Verbs in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood have a variable morphological sign of the face.

Face indicates the manufacturer of the action.

Form 1 of the person indicates that the producer of the action is the speaker (alone or with a group of persons): go, go.

Form 2 of the person indicates that the producer of the action is the listener / listeners: go, go, go, go.

Form 3 of the person indicates that the action is carried out by persons not participating in the dialogue, or by objects: go, go, let go / go.

Forms 1 and 2 of the person in the absence of a subject can indicate that the action is attributed to any manufacturer (see generalized personal one-piece sentence: The quieter you go, the further you'll get).

From the point of view of attitude to the morphological category of a person, verbs can be divided into personal and impersonal.

Personal verbs denote actions that have a producer, and can act as predicates of two-part sentences ( I'm ill).

Impersonal verbs denote an action that has no producer ( Dusk), or an action that is thought of as happening against the will of the subject ( I'm not feeling well). These are states of nature ( It is getting dark), person ( I'm shivering) or a subjective assessment of the situation ( I want to believe it). Impersonal verbs cannot be predicates of two-part sentences and act as the main member of a one-part impersonal sentence.

Impersonal verbs have a limited number of forms:

In the past tense of the indicative mood and in conditional mood the impersonal form coincides with the form of the neuter singular. numbers: dawn (would);

In the present / future tense of the indicative mood, the impersonal form coincides with the form of the 3rd person singular. numbers: dawn, dawn;

In the imperative mood, the impersonal form coincides with the form of the 2nd person singular. numbers: Light up early, I would get up early(figurative use of the imperative mood in the meaning of the conditional).

Most impersonal verbs also have an infinitive form, but some impersonal verbs do not even have it, for example: The task should be done in advance(verb to follow in the infinitive it does not matter the obligation).

Personal verbs can also appear in an impersonal form (cf .: The wave washed away the boat. - The wave washed away the boat.). This happens when the action itself is more important for the speaker than its producer.

In the indicative mood, the morphological feature of a person is expressed by personal endings and, if there is a subject in the sentence, it is a concordant category: personal pronouns I and we require the formulation of the verb in the 1-person form, personal pronouns you and you require the use of the verb in the 2nd person, the rest of the pronouns and all nouns, as well as the words that act as a noun, require the use of the verb in the form of the 3rd person.

Conjugation

Conjugation- this is a change in the verb for persons and numbers.

The endings of the present / simple future tense are called personal endings a verb (since they also convey the meaning of a person).

Personal endings depend on the conjugation of the verb:

If the personal endings of the verb are stressed, then the conjugation is determined by the endings. So, the verb sleep refers to the II conjugation ( h-ish), and the verb drink- to I conjugation ( drink-eat). To the same conjugation are derived from them prefixed verbs with unstressed endings ( drink-eat).

If the endings are unstressed, then the conjugation is determined by the form of the verb infinitive: к II conjugation all verbs in - go, except shave, lay down, build up as well as 11 exceptions: 7 verbs in - eat (watch, see, endure, twirl, depend, hate, offend) and 4 verbs in - at (hear, breathe, drive, hold). The rest of the verbs refer to I conjugation.

In the Russian language there are verbs in which some of the personal endings refer to the first conjugation, and some to the second. Such verbs are called multi-conjugate... This is want, run, honor and all the verbs formed from the given ones.

Verb to want has endings of I conjugation in all singular forms. numbers and endings of II conjugation in all plural forms. numbers.

Verb run away has the endings of II conjugation in all forms, except for the 3rd person plural. numbers where it has an I conjugation ending.

Verb honor can either be multi-conjugate, or refer to the II conjugation, which depends on the form of the 3rd person of the plural. the numbers honor / honor.

In addition, there are verbs, some of the personal endings of which are not represented in either I or II conjugations. Such verbs have particular conjugation. This is there is and give and all educated from them ( eat, pass), as well as verbs related to origin data ( get bored, create). They have the following endings:

Most verbs have all possible face and number forms, but there are also verbs that do not have at all or usually do not use certain forms. So, for verbs win, find yourself, weird there are no forms of 1 person unit. numbers, for verbs crowd, group, scatter forms of unit are not used. numbers, for verbs foal, crystallize- Forms 1 and 2 faces.

29. The category of personality / impersonality. Impersonal verbs.

Personal verb forms are typical in their compatibility and inflectional characteristics of the verb forms: they are combined with the nominative form in the function of the subject ( Studentsread ), change for all inflectional verb categories, including persons ( read - read, read, etc.)

Impersonal verb forms are formed from personal by adding an inflectional postfix -Sya. They are not combined with the nominative form of the subject.

Impersonal forms are distinguished by the originality of inflection:

these forms do not have opposition by faces

their inflectional paradigm is incomplete; only some forms are used that are included in the typical morphological paradigm of the verb, namely the forms:

Infinitive ( It began to get light);

3rd person singular present (future) tense ( shivers, shivers);

The middle gender of the past tense and the subjunctive mood ( should).

The ratio of personal and impersonal forms of one verb is quite regular, however, "defects" of the paradigm in the category of personality / impersonality are often noted.

Verbs with missing impersonal forms are called verbs personaliatantum. These include:

Connective and semi-connective verbs ( be, become)

Ratio verbs ( exceed, prevail, make up, include)

Transitive verbs denoting physical, intellectual, social action aimed at a well-defined object ( Workerchops firewood)

Verbs with missing personal forms are called impersonaliatantum. They are not formed from personal forms, therefore they may not have a postfix - Xia (getting colder). There are several groups of such verbs that are never combined with the subject and denote:

Various physical states of nature ( it is dawning, dawn, dusk);

Physiological states of living beings ( chills, unwell, nauseous)

These or those modal states or relationships ( should be, should be, should);

The measure of the presence of something ( missing, missing).

30. Category of inclination. Indicative. Portable indicative values.

Mood- this is a morphological inflectional category, characterized by the conjugated forms of the verb and expressing the meaning of reality / unreality and the pre-procedural attribute indicated by the predicate in the opposition of the indicative, verbal and subjunctive moods, that is, the relation of a procedural feature to reality.

Indicative mood (or indicative) indicates the reality of an action, state, relationship or procedural property in the past, present or future: Youwaited , youcalled … Iwas bound ...; "The master himselfwill see that the hut is bad, andorders give to the forest ", -thinks old lady; Machineworking ; Volgaflows ; Xequals unit; Musicsoothes ... Temporal variability is a distinctive formal sign of the indicative mood.

Portable indicative values.

In special contextual conditions, mood forms acquire portable meaning, that is, one form is used instead of another. So, an indicative can indicate the unreality of an action, while expressing the following meanings:

‘Possibility of action’ - the indicative mood in the meaning of the subjunctive : He is not connected with Yermil by a rope, he gave up yeswent = ‘Would go’;

‘Incentive to action’ is the indicative mood for the imperative: The Colonel calls.Go ; Youtake away her to the general andask there.Will you say that I found and sent.

Impersonal verbs are verbs that name an action or a state outside the relationship to the subject of the action, representing the action as occurring by itself, regardless of the actor, that is, without the actor or object. With such verbs, the use of the subject is impossible: it is getting dark, dawn. Used in impersonal sentences, combined with personal names in the dative, accusative and genitive cases.

In their lexical meaning, impersonal verbs can express:

• natural phenomena; freezes, darkens;
• physical and mental state person: in a fever, do not want to;
• the modal meaning of the obligation: it should, it should, it should be others,
• the action of an unknown force: leads, carries, carries and others;
• action of elemental force (in combination with instrumental case): The paths were hammered, tightly covered with snow.
• Impersonal verbs change in tenses.
• Impersonal verbs have only the form of the 3rd person singular present, infinitive, the form of the neuter singular of the past tense, have the form of a conditional mood.
• Impersonal verbs have constant categories: form, conjugation, reflexivity.
• Impersonal verbs can be formed from personal ones using the suffixes - sya, -s.
• In an impersonal meaning, personal verbs can be used.
• In a sentence, impersonal verbs act as a predicate, with them there is no subject, therefore, they are used in one-part impersonal sentences.
• By education, impersonal verbs can be irreversible and reflexive:

The irreversible form of impersonal verbs has varieties:

• proper impersonal verbs: And dawns a long time ago;
• personal verbs in impersonal use; Wed: There is a Russian spirit, there it smells of Russia; How strong wormwood smells on the borders!

The reflexive form of impersonal verbs in most cases is formed from personal verbs (more often intransitive) by means of the affix -sya; does not sleep - does not sleep. There are such varieties of the reflexive form of impersonal verbs:

• verbs with an impersonal meaning that do not have correspondences in the group of personal verbs: To tell the truth, it lay perfectly on this couch;
• impersonal verbs that coincide in form with personal ones: One came true (cf. prediction came true), another dreamed (cf. happiness dreamed) (proverb).
• Impersonal verbs have the form of the subjunctive mood of the neuter singular. h and indefinite form; they have no form of imperative mood.
• There is a definite connection between personal and impersonal verbs:
• one and the same verb can be used both as personal and as impersonal: “Lilac smells nice”, “It smells very nice there”;
• an impersonal verb can be formed from a personal verb by adding the postfix -са-: "it is written".

The presence of such a connection is due to the origin of impersonal verbs.

Impersonal verbs denoting the state of a person

The general meaning of impersonal sentences of this type is determined by the meaning of the impersonal verb. They can denote the mental or physical state of a living creature: (Joy in the goiter stopped breathing. My heart sank. It chilled and broke. It was just that this time was unhealthy for me. He was feverish. And it is easy to breathe in the hall. My ears are stuffed up. Pavel Vasilyevich even took his breath away. It darkened in my eyes. But the day is fresh, and my bones ache. Why is it so painful for me and so difficult? You are a little cold, you close his face with the collar of his greatcoat. His head was spinning, and he felt sick. Hungry, wanderer, hungry. I am ashamed of your congratulations, I am afraid of your proud words!), sensory perceptions, sensations: (From the hut breathed damp. Small ripples sparkled quietly along the sleepy river.), visual or auditory perception: (For a long time, there was no sound of a bell or the sound of wheels on a flint road. not it is seen.). The emotional state of a person: (And it was a pity to tell me the truth).

Impersonal verbs with different modal meanings

The general meaning of impersonal sentences of this type is determined by the meaning of the impersonal verb. They can denote a must, necessity, and other modal shades (such a verb is most often used with an infinitive): (She could talk more calmly about her fate and what she ought to do. For some reason he felt that he was speaking differently, as if He walked slowly, as befits a visitor to the museum. And in order not to anger the patient, Proshka will have to stand to the window. In this case, you can turn your head at the moment. We must live! He felt ill, his head ached, it was impossible to go. do you need, older?), modal-volitional shades: (In this case, you can turn your head at the moment. We must live!. He felt sick, his head ached. It was impossible to go. What do you want, older? I would like to dance) obligation in relation to the time of the action: (I had good friend- it’s much better to be, - but everything happened, I didn’t have time to talk to him.)

Impersonal verbs denoting the actions of an unreal (unknown) force

The general meaning of impersonal sentences of this type is determined by the meaning of the impersonal verb. They can denote phenomena attributed to fate, or the actions of an unreal force: (It happens that mine is luckier. I was not always lucky. He was carried away to the ancient world, and he reasoned about Aeginian marbles. He advised me to go there.), The action of an unknown force by means of which -or tools: (And the wind finally knocked down that tree. The stars were covered with darkness. Suddenly, a light, unbearably white, bright, lashed at the eyes until they were blind. I’m waiting for it to overgrow or cover it with mud. An old plum. All my chest was poured with cold, filled with a feeling of joy, delight. A burning frost scorches my face.).

Once, in a cold winter season, my mother caught a cold and fell ill. “Something has been chilling me all day today,” she complained to her little daughter. The girl was terribly surprised and asked: "Mom, who can shiver you?" “Nobody just shivers,” she smiled. “Strange,” said the girl, “can it be so?” "Maybe. There are such actions that, as in a fairy tale, are done by themselves or by some unknown force ... We do not know this, we do not see and do not know the one who is acting, therefore we say so: it is shivering, getting dark, drowsing ... "" What is this a fairy tale? ”- you ask. Let's answer: "Impersonal verbs."

Definition

In Russian, there are some verbs that denote actions by themselves, that is, without any actor. We are talking about a group called "impersonal verbs". What is their feature? If personal verbs are conjugated, then the latter cannot change according to persons and numbers. They are used exclusively in impersonal sentences. For example: “It got dark. Along the alleys, over sleepy ponds, I wander at random "(Ivan Bunin)," By midnight it freezes slightly "(Kuprin)," Melo, it was shallow throughout the land, to all limits ... "(Pasternak). Now let's figure out what these unusual verbs mean, and in what grammatical forms they can be used.

Lexical meanings

Their lexical meaning is quite varied. In general, it determines total value impersonal offer. So, impersonal verbs can have the following meanings. The first and most common are the phenomena and states of nature. For example: it is getting dark, dawn, drizzle, blizzard, etc.

The second is the psychophysical state of a person or a living being (nauseous, freezing, unwell, dozing, vomiting, and many others).

Third - the actions of elemental forces (she was unlucky, everything was covered with snow).

Fourth - the presence or absence of something (lack, enough). And the last one is the obligation (it should, it should, it should, it should be, it appears, it should).

Use

Impersonal verbs (examples follow) can be used in different grammatical forms. Firstly, it is the indefinite, or initial form of the verb (freeze, become, dusk). They can also be used in the indicative and conditional moods. In the indicative mood, they tend to change over time. The impersonal form of the verb can coincide in form with verbs in the 3rd person singular of the present or future tense (drizzling, will drizzle; chills, chills; dusk, dusk), as well as with verbs of the neuter gender of the past tense (frosty, breezy, sad) ...

Please note that, in general, the category of the person in these verbs is a pure formality, since the form of the third person (or the neuter form) is in a kind of "frozen" state, and there simply cannot be another. In the conditional mood, the sign of which is the particle "would / b", they are used, respectively, with the given particles (would thaw, warm, warm). Remember that the particle "would / b" is always written separately with verbs. And, finally, in the imperative mood - with a tinge of desirability (let it get warmer). The topic "Impersonal Verbs: Usage Examples" does not end there. Let's go further ...

Views

There are several types of impersonal verbs. These are, in fact, the impersonal verbs themselves, which do not correspond to any subject (dawn, chills, dusk). Further - the impersonal forms of verbs, which are formed from personal ones with the help of the suffix -sya (I think he hears it). Also, some personal verbs can act in an impersonal meaning. In this case, a sentence can often be constructed in two ways: either one predicate, expressed by an impersonal verb, without a subject, or with a subject that the subject of the action calls, and with the same predicate verb, but already used in a personal form. Consider such sentences with impersonal verbs: "hail has beaten the whole harvest" or "hail has beaten the whole harvest"; “I don’t write” or “I don’t write”; "dampness breathed from the apartment" - "dampness breathed from the apartment". As you can see, a sentence with the use of an impersonal verb and a sentence with the same verb, but in a personal form, differ only in expressive and semantic shades.

Fiction

This is especially noticeable in the examples from fiction, in poetry: “My whole chest was chilled, filled with a feeling of joy, delight” (Paustovsky), “I had a good friend, - where is it better to be, - but everything happened, we didn't have time to talk to him” (Simonov). Sentences built according to the formula "subject plus predicate, expressed by a personal verb" convey a more specific, unambiguous picture of the world, without any undercurrents. And phrases with verbs in an impersonal meaning, describing certain actions, processes or phenomena, appear to the reader more vague, and therefore more mysterious and mysterious. In this regard, impersonal verbs in the hands of a writer or poet become a real tool capable of creating unknown worlds and distances.

Verbs in Russian can be divided into many types. One of these types is impersonal verbs, which are, as it were, the opposite of verbs that have faces. Let's see how to recognize the impersonal form, what is characteristic of it, and in what sentences it is used.

Verbs for actions without a subject

First, let's remember what personal verbs are. Usually, when we talk about a certain person or object performing an action, the phrase sounds like this - “he did,” “she said,” “they did,” “we decided,” and so on. The verb in such a sentence is closely related to the noun - it describes the action that we ourselves perform, the people around us, animals, or even inanimate objects.

However, it also happens in another way. It happens that verbs talk about actions that happen as if by themselves - no one performs them, there is no person who would be responsible for the process. It is these verbs that are called impersonal.

Here are some examples:

• It was getting dark outside.
• I usually get lucky in the lottery.
• Outside the window, it began to sound.
• Towards evening he felt sad.
• It felt cold from the window.

For verbs of an impersonal type, certain common features are characteristic. In particular, they do not incline by gender and number, of course, they do not have faces, it is impossible to form participles or gerunds from them.

What are impersonal verbs?

• Indefinite form, or infinitive. For example - "get dark, get dark, want to".
• Conditional mood. For example - "it would have dawned sooner", "it would have covered up all traces", "with time everything would have passed."
• Indicative. In it, the impersonal verb can have the singular form of the 3rd person in the present tense - for example, "it gets dark outside the window", "it looks on the street". In addition, there are verbs in the future tense - "it will darken" or "will blush" - and in the past. But in the latter case, the masculine gender changes to the middle one - "darkened", "zavyuzhy".

There are also impersonal verbs formed from the personal verbs of the 3rd person and the singular with the help of the "sya" particle. For example - "I can't sleep." In this case, the personal verb would sound like "does not sleep" and would be tied to the subject - "he is not sleeping", "she is not sleeping." But in a modified form, the verb denotes a physical or emotional state that can refer to anyone - and therefore is impersonal.