One of the most popular Internet services today is the World Wide Web (WWW). This part of the Internet has become so popular that many users mistakenly equate the World Wide Web with the Internet.

What is it that attracts users to the World Wide Web?

The World Wide Web was conceived as an information field that consists of many documents. The most important thing in this idea was that all documents and their parts should be linked by hyperlinks.

A schematic example of linking pages using hyperlinks is shown in Fig. 20.1. As you can see, if you draw lines connecting hyperlinks in several documents, the overall appearance of the picture begins to somewhat resemble a spider's web. Hence the name of the service - World Wide Web (the word Web in English means “web”).

Rice. 20.1. Linking pages using hyperlinks.

To view web pages, you need a browser program. Its main feature is that it not only shows the text, but also highlights hyperlinks in it. When viewing text, the user can activate any hyperlink and thereby trigger a transition to a related document or the desired location in the current document.

In modern browsers that support a graphical interface, activating a hyperlink is usually accomplished by clicking the mouse. It is also accepted that when you hover the mouse pointer over a hyperlink, it changes its appearance like a hand (Fig. 20.2). Additionally, hyperlinks are usually blue and underlined by default, although many web pages do not follow these rules for the sake of overall appearance (design).

In the document text itself, HTML (or its more modern version, XHTML) is usually used to create hyperlinks. A hyperlink contains an indication of the document that the user should go to when clicking on it, and possibly a specific location in that document. Conventional hyperlinks, organized using HTML or XHTML, are unidirectional, meaning that it is impossible to determine from a document which documents link to it.

HTML has become the primary standard for presenting web pages. In addition to organizing hyperlinks, its modern version supports the following features:

Text formatting (font size, typeface, italics, style, etc.);

Selecting text and background colors;

Support for tabular presentation of material;

Support for inserting images into text;

Breaking down the material into blocks, each of which can be presented independently of the other;

Presentation of material in the form of bulleted and numbered lists.

Modern browser programs can do more than just display text and activate hyperlinks. Typically, they support displaying images, inserting audio and video objects, executing scripts (written in a special JavaScript language) inside the page code, caching material (automatically saving recently viewed pages so you can quickly return to them) and much more.

You can use various browser programs to view web pages.

Consider, for example, the browser that is built into the Windows XP operating system - the Internet Explorer program (Fig. 20.3).

Rice. 20.3. An open web page in Internet Explorer.

To view a web page, enter the address of the desired page in the Address line. To clear this line in Internet Explorer, use the standard delete key – Delete. After entering the address, press Enter.

Please keep in mind that sometimes web pages appear differently in different browser programs. This especially applies to modern complex pages.

Sometimes pages written in foreign languages open in the wrong encoding, that is, for example, Russian text looks unreadable (Fig. 20.4 a, b). In this case, you need to select Encoding from the View menu and then the correct encoding option. This could be, for example, Cyrillic K0I8-R. If different encodings are observed in different parts of the page (for example, the left part of the page is displayed normally, but on the right, instead of Russian text, there is an incomprehensible set of Latin letters with icons), right-click directly on the place of the page where the unreadable text is located and select Encoding from the context menu.

Rice. 20.4. Web page with Cyrillic characters: in the required encoding ( A) and in incorrect encoding ( b).

In Internet Explorer, you can view the source HTML code of a page by selecting View HTML Code from the View menu. If a page has several frames, that is, separate “half-windows”, each of which displays part of the page, the HTML code of the desired frame can be viewed by selecting the item of the same name from the context menu after right-clicking in the desired frame. However, please note that if the page is generated by a server-side script (such as PHP), you will not be able to view its source code, but only the HTML code generated by the script.

At any time, you can insert a bookmark on the page you are viewing by pressing CtrL+D. All created bookmarks are links to Internet pages. You can later select them from the Favorites menu to quickly jump to the desired page.

If you select Arrange Favorites from the Favorites menu, a separate bookmark editor window will open. Here you can rename any of the bookmarks, create new ones, sort them into groups (folders), insert separators, etc.

Using a browser program, you can not only view the content of web pages, but also send any data back to the server, if this is provided by the page creator. Among the sites where you need to not only read information, but also send it to the server, the following stand out:

Search engines;

Online stores;

Paid Internet resources.

Forums are special web pages that organize communication between people based on their interests. For example, by visiting the page at cLub60.org, you will be taken to the Nokia smartphone user forum.

You can register on the web page of any forum by submitting some initial information about yourself and entering your name to represent you on the forum (possibly a pseudonym, or, as they say on the Internet, a nickname) and a password. Subsequently, you will be able to log in to the forum using your username and password, after which you will be able to send messages to the forum.

The forum is usually organized in the form of several thematic sections, in each of which you can start a discussion of a topic by sending a corresponding message, or respond to statements from other forum participants. Once sent, your messages immediately appear on the site, so that all other forum visitors can immediately read them.

Well-organized forums make it fairly easy to find topics that interest you. Some particularly large forums often organize a special site search service.

Search engines are web pages that allow you to search for various resources on the Internet. They are used when the user does not know the exact address of a particular Internet resource or simply wants to find information on a topic that interests him.

There are many search engines on the Internet, the most famous of which are:

Yahoo! – yahoo.com (more of a resource directory, but with search capabilities);

Raya - raya.ru (interface for searching in three search engines at once - Google, Yandex and Rambler).

In addition to general purpose search engines, there are also more highly specialized search engines, for example, for searching music files, products on the Internet, etc.

Online stores are websites that are organized as virtual stores. Here you can look at the products, if you wish, get to know the characteristics of each of them more closely, look at an enlarged image of the product and, of course, find out its price. Then you can click on a special hyperlink to add the products you like to the “cart” - to a special section of the site. When all the products have been selected, you can view your “cart”, see the total cost of purchases, change the list of selected products if necessary, and place an order. To do this, you need to enter the address where you want the order to be delivered and your name. Usually you also need to provide your phone number so that the store courier can call and clarify the necessary details.

Usually the order is paid directly upon delivery. However, there are systems that allow you to pay it in advance, for example, using a credit card or one of the Internet payment systems, of which there are several - WebMoney, Yandex-money, etc.

Paid resources are websites that require you to first pay money to the creator of the resource to view them. Despite the fact that most web pages on the Internet are accessible to everyone, there are also paid resources. For some reason, some users believe that these are necessarily obscene web pages “for adults”. However, any resources containing exclusive information may be paid. For example, the Internet provides paid access to an electronic version of Grove's encyclopedic dictionary of music. Many artists provide paid access to pages where you can listen to their new recordings, etc.

Such a resource usually consists of a free main page and the actual content of the resource. The main page contains information about what awaits the user who pays for the resource information. Here, a form for payment is usually offered, which, as a rule, can be made using a credit card or one of the Internet payment systems.

The paying user is usually given a special password to access the paid information, after which he can view it. On many updated resources, a subscription to the resource is paid, that is, access after payment is provided for a certain period of time.

Introduction

Today it is impossible to do without the help of a computer, and therefore the Internet. The emergence of the Internet began in 1969. At that time, the ARPAnet computer network was created in the United States, which united computer centers of the Department of Defense and a number of academic organizations. Although the real emergence of the Internet as the unification of six large US IP networks into a single scientific network NSFNET took place only in 1986. Today, the NSFNET network is the backbone network in this country and plays a special role throughout the Internet, since no other country's networks can be connected to it without registration. The Internet is a network of interconnected computer systems and various computer services. This network is a collection of various components, such as e-mail, teleconferencing, FTP sites, and real-time chat.

The World Wide Web (WWW) was born in 1992. It was created by Tim Berners-Lee of the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN), located in Geneva, Switzerland. By October 1993, it had over 200 active Web servers, and by June 1995, the total number was over 6.5 million. Currently, there are already more than 30 million.

The World Wide Web is the most famous and recognized means of accessing Internet information resources. In reality, it is a system of interconnected pages representing Web sites around the world. These pages contain links that appear as highlighted text or pictures. By simply clicking on such a link, you can be transferred from this page to another, and perhaps this new page will be on a computer on the other side of the globe.

The purpose of this work is to consider software for working with Internet resources and e-mail, and create a website.

Web browsing software

Browsers

A browser is a software tool for viewing web pages, a complex application for processing and displaying various components of a web page, and for providing an interface between a website and its visitor.

Today there are many programs for viewing web pages - these are Amaya, Camino, Dillo, ELinks, Epiphany, Galeon, ICab, Internet Explorer, Links, K-Meleon, Konqueror, Mosaic, Mozilla, Opera, Safari, Mozilla Firefox, Netscape and others. I will describe the browser in more detail - Internet Explorer.

Windows Internet Explorer, abbreviated I.E.-- a series of graphical browsers developed by Microsoft since 1995 and included in the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems. Internet Explorer has been the most widely used web browser since 1999; peaking at 95% usage during 2002 and 2003. Internet Explorer 7.0 is the current version of the browser, which can be downloaded from the Microsoft website since October 18, 2006.

Internet Explorer is an application designed for browsing and interacting with web pages. This application provides the user with the opportunity to create optimal conditions for working on the Internet: settings for security and privacy of the connection, adjusting the graphic content of web pages by setting the font and its size, as well as the ability to speed up and simplify work by placing the necessary buttons in the panel and saving the necessary ones links in the “Favorites” column, as well as when using keyboard shortcuts.

Internet Explorer has tabs, a pop-up blocker, a phishing filter, Group Policy, and the ability to auto-update via Windows Update.

Appendix 1 shows an example of an Internet Explorer working window.

The essence of the World Wide Web (WWW) system is the application of the hypertext model to information resources distributed on the global network. WWW is one of the types of Internet services. WWW provides the opportunity to work with documents that combine text, graphics, sounds, and animation, which greatly facilitates the perception of information. Hypertext documents (Web pages) are created using a special hypertext markup language, HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language).

The WWW system operates on the client-server principle. The client is an HTML interpreter, a special viewing program called a WWW-browser. A WWW browser is an application program that interacts with the WWW system, receives requested documents, interprets the data and displays the contents of the documents on the screen. The client program provides access to almost all Internet information resources that are stored on servers. To work with the WWW system, you must install one of the Web browser programs on your computer, for example, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, MyIE Web Browser, Opera, etc. Most browsers provide access to other Internet servers: FTP servers, Gopher servers, and UseNet newsgroup servers.

Internet Explorer

Internet Explorer is installed along with the Windows installation and the Internet Explorer browser icon appears on the desktop. This icon can be used to launch Internet Explorer. After launching the Internet Explorer web browser, a browser window will appear on the screen.

An Internet Explorer browser or browser window contains:

 menu bar;

 three toolbars: Regular buttons, Address bar, Links;

 status bar. The Common Buttons panel contains all the main browser control buttons. The Address and Links panels are used to specify the address of the Web page to load. The status bar, located at the bottom of the window, contains messages about the status of the Web page. The progress bar on the right side of the status bar shows the progress of the file being downloaded. The status bar also contains an indicator showing the set security level of loaded Web pages.

To go to web pages you can use:

 the Address panel, where you enter the address of the required Web page;

Using hyperlinks

Every Web page contains links to other pages. The easiest way to move from one Web page to another is to use the mouse. To navigate to other pages, you can use the navigation menu, text hyperlinks, and graphic hyperlinks. Typically text hyperlinks are underlined so they can be easily found. Text links to pages you have already visited change color. Graphical hyperlinks are more difficult to define. If, when you place the cursor on an image, it takes the form of a palm with a pointing finger, then this is a hyperlink. When you click on a link, the Web page specified in it opens by default in the current browser window. But it can also be opened in a new window. To do this, place the cursor on the link, right-click and from the context menu that appears, select Open in new window.

Using the Web Page Address

To navigate to a Web page, you can use its address, which begins with the name of the protocol. This is followed by the domain name and the location of the file relative to the domain. By default, the Address panel is located below the main browser toolbar. When you enter an address in the drop-down list in this panel and press the Enter key or the Go button, the browser opens the Web page for which you entered the address. All the addresses you previously entered in the Address panel are saved in the drop-down list, and you can select them from this list as needed. You can enter the page URL directly from the keyboard into the Address panel. When entering an address, you don't have to enter the initial http://www part of the address, as the browser will add it itself. Using the Links and Favorites folders to navigate to Web pages Initially, you should save the addresses of the Web pages you selected in the Links and Favorites folders. It should be noted that the Links folder is a subfolder of the Favorites folder. To save the address of an open Web page, click on the Favorites menu and select the Add to Favorites command. The Add to Favorites dialog box will open, in which you must select a folder to save the address (including the Links folder). After that, to go to the required page, click on the Favorites menu and select the desired Web page address in the folders, the browser opens the Web page whose address you specified. Navigating a Web Page If you are not satisfied with the loading speed of Web pages, you can disable the display of graphical information. To do this, follow these steps: 1. Select the Internet Options command from the Tools menu. 2. In the Internet Options dialog box, select the Advanced tab. 3. In the Multimedia section, clear the Display pictures check box.

Changing the encoding type of a web page

If the page encoding type does not match the set encoding in the browser, you will see a meaningless set of characters, then set the required encoding type using the View / Encoding command. The most common types of encoding of Russian-language text are Cyrillic (KOI8) and Cyrillic (Windows).

Saving a Web page and its fragments

A Web page consists of an HTML document and other files used to design the page. Using Internet Explorer, you can save the entire page or its individual fragments. Saving a Web Page To save a Web page, perform the following steps: 1. Select the File / Save As command, the Save Web Page dialog box will open. 2. Select a folder and specify the name of the file to be created. 3. In the File type field, specify the type of data to be saved:

 Web page, entire - used to save the entire page,

 Web archive, one file - the entire Web page will be saved as one file.

 Web page, HTML only – used to save only the HTML document without pictures or other files;

 Text file – to save a Web page in plain text format. 4. Click the Save button. Saving fragments of text and pictures from a Web page To save a fragment of text, select it and click the right mouse button. A context menu will open, from which select the Copy command; the fragment will be saved to the temporary Windows clipboard. Now you can insert it, for example, into a Word document. To copy a picture from a Web page, place the cursor on the picture and click the right mouse button. Then, from the context menu, select the "Copy Image" command. The drawing can be saved as a separate file. To do this, from the context menu of the image, select the "Save Image As" command. When saving a drawing, you can select a file type that matches the type of the drawing, or save the drawing in bmp format.

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Email, how it works, creating a mailbox, composing a message, delivering and reading mail.

Email is one of the oldest services on the Internet and has now become the most

Programs for viewing Web documents, working with Web documents. Concept, .

One of the main tasks of the Internet is storing and providing (upon request) the necessary information to users. To find the necessary information on the Internet, you need to know the address of the Web page (site) on which this information is located, have at least one of the Web browsing applications installed on your PC, and have access to the global network.
A program for viewing Web pages is called a browser. There are many browsers available nowadays. The most popular graphical browsers (two-dimensional): Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Flock (Firefox and Flock are based on Netscape code), Opera, Netscape Navigator, Google Chrome and others. The Safari browser for Windows is gaining popularity. The first graphical browser, Viola, appeared in 1992. Currently, three-dimensional browsers are being developed, for example the Clara browser

Popular text browsers (console browsers) are Lynx and Links (Links2 supports graphics). Lynx and Links can be used on various platforms: Unix, Macintosh, Windows and other operating systems. These browsers are advisable to use for weak PCs and low-speed Internet connections.

In addition, these browsers can be used for powerful PCs and high-speed lines for the purpose of navigation or Internet surfing (for quick access to the required information on sites), and to view the required Web pages, it is advisable to use browsers with a graphical interface.

To work in DOS, you can use the graphical WWW browser Arachne - this is a graphical browser that supports the basic elements of modern Web design. To work in Linux, you can use the following browsers: Lynx, Links (Elinks, Links2, Links Hacked), Opera, Netscape, and so on.

Browsers are a client of the World Wide Web, that is, an application program that, upon request, receives documents from Web servers, interprets data from Web pages and displays them on the screen.

Using a browser, you can easily search for a desired web page on the Internet by typing one or more words in the address bar (search bar) of the browser and pressing Enter to begin the search. Browsers provide access not only to Web servers, but also to other Internet servers (FTP servers, Gopher servers, and UseNet newsgroup servers).

One of the most popular browsers is Internet Explorer, since the Internet Explorer application is included in the Windows operating system.
3.4. Using the Internet Browser

To open a Web document, you can enter its address in the address field and press Enter. The search and download of the document will begin.
As a rule, all documents on the WWW contain multimedia information (graphic, sound and video files), which, while significantly increasing the file loading time, serves only to decorate it. To significantly reduce the loading time of a document, it is recommended to first quickly load it in text mode, disabling multimedia files. To do this, you need to run the commands Tools, Internet Options and on the Advanced tab, uncheck the boxes next to all items in the Multimedia section. In this mode, instead of pictures, special icons are placed in the document. If the open document is of interest, any drawing can be loaded at the right time. To do this, simply click on the icon representing the picture with the right mouse button and select the Show Picture command in the context menu that appears. You can also set the multimedia mode and click the Refresh button - the document will open with all multimedia files.

Once the Web page has finished loading, you can scroll through it. If it contains a link, you can click on the link to open a new Web page, and you can switch between Web pages using the Back and Forward buttons.

If a document can be useful in the future, it should be saved to disk as a file (using the File, Save As command). In this case, you can set the saving form as follows:
-text;
- Web document without multimedia files, but with links to them;
- a complete Web document. In the latter case, you can work with the document offline.
You can also save a link to the document in the Favorites folder (command Favorites, Add to Favorites). This should be done if you expect to refer to the document regularly in the future.

What does the now widespread word “multimedia” mean? In 1988, the European Commission on the Introduction and Use of New Technologies proposed the following definition: multimedia - a product containing “collections of images, text and data, accompanied by sound, video, animation and other visual effects (Simulation), and including an interactive interface and other mechanisms management". In the light of this definition, we can talk about multimedia technologies as a set of organizational, technical and software tools used for the development of multimedia products.
Of course, all computer users know at least one text editor, but in multimedia just a text editor is not enough, although they can be used to prepare individual text fragments. The main requirement is to combine all text fragments of a multimedia product into a single hypertext structure. What is hypertext? Briefly, it can be defined as an array of text information linked by cross-references.
the most advanced information system - the human brain - uses associations to search for information. One of the attempts to create such a search system is the hypertext system. Its convenience and efficiency turned out to be so great that now almost any application program contains a help system that uses hypertext elements.
From the point of view of information processing systems, hypertext is a system that does not require a formalized model for representing the data of the subject area under consideration. Instead, semantic (notional) connections are used between pieces of information, which may not have a formal description, but based on these connections it is possible to view, analyze information and create new fragments. Currently, hypertext systems typically contain only unidirectional links, and the author decides when creating the system whether to link back to the original context. Future systems should automatically create bidirectional links in all places where one document became the source of another.
To create hypertext documents, there is a special language SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language). It is a toolkit of mechanisms for creating structured documents marked up using descriptors. In this case, the entire process is divided into three independent stages: creation, processing and formatting of the document. Therefore, SGML technology provides a huge benefit when preparing materials that need to be output in different ways. Documents containing SGML descriptors can be formatted differently for display, CD-ROM, or printing using special style sheets.

Unfortunately, ordinary HTML document editors do not provide the ability to design a hypertext structure, but only support viewing those connections that the developer has created himself. Therefore, there is special software for creating hypertext documents. For example, Trellix 2.0 (www.trellix.com) is one such product. In it, the document being developed is presented with a general structural diagram and the contents of the current page. The internal organization of a document is changed by moving icons within the overall structure of the document and adding connection lines between them. Trellix automatically updates hyperlinks, dynamically generates summaries, and rearranges tables of contents. The ability to organize several paths through a document allows you to develop different scenarios for getting to know it for users with different backgrounds and interests. Trellix saves the document in both its native format (which requires a special program to view) and in HTML format, which allows you to use any browser.
A development of the hypertext approach is the hypermedia environment, in which links also cover various types of multimedia components: pictures, sounds, videos, etc.
The capabilities of HTML in the field of multimedia are expanded by TIME (Timed Interactive Multimedia Extensions) technology, which allows standardizing the interaction of multimedia components with HTML tags. With its help, you can synchronize the playback of sound files with the scrolling of text blocks and images and view such a document in any browser. A large number of links about the SMIL (Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language) language, which implements this technology, can be found on the page www.w3.org/AudioVideo/#SMIL.mation, a hypertext system ("National Art Gallery. London")

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