforms in the management of state peasants.
• 1840–1850s– Disputes between Slavophiles and Westerners.
• 1839–1843– Monetary reform E.F. Kankrina.
• 1840–1893. – Life and work of P.I. Tchaikovsky.
• 1844–1849. – Activities of the circle M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky.
• 1851– Opening of the Moscow – St. Petersburg railway.
• 1853–1856- Crimean War.
• 1853, November.- Battle of Sinope.
• 1855–1881– The reign of Alexander II.
• 1856- Paris Congress.
• 1856– Founding of P.M. Tretyakov collection of Russian art in Moscow.
• 1858, 1860– Aigun and Beijing treaties with China.
• 1861, February 19.– Abolition of serfdom in Russia.
• 1861–1864– Activities of the organization “Land and Freedom”.
• 1862– Formation of the “Mighty Handful” - an association of composers (M.A. Balakirev, Ts.A. Cui, M.P. Mussorgsky, N.A. Rimsky Korsakov, A.P. Borodin).
• 1864– Zemstvo, judicial and school reforms.
• 1864–1885– Annexation of Central Asia to the Russian Empire.
• 1867– Sale of Alaska to the USA.
• 1869– Discovery by D.I. Mendeleev of the Periodic Law of Chemical Elements.
• 1870– Reform of city government.
• 1870–1923– Activities of the “Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions”.
• 1873– Creation of the “Union of Three Emperors”.
• 1874– Carrying out military reform – introducing universal conscription.
• 1874, 1876– The Narodniks’ “walking among the people.”
• 1876–1879– Activities of the new organization “Land and Freedom”.
• 1877–1878– Russian-Turkish war.
• 1878– Treaty of San Stefano.
• 1878- Berlin Congress.
• 1879. – Split of the organization “Land and Freedom”. The emergence of the organizations “People's Will” and “Black Redistribution”.
• 1879–1881– Activities of the organization “People's Will”.
• 1879–1882- Formation of the Triple Alliance.
• 1881, March 1st.– Murder of Alexander II by Narodnaya Volya.
• 1881–1894– Reign of Alexander III.
• 1882– Abolition of the temporarily obliged position of peasants. Transfer of peasants to compulsory redemption.
• 1883–1903– Activities of the “Liberation of Labor” group.
• 1885– Strike at the Nikolskaya manufactory T.S. Morozov in Orekhovo Zuevo (Morozov strike).
• 1887– Adoption of a circular “on cook’s children.”
• 1889– Adoption of the “Regulations on Zemstvo Chiefs”.
• 1891–1893- Formation of the Franco-Russian Union.
• 1891–1905– Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
• 1892– Transfer P.M. Tretyakov donated his collection of Russian art to the city of Moscow.
• 1894–1917– The reign of Nicholas II.
• 1895– Invention by A.S. Popov radio communications.
• 1895– Creation of the “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.”
• 1897– The first general census of Russia.
• 1897– Monetary reform S.Yu. Witte.
• 1898– 1st Congress of the RSDLP.
• 1899– The Hague Peace Conference of 26 powers on disarmament issues, convened at the initiative of Russia.

Russia in the 20th century

• 1901–1902– Creation of the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs) as a result of the unification of neo-populist circles.
• 1903– II Congress of the RSDLP. Creation of a party.
• 1903– Creation of the “Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists”.
• 1904–1905– Russian-Japanese War.
• 1904, August- Battle of Liaoyang City.
• 1904, September– Battle on the Shahe River.
• 1905, January 9- “Bloody Sunday.” The beginning of the first Russian revolution.
• 1905–1907– The first Russian revolution.
• 1905, February– Defeat of the Russian army near the city of Mukden.
• 1905, May– The death of the Russian fleet near the island of Tsushima.
• 1905, June– Uprising on the battleship “Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky”.
• 1905, August– Conclusion of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty following the Russian-Japanese War. Russia ceded to Japan the southern part of Sakhalin, lease rights to the Liaodong Peninsula and the South Manchurian Railway.
• 1905, October 17– Publication of the Manifesto “On the Improvement of State Order.”
• 1905, November– Creation of the “Union of the Russian People”.
• 1905, December– Armed uprising in Moscow and a number of other cities.
• 1906, April–July– Activities of the First State Duma.
• 1906, November 9- Decree on the withdrawal of peasants from the community. The beginning of the Stolypin agrarian reform.
• 1907, February–June– Activities of the Second State Duma.
• 1907, June 3– Dissolution of the Second State Duma. Adoption of a new electoral law (June 3rd coup).
• 1907–1912. – Activities of the III State Duma.
• 1907, August– Russian-English agreement on the delimitation of zones of influence in Iran, Afghanistan and Tibet. The final formation of the Entente alliance.
• 1912- Lena execution.
• 1912–1917– Activities of the IV State Duma.
• 1914, August 1 – 1918, November 9- World War I.
• 1915, August. – Creation of a Progressive block.
• 1916, May- “Brusilovsky breakthrough.”
• 1917, February– February bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia.
• 1917, March 2– Nicholas II's abdication of the throne. Formation of the Provisional Government.
• 1917, May– Formation of the 1st coalition Provisional Government.
• 1917, June– Activities of the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.
• 1917, July– Formation of the 2nd coalition Provisional Government.
• 1917, August- Kornilov rebellion.
• 1917, September 1– Proclamation of Russia as a republic.
• 1917, October 24–26– Armed uprising in Petrograd. Overthrow of the Provisional Government. II All-Russian Congress of Soviets (Proclamation of Russia as a Republic of Soviets.). Adoption of decrees on peace and land. 1918, January. – Convocation and dissolution of the Constituent Assembly.
• 1918, March 3.– Conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty between Soviet Russia and Germany. Russia lost Poland, Lithuania, part of Latvia, Finland, Ukraine, part of Belarus, Kars, Ardagan and Batum. The treaty was annulled in November 1918 after the revolution in Germany.
• 1918–1920– Civil war in Russia.
• 1918– Adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR.
• 1918–1921, March– The Soviet government’s implementation of the policy of “war communism.”
• 1918, July– Execution of the royal family in Yekaterinburg.
• 1920–1921– Anti-Bolshevik peasant uprisings in the Tambov and Voronezh regions (“Antonovschina”), Ukraine, the Volga region, Western Siberia.
• 1921, March– Conclusion of the Riga Peace Treaty of the RSFSR with Poland. The territories of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus went to Poland.
• 1921, February–March– Uprising of sailors and soldiers in Kronstadt against the policy of “war communism.”
• 1921, March.– X Congress of the RCP(b). Transition to NEP.
• 1922– Genoa Conference.
• 1922, December 30– Education of the USSR.
• 1924– Adoption of the USSR Constitution.
• 1925, December– XIV Congress of the CPSU(b). Proclamation of a course towards industrialization of the country. The defeat of the “Trotskyist-Zinoviev opposition.”
• 1927, December– XV Congress of the CPSU(b). Proclamation of the course towards collectivization of agriculture.
• 1928–1932– The first five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.
• 1929. - The beginning of complete collectivization.
• 1930– Completion of construction of Turksib.
• 1933–1937. – The second five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.
• 1934– Admission of the USSR to the League of Nations.
• 1934, December 1– Murder of S. M. Kirov. The beginning of mass repressions.
• 1936– Adoption of the Constitution of the USSR (“victorious socialism”).
• 1939, August 23– Signing of a non-aggression pact with Germany.
• 1939, September 1 – 1945, September 2- The Second World War.
• 1939, November - 1940, March– Soviet-Finnish War.
• 1941, June 22 – 1945, May 9- The Great Patriotic War.
• 1941, July–September- Battle of Smolensk.
• 1941, December 5–6– Counter-offensive of the Red Army near Moscow.
• 1942, November 19 – 1943, February 2– Counter-offensive of the Red Army at Stalingrad. The beginning of a radical change during the Great Patriotic War.
• 1943, July–August- Battle of Kursk.
• 1943, September–December– Battle of the Dnieper. Liberation of Kyiv. Completion of a radical change during the Great Patriotic War.
• 1943, November 28 – December 1– Tehran Conference of Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain.
• 1944, January– Final liquidation of the siege of Leningrad.
• 1944, January–February– Korsun Shevchenko operation.
• 1944, June–August– Operation for the liberation of Belarus (“Bagration”).
• 1944, July–August– Lvov-Sandomierz operation.
• 1944, August– Yassko-Kishinev operation.
• 1945, January–February– Vistula Oder operation.
• 1945, February 4–11– Crimean (Yalta) conference of heads of government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain.
• 1945, April–May- Berlin operation.
• 1945, April 25- Meeting on the river. Elbe near Torgau advanced Soviet and American troops.
• 1945, May 8- Surrender of Germany.
• 1945, July 17– August 2 – Berlin (Potsdam) conference of heads of government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain.
• 1945, August – September- Defeat of Japan. Signing of the act of unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces. The end of World War II.
• 1946- The beginning of the Cold War.
• 1948– Severance of diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia.
• 1949. – Start of a campaign to combat “cosmopolitanism.”
• 1949– Creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA).
• 1949. – Creation of nuclear weapons in the USSR.
• 1953, March 5– Death of I.S. Stalin.
• 1953, August– Report on the testing of a hydrogen bomb in the USSR.
• 1953, September – 1964, October– Election of N. S. Khrushchev as First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Removed from his posts in October 1964.
• 1954– Obninsk NPP was put into operation.
• 1955. – Formation of the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO).
• 1956., February– XX Congress of the CPSU. Report by N. S. Khrushchev “On the cult of personality and its consequences.”
• 1956., October November– Uprising in Hungary; suppressed by Soviet troops.
• 1957., The 4th of October– Launch of the world's first artificial Earth satellite in the USSR.
• 1961 G., 12th of April– Yu. A. Gagarin’s flight into space.
• 1961, October– XXII Congress of the CPSU. Adoption of a new Party Program - the program for building communism. 1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis.
• 1962, June– Strike at the Novocherkassk Electric Locomotive Plant; shooting of a workers' demonstration.
• 1963, August– Signing in Moscow of an agreement between the USSR, the USA and England banning nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, under water and outer space.
• 1965– The beginning of the economic reform of A.N. Kosygina.
• 1968– The entry of troops of the Warsaw Pact countries into Czechoslovakia.
• 1972 May– Signing of the Treaty on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (SALT 1) between the USSR and the USA.
• 1975– Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki).
• 1979– Signing of the Treaty on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (SALT 2) between the USSR and the USA.
• 1979–1989– “Undeclared war” in Afghanistan.
• 1980, July August– Olympic Games in Moscow.
• 1985., March– Election of M.S. Gorbachev General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.
• 1986., 26 April- The Chernobyl accident.
• 1987– Conclusion between the USSR and the USA of an agreement on the elimination of intermediate- and shorter-range missiles.
• 1988. – XIX Party Conference. Proclamation of a course for reform of the political system.
• 1989, May- June. – First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR.
• 1990., March– Election at the Third Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev as President of the USSR. Exception from the Constitution of Article 6.
• 1990., 12 June– The Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the RSFSR was adopted.
• 1991. 12 June– Election of B.N. Yeltsin, President of the RSFSR.
• 1991., July– Signing of the Treaty between the USSR and the USA on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (START 1).
• 1991., August 19–21– Attempted coup d'état (GKChP).
• 1991 G., December 8– Belovezhskaya agreement on the dissolution of the USSR and the creation of the CIS.
• 1991 December 25– Addition M.S. Gorbachev powers of the President of the USSR.
• 1992. – Beginning of radical economic reform E.T. Gaidar.
• 1993., January– Signing of the Treaty between Russia and the United States on the Reduction of Strategic Offensive Arms (START 2).
• 1993, October 3–4– Armed clashes between supporters of the Supreme Council and government troops in Moscow.
• 1993., 12 December– Elections to the Federal Assembly – the State Duma and the Federation Council and a referendum on the draft Constitution of the Russian Federation.
• 1994. – Russia’s accession to the NATO “Partnership for Peace” program.
• 1994., December– The beginning of large-scale actions against Chechen separatists.
• 1996. – Russia’s accession to the Council of Europe.
• 1996, July– Election of B.N. Yeltsin as President of the Russian Federation (for a second term).
• 1997– Creation on the initiative of D.S. Likhachev state TV channel "Culture".
• 1998, August– Financial crisis in Russia (default).
• 1999., September– Beginning of the anti-terrorist operation in Chechnya.
• 2000, March– Election of V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation.
• 2000– Award of the Nobel Prize in Physics to Zh.I. Alferov for fundamental research in the field of information and telecommunication technologies.
• 2002– Agreement between Russia and the United States on the mutual reduction of nuclear warheads.
• 2003. – Award of the Nobel Prize in Physics to A.A. Abrikosov and V.L. Ginzburg for his work in the field of quantum physics, in particular for his studies of superconductivity and superfluidity.
• 2004., March– Election of V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation (for a second term).
• 2005– Creation of the Public Chamber.
• 2006. – Launch of a program of national projects in the fields of agriculture, housing, health and education.
• 2008, March– Election of D.A. Medvedev as President of the Russian Federation.
• 2008., August– Invasion of Georgian troops into South Ossetia. Conducting an operation by the Russian army to force Georgia to peace. Russian recognition of the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
• November 2008– Adoption of a law on increasing the term of office of the State Duma and the President of the Russian Federation (5 and 6 years, respectively).

The Russian Federation is a state that ranks first in terms of territory and ninth in terms of population. This is a country that has gone from scattered principalities to a candidate for superpower. How did the formation of this political, economic and military colossus take place?

In our article we will look at the main dates in the history of Russia. We will see the development of the country from the first mentions of it until the end of the twentieth century.

9th - 10th century

The word “Rus” was first mentioned in 860 in connection with the siege of Constantinople (Constantinople) and the plunder of its surroundings. Researchers estimate that more than eight thousand people took part in the raid. The Byzantines did not expect an attack from the Black Sea at all, so they were unable to give a worthy rebuff. “The Rus left with impunity,” the chronicler reports.

The next important date was 862. This is one of the most significant events. According to the Tale of Bygone Years, it was at that time that representatives of the Slavic tribes invited Rurik to reign.

The chronicle says that they were tired of constant quarrels and civil strife, which only a visiting ruler could put an end to.

Like 862, the next year, 863, became important in the history of Russia. This year, according to chroniclers, the Slavic alphabet - Cyrillic - is being created. It was from this time that the official written history of Rus' begins.

In 882, Prince Oleg, Rurik’s successor, conquered Kyiv and made it the “capital city”. This ruler did a lot for the state. He began to unite the tribes, went against the Khazars, recapturing many lands. Now the northerners, Drevlyans, Radimichi pay tribute not to the Kaganate, but to the Kyiv prince.

We are considering only the main dates in the history of Russia. Therefore, we dwell only on some key events.

So, the 10th century was marked by a powerful expansion of the Rus into neighboring countries and tribes. So, Igor went against the Pechenegs (920) and Constantinople (944). Prince Svyatoslav defeated in 965, which significantly strengthened the position of Kievan Rus in the south and southeast.

In 970, Vladimir Svyatoslavovich became the prince of Kyiv. He, together with his uncle Dobrynya, whose image was later reflected in the epic hero, is preparing a campaign against the Bulgarians. He managed to defeat the Serbian and Bulgarian tribes on the Danube, as a result of which an alliance was concluded.

However, during the mentioned campaigns, the prince becomes imbued with Christianity. Previously, his grandmother, Princess Olga, was the first to accept this faith and found herself misunderstood by those around her. Now Vladimir the Great decides to baptize the entire state.

Thus, in 988, a series of ceremonies were carried out designed to baptize the majority of the tribes. Those who refused to change their faith voluntarily were forced to do so.

The last important date in the 10th century is considered to be the construction of the Tithe Church. It was with the help of this building that Christianity was finally established at the state level in Kyiv.

11th century

The eleventh century was marked by a large number of military conflicts between princes. Immediately after the death of Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, civil strife began.

This devastation continued until 1019, when Prince Yaroslav, who was later nicknamed the Wise, sat on the throne in Kyiv. He reigned for thirty-five years. It is noteworthy that during the years of his reign, Kievan Rus practically reached the level of European states.

Since we are talking briefly about the history of Russia, the most important dates of the eleventh century are associated with the reign of Yaroslav (in the first half of the century) and the period of unrest (in the second half of the century).

So, from 1019 until his death in 1054, Prince Yaroslav the Wise compiled one of the most famous codes - “The Truth of Yaroslav”. This is the oldest part of “Russian Truth”.

Over five years, starting in 1030, he built the Transfiguration Cathedral in Chernigov.

In the capital, in 1037, construction of the famous temple - Sophia of Kyiv - began. It was completed in 1041.

After the campaign against Byzantium, in 1043, Yaroslav built a similar cathedral in Novgorod.

The death of the Kyiv prince marked the beginning of the struggle for the capital between his sons. From 1054 to 1068 Izyaslav ruled. Then, with the help of an uprising, he is replaced by the Polotsk prince Vseslav. In epics he is mentioned as Volga.

Due to the fact that this ruler still adhered to pagan views in matters of faith, in folk tales the properties of a werewolf are attributed to him. In epics he becomes either a wolf or a falcon. In official history, he was given the nickname Sorcerer.

When listing the main dates in the history of Russia in the eleventh century, it is worth mentioning the creation of the “Pravda of the Yaroslavichs” in 1072 and the “Izbornik of Svyatoslav” in 1073. The latter contains descriptions of the lives of the saints, as well as their important teachings.

A more interesting document is “Russian Truth”. It consists of two parts. The first was written during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, and the second in 1072. This collection contains norms of criminal, procedural, commercial and inheritance legislation.

The last event worth mentioning within the eleventh century was the princes. He marked the beginning of the fragmentation of the Old Russian state. There it was decided that everyone should manage only their own estate.

12th century

Oddly enough, the Polovtsians played an important role in the reunification of the ancient Russian princes. Speaking about the main dates in the history of Russia in the twelfth century, one cannot fail to mention the campaigns against these nomads in 1103, 1107 and 1111. It was these three military campaigns that united the Eastern Slavs and created the preconditions for the reign of Vladimir Monomakh in 1113. His successor was his son Mstislav Vladimirovich.

During the reign of these princes, the Tale of Bygone Years was finally edited, and there was also an increase in discontent among the people, which was expressed in the uprisings of 1113 and 1127.

After the death of Yaroslav the Wise, the political history of Europe and the history of Russia gradually became distant. The dates and events of the twelfth century fully confirm this.

While there was a struggle for power here caused by the collapse of the Kyiv state, the unification of Spain and several crusades were being carried out in Western Europe.

The following happened in Rus'. In 1136, as a result of the uprising and expulsion of Vsevolod Mstislavovich, a republic was established in Novgorod.

In 1147, chronicles first mention the name Moscow. It was from this time that the gradual rise of the city began, which was subsequently destined to become the capital of the united state.

The end of the twelfth century was marked by even greater fragmentation of the state and the weakening of the principalities. All this led to the fact that Rus' is deprived of freedom, falling into the yoke of the Mongol-Tatars.

Since these events took place in the thirteenth century, we will talk about them further.

XIII century

In this century, the independent history of Russia is temporarily interrupted. The dates, the table of Batu’s campaigns, which is given below, as well as maps of battles with the Mongols, indicate the incompetence of many princes in matters of military operations.

There are several stories where city residents were able to heroically repel invaders (for example, Kozelsk). But not a single event is mentioned when the princes defeated the Mongol army.

Regarding Kozelsk, this is simply a unique story. The campaign of the invincible army of Khan Batu, who ravaged North-Eastern Rus' from 1237 to 1240, was stopped near the walls of a small fortress.

This town was the capital of the principality on the land of the former Vyatichi tribe. According to scientists, the number of his defenders did not exceed four hundred people. However, the Mongols were able to take the fortress only after seven weeks of siege and the loss of more than four thousand soldiers.

It is noteworthy that the defense was held by ordinary residents, without a prince or governor. At this time, Mstislav’s grandson, twelve-year-old Vasily, “ruled” in Kozelsk. Nevertheless, the townspeople decided to protect him and defend the city.

After the fortress was captured by the Mongols, it was razed to the ground and all the inhabitants were killed. Neither infants nor frail old people were spared.

After this battle, the remaining important dates in the history of Russia associated with the Mongol invasion concern exclusively the southern principalities.

So, in 1238, a little earlier, a battle takes place near the Kolomna River. In 1239, Chernigov and Pereyaslavl were plundered. And in 1240 Kyiv also fell.

In 1243, the Mongol state - the Golden Horde - was formed. Now Russian princes are obliged to take the “label to reign” from the khans.

In the northern lands at this time a completely different picture occurs. Swedish and German troops are approaching Rus'. They are opposed by the Novgorod prince Alexander Nevsky.

In 1240, he defeated the Swedes on the Neva River, and in 1242 he completely defeated the German knights (the so-called Battle of the Ice).

In the second half of the thirteenth century, several punitive campaigns of the Mongols against Rus' took place. They were directed against unwanted princes who did not receive a label to rule. So, in 1252 and 1293, Khan Duden destroyed fourteen large settlements of North-Eastern Rus'.

Due to difficult events and the gradual transfer of control to the northern lands, in 1299 the patriarch moved from Kyiv to Vladimir.

XIV century

More significant dates in the history of Russia date back to the fourteenth century. In 1325, Ivan Kalita came to power. He begins to gather all the principalities into a single state. So, by 1340, some lands were annexed to Moscow, and in 1328 Kalita became the Grand Duke.

In 1326, Metropolitan Peter of Vladimir moved his residence to Moscow as a more promising city.

The plague (“Black Death”) that began in 1347 in Western Europe reached Rus' in 1352. She destroyed many people.

When mentioning important dates in the history of Russia, it is especially worth focusing on events related to Moscow. In 1359, Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy ascended the throne. Over the course of two years, starting in 1367, the construction of the stone Kremlin in Moscow took place. It was because of this that it was later called “white stone”.

By the end of the fourteenth century, Rus' finally emerged from the rule of the Golden Horde khans. So, in this vein, important events are the battle near the Vozha River (1378) and the Battle of Kulikovo (1380). These victories showed the Mongol-Tatars that a powerful state was beginning to take shape in the north, which would not be under anyone’s authority.

However, the Golden Horde did not want to lose its tributaries so easily. In 1382 he gathered a large army and ravaged Moscow.

This was the last disaster associated with the Mongol-Tatars. Although Rus' finally freed itself from their yoke only a century later. But during this time no one else disturbed its borders.

Moreover, in 1395 Tamerlane finally destroyed the Golden Horde. But the yoke over Russia continued to exist.

15th century

The main dates in the history of Russia in the fifteenth century relate mainly to the unification of lands into a single Moscow state.

The first half of the century passed in civil strife. During these years, Vasily I and Vasily II the Dark, Yuri Zvenigorodsky and Dmitry Shemyaka were in power.

The events of the first half of the fifteenth century are a little reminiscent of 1917 in the history of Russia. The civil war that followed the revolution also revealed many appanage princelings, gang leaders, who were subsequently destroyed by Moscow.

The reason for the civil strife lay in the choice of ways to strengthen the state. Externally, the political activities of the provisional rulers were connected with the Tatars and Lithuanians, who sometimes carried out raids. Some princes were guided by the support of the East, others trusted the West more.

The moral of decades of civil strife was that those who did not rely on external support, but strengthened the country from within, won. Thus, the result was the unification of many small appanage lands under the rule of the Grand Duke of Moscow.

An important step was the establishment of autocephaly in the Russian Orthodox Church. Now the metropolitans of Kyiv and all Rus' were proclaimed here. That is, dependence on Byzantium and the Patriarch of Constantinople was destroyed.

In the course of feudal wars and religious misunderstandings, the separation of the Moscow Metropolis from the Kyiv Metropolis took place in 1458.

The discord between the princes ended with the accession of John III. In 1471 he defeated the Novgorodians in the Battle of Shelon, and in 1478 he finally annexed Veliky Novgorod to the Moscow Principality.

In 1480 one of the most significant events of the fifteenth century took place. It is known in the chronicles under the name This is a very interesting story, which contemporaries considered “the mystical intercession of the Virgin Mary.” gathered a large army and opposed Ivan III, who was in alliance with the Crimean Khan.

But there was no battle. After the troops stood against each other for a long time, both armies turned back. Researchers in our time have found that this was caused by the weakness of the Great Horde and the actions of sabotage detachments in the rear of Akhmat.

Thus, in 1480, the Moscow Principality became a completely sovereign state.

The year 1552 was similar in importance in the history of Russia. We'll talk about it a little later.

In 1497, the Code of Laws, a set of laws for all residents of the state, was officially adopted and approved.

16th century

The sixteenth century is characterized by powerful processes of centralization of the country. During the reign of Vasily III, Pskov (1510), Smolensk (1514) and Ryazan (1521) were annexed to Moscow. Also for the first time in 1517 it was mentioned as a state governing body.

With the death of Vasily III, a slight decline of Muscovy begins. The rules at this time were Elena Glinskaya, who was replaced by Boyar power. But the grown-up son of the deceased prince, Ivan Vasilyevich, put an end to arbitrariness.

He ascended the throne in 1547. Ivan the Terrible began with foreign policy. In the state itself, in fact, until 1565, the prince relied on zemsky councils and boyars. During these eighteen years, he was able to annex many territories.

The year 1552 is noteworthy in the history of Russia. Then Ivan the Terrible captures Kazan and annexes the Khanate to the Moscow state. In addition to it, such territories as the Astrakhan Khanate (1556) and the city of Polotsk (1562) were conquered.

The Siberian Khan in 1555 recognized himself as a vassal of Ivan Vasilyevich. However, in 1563, Khan Kuchum, who replaced him on the throne, breaks off all relations with Muscovy.

After a decade and a half of conquests, the Grand Duke turns his attention to the internal situation in the country. In 1565, the oprichnina was established and persecution and terror began. All boyar families that began to attach themselves to power are destroyed, and their property is confiscated. Executions continued until 1572.

In 1582, Ermak began his famous campaign in Siberia, which lasted a year.

In 1583, peace was signed with Sweden, returning to the latter all the lands conquered during the war.

In 1584, Ivan Vasilyevich dies and Boris Godunov actually comes to power. He became a real tsar only in 1598, after the death of Fedor, the son of Ivan the Terrible.

In 1598, the Rurikovich line was interrupted, and after the death of Boris (in 1605), the Time of Troubles and the Seven Boyars began.

17th century

The most important event was 1613 in the history of Russia. He influenced not only this century, but the next three hundred years. This year the turmoil ended and Mikhail, the founder of the Romanov dynasty, came to power.

The seventeenth century is characterized by the processes of formation and development of the Muscovite kingdom. In foreign policy, conflicts occur with Poland (1654) and Sweden (1656). From 1648 to 1654 there was an uprising in Ukraine led by Khmelnytsky.

There were riots in the Moscow kingdom itself in 1648 (Solyanoy), 1662 (Medny), 1698 (Streletsky). In 1668-1676 there was an uprising on the Solovetsky Islands. And from 1670 to 1671, the Cossacks rebelled under the leadership of Stenka Razin.

In addition to political and economic turmoil, religious turmoil and schism were brewing in the mid-seventeenth century. tried to reform the spiritual life of society, but was not accepted by the Old Believers. In 1667 he was convicted and sent into exile.

Thus, over the course of seven decades, the process of forming a single state took place, in which different institutions “grinded in” to each other. It ends with the accession of Peter I.

It turns out that 1613 in the history of Russia marked the beginning of a departure from feudalism. And Pyotr Alekseevich turned the kingdom into an empire and brought Russia to the international level.

XVIII century

The century of the most powerful rise that the history of Russia has ever known - the 18th century. The dates of the founding of new cities, universities, academies and other places speak for themselves.

So, in 1703 St. Petersburg was built. In 1711 the Senate was established, and in 1721 the Synod. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences was founded. In 1734 - the main military educational institution of the country, the Land Noble Corps. In 1755, Moscow University was created. These are just some of the events that show powerful cultural growth in the state.

In 1712, the capital was moved from “old” Moscow to “young” St. Petersburg. In addition, in 1721, Russia was proclaimed an empire, and Peter Alekseevich was the first to receive the corresponding title.

The eighteenth century will be of particular interest to those interested in the military history of Russia. The dates and events of this century show the unprecedented power of the Russian army and navy, as well as the wonders of engineering.

The country entered the nineteenth century as a powerful empire that defeated Turkey, Sweden, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

19th century

If a feature of the previous century was the cultural and military growth of the state, then in the next period there is a slight reorientation of interests. Rapid economic development and the separation of the government from the people - all this is the history of Russia, the 19th century.

The dates of significant events of that time tell us about the growth of bribery among officials, as well as about the authorities’ attempts to create thoughtless performers from the lower strata of society.

The main military conflicts of this century were the Patriotic War (1812) and the confrontation between Russia and Turkey (1806, 1828, 1853, 1877).

In domestic politics, many reforms are taking place aimed at further enslaving ordinary people. These are Speransky's reforms (1809), great reforms (1862), judicial reform (1864), censorship reform (1865), and universal military service (1874).

Even if we take into account the abolition of serfdom in 1861, it is still clear that the bureaucracy strives for maximum exploitation of the common people.
The response to this policy was a series of uprisings. 1825 - Decembrists. 1830 and 1863 - uprising in Poland. In 1881, the Narodnaya Volya killed Alexander II.

In the wake of general dissatisfaction with the government, the position of the Social Democrats is strengthening. The first congress took place in 1898.

XX century

Despite the wars, disasters and other horrors discussed above, some dates of the 20th century are especially terrible. Until that time, the history of Russia had not known such a nightmare as the Bolsheviks created in the first quarter of the century.

The 1905 revolution and participation in the First World War (1914-1917) were the last straw for ordinary workers and peasants.

The year 1917 will be remembered for a long time in the history of Russia. After the October Revolution and the abdication of Nicholas II, his family was captured and executed in July 1918. A civil war begins, which lasted until 1922, when the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was formed. A similar revolution and devastation marked 1991 in the history of Russia.

The first years of the existence of the new state were marked by social disasters of enormous proportions. These are famine in 1932-1933 and repression in 1936-1939.

In 1941, the USSR entered World War II. In our historical tradition, this conflict is called the Great Patriotic War. After the victory in 1945, the restoration and short-term rise of the country began.

1991 became a turning point in the history of Russia. The Soviet Union collapsed, leaving all dreams of a “bright future” under the rubble. In fact, people had to learn how to live from scratch in a market economy in a new state.

Thus, you and I, dear friends, briefly went through the most significant events in the history of Russia.

Good luck, and remember that the answers to the future are stored in the lessons of the past.

The history of the Russian state goes back more than 12 centuries. Over the course of centuries, events took place that became turning points on the scale of a huge country. Top 10 important dates in Russian history collected in our top ten today.

Of course, such a list cannot be called exhaustive - in the richest Russian history there are more than one hundred significant days. However, we suggest starting small and turning to the current top ten.

September 8, 1380 - Battle of Kulikovo (Battle of the Don or Mamayevo)

This battle between the army of Dmitry Donskoy and the army of Mamai is considered a turning point in the more than two hundred years of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. The crushing defeat dealt a blow to the military and political dominance of the Horde. According to legend, the battle was preceded by a duel between the Russian hero Peresvet and the Pecheneg Chelubey.

November 24, 1480 – Fall of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

The Mongol yoke was established in Rus' in 1243 and remained unshakable for 237 years. At the end of November 1480, the Great Stand on the Ugra River ended, marking the victory of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III over the Khan of the Great Horde, Akhmat.

October 26, 1612 – Liberation of the Kremlin from invaders

On this day, members of the people's militia, led by the legendary Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin, liberate the Kremlin from the Polish-Swedish invaders. Among those who left the Kremlin was the nun Martha with her son Mikhail Romanov, who in 1613 was proclaimed the new Russian sovereign.

June 27, 1709 – Battle of Poltava

The largest battle of the Northern War ended in a decisive victory for the Russian army. From that moment on, Sweden's authority as one of the leading military powers in Europe was over. But the power of the renewed Russian army was demonstrated to the whole world.

August 26, 1812 - Battle of Borodino

The largest battle of the Patriotic War lasted 12 hours. Both armies lost 25-30% of their strength. The battle was conceived by Napoleon as a general one, and the goal was a crushing defeat of the Russian army. However, the battle ended ingloriously for the French, despite the Russian retreat, and became the beginning of the end of the Napoleonic campaign.

February 19, 1861 – abolition of Russian serfdom

The freedom of the peasants was secured by the manifesto of Emperor Alexander II, who was popularly nicknamed the Liberator. By the time the manifesto was published, the share of serfs in the Russian population was about 37%.

February 27, 1917 – February Revolution

An armed uprising in February 1917 led to the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II. These events are considered the beginning of the Soviet period in Russian history. For the next 74 years, a new form of government was established in the state.

May 9, 1945 – Signing of the Act of Unconditional Surrender of Germany

The day of the end of the Great Patriotic War was declared a national holiday immediately in 1945. Despite the fact that the first victory parade took place in the capital on Red Square on June 24, 1945, Russians celebrate Victory Day on May 9.

April 12, 1961 - Yuri Gagarin's flight into space

The first human flight into space was not only the most important event in the scientific world, but also significantly strengthened the prestige of the USSR as a military space power. In the eyes of the whole world, the authority of the Americans was undermined; space flight became decisive for a number of states that wavered in their sympathies between the Union and the United States.

December 8, 1991 – Signing of the Agreement on the Creation of the CIS (Belovezhskaya Agreement)

The agreement was signed by three leaders: Boris Yeltsin, Stanislav Shushkevich and Leonid Kravchuk. This event can be considered the date of the final collapse of the USSR. By the end of 1991, the Russian Federation was recognized by the world community and took the place of the USSR in the UN. It can be considered that from this moment the history of modern Russia began.