Fixed assets of an enterprise are the value expression of means of labor, which transfer their value to the product in parts as they wear out. The law of reproduction of fixed capital - the value of fixed capital introduced into production is completely restored, providing the possibility of technical renewal of the means of labor.
Classification Fixed assets (structure by areas of activity) Industrial Non-productive Fixed assets (by economic sectors) Industries producing goods Industries providing market and non-market services Fixed assets Active part Passive part
Basic estimates of fixed assets Residual value The difference between the full original or full replacement cost and accrued depreciation Replacement cost (full) The amount of estimated costs for the acquisition or construction of new means of labor, similar to those being revalued Initial cost (full) The amount of actual costs in current prices for the acquisition or creation means of labor
Methods for revaluation of fixed assets Index method Revaluation is carried out by multiplying the book value of an object by the price index established for a given group of fixed assets Expert method The replacement cost of fixed assets is determined by object-by-object inventory of means of labor
Depreciation of fixed assets - partial or complete loss of fixed assets of consumer properties and value, both during operation and during their inactivity Physical wear and tear (loss of technical properties and characteristics) Moral (depreciation of existing fixed assets due to the emergence of new cheaper and more productive types)
Depreciation of fixed assets is the process of gradually transferring the value of fixed assets as they wear out to manufactured products, converting them into cash and accumulating financial resources for the purpose of subsequent reproduction of fixed assets. Depreciation fund is a special monetary reserve intended for the reproduction or expanded reproduction of fixed assets.
* Accelerated depreciation - increasing the amount of deductions using the linear method Methods of calculating depreciation linear non-linear method diminishing balance method of writing off the cost by the sum of the number of years of the useful life method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of production (work)
Receipt coefficient Cost of fixed assets received during the period Cost of fixed assets at the end of the period = Retirement coefficient Cost of fixed assets retired during the period Cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the period = Depreciation coefficient Amount of depreciation of fixed assets Total cost of fixed assets = Wearability coefficient Residual value of fixed assets Total cost of fixed assets funds =
Relative indicators of Extensive use Intensive use 1. Shift factor 2. Share of idle equipment 3. Equipment downtime as a percentage of the planned time fund 4. Time use factor 5. Average number of hours of equipment operation per day 1. Equipment load intensity factor 2. Power utilization factor
Coefficient of extensive use of equipment Number of hours of operation of equipment Actual number of hours of operation of equipment planned = Shift coefficient Number of machine shifts worked by equipment Number of installed equipment = Coefficient of intensive use of equipment Actual equipment productivity Technically justified productivity of equipment = Coefficient of integral utilization of equipment Coefficient of intensive use of equipment = Coefficient of extensive use of equipment X
Conclusions The main production assets of an enterprise are means of labor that participate in many production cycles, retain their natural shape and transfer value to the manufactured product in parts as they wear out. Fixed assets of an enterprise can be classified by type, purpose or nature of participation in the production process. Depending on their purpose in production and economic activity, fixed assets are divided into passive and active. To assess the efficiency of using fixed production assets, several groups of indicators are used: relative, cost, general and natural.
Determine the average annual cost of the open pension fund, the cost of the open pension fund at the end of the year, entry and disposal rates using the following data: cost of the open pension fund per thousand rubles; OPF was received in the amount of 8,200 thousand rubles; retired due to depreciation of the general fund in the amount of thousand rubles; retired due to depreciation of the general fund in the amount of 1200 thousand rubles.
* Determine the amount of depreciation charges using the linear method and the reducing balance method, if the book value is rubles, the depreciation rate is 20%, the useful life is 5 years.
1. At what cost are fixed assets valued when they are added to the balance sheet of an enterprise: a) at replacement cost; b) at original cost; c) at residual value; d) at a mixed cost. 2. The capital productivity indicator characterizes: a) the number of products produced per 1 ruble. OPF; b) the level of technical equipment of labor; c) labor productivity. 3. Which of the listed items are included in fixed production assets: a) work in progress; b) production and household equipment; c) finished products. 4. What characterizes the extensive use of fixed production assets: a) capital productivity, capital intensity; b) shift ratio; c) product profitability. Test
5. Which of the following items does not belong to the active part of fixed assets: a) working machines and equipment; b) buildings and structures; c) measuring instruments and devices; D) computer technology; D) vehicles. 6. The level of use of fixed production assets characterizes: a) profitability; b) capital productivity, capital intensity; c) labor productivity. 7. Depreciation of fixed assets is: a) depreciation of fixed assets; b) transferring the value of fixed assets to the cost of production; c) restoration of fixed assets; d) maintenance of fixed assets. Test - continuation:
Working capital Working production assets Circulation funds PRODUCTION RESERVES CASH WORK IN PRODUCTION FAST-FOREST EXPENSES FINISHED PRODUCTS IN TRANSIT FINISHED PRODUCTS IN WAREHOUSE ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE ON THE ACCOUNT IN THE CASH NORMS MANAGED WORKING CAPITALNON-MANAGED WORKING CAPITAL 100% 70%30%100% 70%25%5% 100% 30% 25% 15% 80% 20%
Sources of formation of working capital 1. Own - formed from the enterprise’s own funds (profit) 2. Borrowed - loans from banks and other commercial organizations 3. Attracted - targeted financing funds for their intended use
1. Preparatory 3. Sales 2. Production Working capital is a moving part of the material and technical base of an enterprise. In the process of movement, working capital makes a circuit. In each cycle they go through three stages:
Indicators of effective use of working capital Duration of one revolution (in days) - shows how long it takes working capital to complete a full circuit. where Тз – duration of the procurement cycle; Т and – duration of the manufacturing cycle; T r – duration of the implementation cycle. or where D is the duration of the planning period; K O – working capital turnover ratio.
Rationing is the establishment of economically sound stock standards and working capital standards for elements necessary for the normal operation of the enterprise. The norm is a relative value corresponding to the volume of stock of each element of working capital. The standards are set in %, in monetary terms, or in days of supply and show the amount of working capital necessary for the uninterrupted operation of equipment over a certain period of time. Standard - it shows the specific amount of working capital required for production, either a unit of production, or a certain volume.
Current stock. Designed to provide production with material resources between two next deliveries. TZ = Rsut * Ip where Rsut is the average daily consumption of material resources (rub.) IP is the interval between deliveries (days) Safety stock. Generated if a material delivery time violation is related to the supplier. SZ = Rsut * Ips * 0.5
Transport stock. Created if a delivery time violation is associated with a transport organization. It is calculated similarly to safety stock. TRz = Rsut * Ipt * 0.5 Technological reserve. It is created in cases where incoming material assets do not meet the requirements of the technological process and undergo appropriate processing before being put into production. Tech z = (TZ + SZ + TRz) * Ktech where Ktech is the technological reserve coefficient.
1. Objects of labor prepared for launch into the production process are characterized by: a) production inventories; b) work in progress; c) deferred expenses. 2. Which element of working capital is not standardized: a) inventories; b) finished products in warehouse; c) accounts receivable. 3. The maximum permissible amount of expenditure of any resource per unit of production: a) standard; b) rationing; c) normal. 4. The time during which working capital completes the full cycle: a) turnover ratio; b) working capital rate; c) period of turnover of working capital. 5. The working capital turnover ratio is determined by: a) K 0 = R p / O S b) K 0 = O S / R p c) K 0 = R p O S Test
LESSON GOALS: OBJECTIVES: 1. Introducing students to the basic concepts of economic science. 2. Development of their economic heuristic thinking. 3. Development of an active life position in them. Knowledge of the economic world by students; Introduction to the basic categories and concepts of economics: Economics as an economic system Economics as a science Microeconomics Macroeconomics
Is it possible to be illiterate? Can. Only this is very inconvenient, and sometimes humiliating or even dangerous. In the same way, you can try to live without knowing anything about the laws and mechanisms of the economic world. That's not fatal. The fact is that in human society there is not a single sphere of life, not a single profession, not a single country where a person could feel absolutely independent from the world of economics and could give up on its laws.
In a literal sense, economics are the laws of housekeeping, i.e. something like housekeeping (remember the root word “save”). But the concept of “economy” has long acquired a different, broader meaning. It began to apply to the economy not only of one family, but also of the entire society as a whole. In the Russian language, the word “economy” has taken root - as the name of the economy not only of an individual family, but of the entire country as a whole.
WHY IS THE CONCEPT OF “NEEDS” THE MOST IMPORTANT IN ECONOMICS? WHAT IS THE MAIN THING IN A PERSON, WHAT IS HE “MADE” OF? Let us recall the lines from English folk poetry: “What are girls made of? What are boys made of? It turns out that the boys are made “from snails, shells and green frogs,” and the girls “from sweets and cakes, from all possible sweets.” The poet will answer this question - from feelings, the biologist will name the most important organs, the chemist will list the constituent elements... But the most unexpected answer will be given by the economist: “From needs and requirements.”
NEEDS THE GREAT SCIENTIST - ECONOMIST ADAM SMITH (1723 - 1790) WROTE: “The need for food of an individual person is always limited by the narrow limits of the human stomach, but the desire for comfort and decoration, the desire to have a good apartment, clothes, carriages and furnishings seem to have no boundaries, or at least certain boundaries."
NEEDS AND REQUIREMENTS OF PEOPLE THE IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMY Since there are not enough bottles on Earth with genies hidden in them that will fulfill any desires of the one who releases them, people have to make for themselves everything they want to have.
ECONOMY IS ECONOMY -- THIS is a system of production and distribution of goods, based on certain methods of solving problems of what, how and for whom to produce in conditions of limited resources; a science that studies how in a society with limited resources problems are solved, what, how and for whom should be produced in order to most fully satisfy people's needs.
We can say that economics studies how society and its individual members “make ends meet” and manage the resources they have: natural resources, the abilities and energy of people, technology and knowledge - to achieve their goals.
SHE STUDIES THE FOLLOWING ISSUES: WHAT IS THE BASIS FOR PRICE FORMATION IN SPECIFIC INDUSTRY MARKETS? How an individual consumer makes a decision to purchase certain goods and services, having at his disposal a limited amount of money. How does an individual firm make business decisions (for example, decisions about the quantity of factors of production purchased or the volume of output). How do factor markets function: labor market, capital market, land market.
ECONOMIC THEORY GIVES ANYONE A GUIDANCE ABOUT WHAT BUYING AND HIRING DECISIONS ARE THE BEST FOR HIM. How should a person decide what exactly to buy and in what quantity? How to protect yourself from a decrease in the purchasing power of the ruble due to inflation? Which professions pay the best and which are least likely to be affected by unemployment? Because economics helps answer these questions, it is a vital academic subject.
Workshop. Where do you meet economics? Goal: to show the relationship between life situations and economic processes and phenomena. Workshop. Where do you meet economics? Goal: to show the relationship between life situations and economic processes and phenomena. Life situation. Economic processes associated with this situation. Economic objects with which these processes are associated.
Learn: § 1.1. Life situation. Economic processes associated with this situation. Economic objects with which these processes are associated. 1 A trip to school. Cash payment for travel costs. Transport. 2 Breakfast at school. Purchasing a bun; purchase - sale. Buffet. 3 Homemade lunch. Cooking work. Means of cooking.
This material is presented in the form of a game, which is especially interesting for students. The material is divided into categories. Can be used as a summary of the material, as well as during subject weeks.
Goal: to develop students’ readiness to make responsible and informed decisions in the field of personal finance management.
- acquiring knowledge about deposit conditions;
- mastering the ability to receive and critically comprehend economic information, analyze, and systematize the data obtained.
Target:
developing students’ readiness to make responsible and informed decisions in the field of personal finance management.
Tasks:
acquiring knowledge about lending conditions and risks associated with it;
mastering the ability to receive and critically comprehend economic information, analyze, and systematize the data obtained
Target audience: for 11th grade
The presentation is intended for students in grades 10-11 of secondary schools.
Problematic question. Show how the sales strategy is implemented using the example of a specific organization (PJSC Aeroflot).
- Strengthen students' knowledge in the field of marketing;
- Involving students in the active development of drawing up a sales strategy: independently characterize the airline; characteristics of the airline’s internal and external environment; sales development strategies; target market segments; distribution channels; airline sales budget; draw up a sales strategy.
- Give an idea of how the sales strategy is implemented in practice;
- Teach the ability to perceive new information;
- Learn to compare and evaluate the amount of your knowledge at the beginning and at the end of the lesson.
- Cultivate an interest in economics.
- Find out why organizations need a thoughtful marketing policy;
- Analyze the work of the organization before and after the implementation of innovative solutions;
- Justify the importance of drawing up a sales strategy.
It is especially important to show students the practical side of the economics course, how the material studied “works in life.”
Target audience: for 11th grade
The presentation consistently introduces students to such concepts as deposit, loan, interest, discounting through solving relevant practical problems, and also teaches how to draw up a loan repayment schedule.
Target audience: for 11th grade
Presentation of a lesson on economics grade 10 profile level "Keynesian revolution". During the lesson, students will learn to: characterize one of the components of the economic teachings of the twentieth century - Keynesianism; identify the basic economic concepts of state regulation of the economy and analyze models for overcoming the economic crisis; determine the basic methods of research in economics. This work allows the teacher to apply various methods of the activity approach, to develop subject, meta-subject and personal learning skills in students. Helps students form a worldview that corresponds to the modern level of economic knowledge.
Target audience: for 10th grade
The lesson was developed based on the textbook by I.V. Lipsits Economics for grades 10 and 11. The lesson is intended for 11th grade students. This lesson is studied in the section of the chapter “What is a firm and how does it act on the market.” Lesson objectives: educational: familiarization and reinforcement of basic economic concepts; developing: the ability to form the development of economic thinking skills, the ability to apply theoretical knowledge in practice and carry out economic calculations; educational: the ability to improve cooperation skills, foster independence and vital activity, responsibility when making important decisions, and goodwill towards others.
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An enterprise as an economic entity in a market economy 09/14/2012 TOPIC:
An enterprise is an independent economic entity created by an entrepreneur or an association of entrepreneurs to produce products, perform work and provide services in order to meet public needs and make a profit.
The enterprise independently carries out its activities, disposes of its products, the profit received, which remains at its disposal after paying taxes and other obligatory payments.
For state registration, the following documents are submitted to the relevant authority: application of the founder for registration; charter of the enterprise; decision to create an enterprise, resolution of the meeting of founders; agreement of the founders on the creation and operation of the enterprise; certificate of payment of state duty.
Organizational and legal forms of enterprises In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, legal entities that are commercial organizations can be created in the form of: business partnerships and societies, production cooperatives, state and municipal unitary enterprises. Business partnerships can be created in the form of a general partnership and limited partnership
A general partnership is a partnership whose participants (general partners) have entered into an agreement among themselves to create an enterprise for joint business activities. The source of formation of the property of a general partnership is the contributions of its participants.
In a mixed (limited) partnership, along with the participants carrying out business activities on behalf of the partnership (general partners), there are one or more participants - investors (limited partners) who bear the risk of losses within the limits of the amounts of their contributions.
A limited partnership is created and operates on the basis of a constituent agreement, which is signed by all general partners.
Business companies: limited liability company, additional liability company, joint stock company, subsidiaries and dependent companies.
LLC - such a company is established by one or more persons. Its authorized capital is divided into shares determined by the constituent documents. The participants of an LLC are not liable for the obligations of the company and bear the risk of losses associated with its activities, within the limits of the value of the contributions they made.
Participants in an additional liability company (ALS) are jointly liable for its obligations with their property in the same multiple of the value of their contributions, determined by the constituent documents of the company.
Joint stock companies. The authorized capital of a joint-stock company is divided into a certain number of shares. Its participants are not liable for the obligations of the company and bear the risk of losses associated with its activities, within the limits of the value of the shares they own. Participants in an open joint stock company may alienate their shares without the consent of other shareholders; shares may be publicly traded.
In a closed joint stock company (CJSC), shares are distributed only among its founders or a predetermined circle of persons. The constituent document of both open and closed joint stock companies is the charter approved by the founders.
A business company is recognized as a subsidiary if another (main) business company, due to its predominant participation in its authorized capital or otherwise, has the opportunity to determine the decisions made by such company.
A dependent business company is recognized as a business company if another company has more than 20% of the voting shares, or 20% of the authorized capital of the LLC.
A production cooperative is a voluntary association of citizens for joint activities based on their personal labor participation. Here the property share contributions of its members are pooled. The constituent document is the charter approved by the general meeting of its members.
Self-test questions Explain the concept of “enterprise”. What is the procedure for state registration of an enterprise? Describe a general partnership. What information should the articles of association contain? Give a description of the joint stock company. Describe the closed joint stock company
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Equilibrium in the market Lesson – economic training Prezentacii.com
Purpose of the lesson To find out how supply and demand influence price formation within a market economic system.
Lesson objectives: Understand the law of supply and demand; Analyze changes in demand and supply curves; Find out how the equilibrium price is formed; In practice, consolidate the studied categories
Problem: You have some money and want to buy yourself a DVD. The seller offers you this product at a price of 50 rubles. per piece, and you decide to buy three packs. This means that your demand for DVD disc is equal to three units of the product. But let’s say you didn’t buy the product from the first seller, but decided to wait and see how much other sellers sell the DVD. After some time, you come across a person selling the same DVD disc at a price of 40 rubles. a piece. At this price you are willing to buy as many as five packs. This means that your demand for a DVD disc has become equal to five units of the product. Formulate the law of demand.
Law of Demand The higher the price of a product, the less quantity people are willing to buy. Otherwise: the lower the price, the higher the demand, and vice versa
Task: Your class receives an order to make a gift for March 8th (souvenir box), for which you will receive 150 rubles. Having received the box, the customer is convinced of the quality of the product and orders you 3 more pieces. But soon you receive another order urgently to make the same boxes in the amount of 5 pieces at a price of 200 rubles. a piece. Which order will you complete first? Why? What will you do with your previous order? Formulate the law of supply.
Law of supply The higher the price, the greater the supply of the product, and vice versa.
Task: Your class has made 10 souvenir boxes for March 8th and is ready to sell them to the customer, but he only needs 5. You know that the customer has 1,500 rubles in stock, and you need to sell your goods before the holiday, because... after March 8 there will be no demand for the product at all. Your actions? Formulate the definition of equilibrium price?
Equilibrium price The price at which the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied
Business game “Market Price” Purpose: to familiarize students with the mechanism of formation of free market prices using the example of the purchase and sale of several types of different goods Objectives: Consolidation of skills in drawing up business documentation Formation of communication skills Developing the ability to navigate a rapidly changing market environment
Business game “Market price”. Sellers: obtaining the maximum possible revenue through a complete sale, without remainder, and at a favorable price. Buyers: buy as many goods available on the market as possible and always in full range
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Property in the system of economic relations
Introduction
FORMS OF OWNERSHIP: Wealth accumulation Property State property Private property Information property History of property
The passive side of property relations in the form of objects wholly or to some extent belonging to the owner. Subjects of property: nature, substances, energy, information, property, intellectual values. Property is
Primitive Slave-owning Feudal Capitalist Socialist?!?! Property types
Property classification
Economic classification
Types of property
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What is economics? Lesson plan: What is economics. Some economic concepts found in Unified State Exam questions. Main types of economic resources. Economic structure. Basic concepts of the topic.
The name of this science was given by the great scientist of Ancient Greece Aristotle by combining two words: “eikos” - economy “nomos” - law, i.e. “Economy” - literally translated from ancient Greek means “laws of economics”.
Economics is studied as a science, the way of organizing people's activities to create the goods they need for consumption. science that studies the behavior of participants in the process of economic activity
Economic science studies Economic needs Ways to satisfy economic needs This defines the basic concepts of economics Economic needs Economic benefits Resources (factors of production) Economic choice Production capabilities The need for something for the development of an individual, a company, society as a whole Means of satisfying needs - goods and services. Natural, man-made and human resources needed to create goods Selecting the best available to satisfy needs at a given cost The ability of a society to produce economic goods through the efficient use of available resources and technology.
In economic life, three main groups interact: family, firm, state. Economic activities of firms and the state are carried out to meet the needs of a person and his family.
In economic science, there are two sections: Microeconomics studies; Macroeconomics studies; Family economics; general economic processes affecting the economy of the country as a whole; Firm economics; Regional economies; Economics of markets for factors of production of goods and services;
The main questions in economics are: What to produce? What the buyer needs is affordable and beneficial to the manufacturer. How to produce? So, as competition allows? For whom to produce? For someone who has money
Main types of economic resources. Resources are a quantitative measure, the ability of people to obtain material benefits through the use of something (finance, technology, people, etc.) Economists distinguish four types of resources: Labor Land Capital Entrepreneurial activity People’s efforts expended on the production of goods and services Income - wages, interest from capital Land, water, air, forests, minerals Income - rent Means of production (gas pipelines, machines, tools) Income - profit Management and organizational skills Income - profit
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The presentations are intended for college students studying the discipline of Organizational Economics. Introduction, fixed assets and working capital. Production costs and production costs.
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Economics of organization special 40.02.01 Teacher: Kurakina S.L.
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Slide 1
The concept of enterprise, industry and production
Slide 2
An enterprise is an economic agent engaged in the production and sale of goods and services with the aim of making a profit and maximizing it.
This is a commercial organization
Slide 3
COMPANY
Makes decisions independently
Uses factors of production to make and sell products
Strives to generate income and achieve other goals
Slide 4
Production is any type of activity that generates income, regardless of whether it occurs in the sphere of material production or in the service sector.
Slide 5
Industry – a set of enterprises producing homogeneous products using similar technologies
Electric power Fuel industry Ferrous metallurgy Non-ferrous metallurgy Chemical and petrochemical industry Mechanical engineering and metalworking
Forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industryBuilding materials industryLight industryFood industry
Slide 6
Organizational and legal forms of business in the Russian Federation
OOOAOAOZAOCorporationsHoldings, etc.
IP, PE
Partnership
Cooperative PartnershipJoint
Societies
Individual
Slide 7
Fill out the table:
Company name
Industry
Product (service)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Slide 8
Production of goods
Sale of finished goods
Purchase of raw materials
Production cycle
this is a complete cycle of production operations in the manufacture of a product; the period of time from the beginning to the completion of the production process.
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TOPIC 2.2 WORKING CAPITAL
PLAN Composition and classification of working capital Sources of formation of working capital Rationing of working capital Indicators of effective use of working capital
WORKING CAPITAL IS MONEY THAT IS INTENDED FOR FORMING WORKING PRODUCTION FUNDS AND CIRCULATION FUNDS
COMPOSITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF WORKING CAPITAL Working capital Working production assets Circulation funds Industrial inventories Cash assets Work-in-progress Expenses of deferred periods Finished products in transit Finished products in warehouse Accounts receivable On account In the cash desk Standardized working capital Non-standardized working capital 100% 70% 30% 100% 70% 25% 5% 100% 30% 30% 25% 15% 80% 20%
Sources of formation of working capital 1. Own – formed at the expense of the enterprise’s own funds (profit) 2. Borrowed – loans from banks and other commercial organizations 3. Attracted – funds of targeted financing for their intended use
1. Preparatory 3. Sales 2. Production Working capital is a moving part of the material and technical base of an enterprise. In the process of movement, working capital makes a circuit. In each cycle they go through three stages:
Cash Raw materials, materials Work in progress Finished products Cash (new value) purchases production production sales
Indicators of effective use of working capital Duration of one revolution (in days) - shows how long it takes working capital to complete a full circuit. where D is the duration of the planning period; K O – working capital turnover ratio.
Indicators of effective use of working capital 2 . Turnover ratio - shows the number of turnovers made by working capital during the planning period. where OS is the working capital standard; RP – the amount of products sold. 3. Load factor - shows the share of the cost of working capital per unit of products sold.
The rate of working capital for each type or homogeneous group of materials takes into account the time spent in: - current stock, safety stock, transport stock, technological stock.
Current stock. Designed to provide production with material resources between two next deliveries. Current stock = R day I p g de: R day - average daily consumption of material resources (rub.) And p - interval between deliveries (days)
Safety stock. It is created if a violation of the delivery time of the material is associated with the actions of the supplier. Safety stock = Rsut Ip s 0.5 g de: R day - average daily consumption of material resources (rub.) I p s - interval between insurance deliveries (days)
Transport stock is created if a delivery time violation is associated with the transport organization. It is calculated similarly to safety stock. TR s = R day I p t 0.5 g de: R day - average daily consumption of material resources (rub.) I p t - interval between deliveries (days)
Technological stock. It is created in cases where incoming material assets do not meet the requirements of the technological process and undergo appropriate processing before being put into production. T e x s = (TZ + SZ + TR s) K those where: K those – technological reserve coefficient
1. Objects of labor prepared for launch into the production process are characterized by: a) production inventories; b) work in progress; c) deferred expenses. 2. Which element of working capital is not standardized: a) inventories; b) finished products in warehouse; c) accounts receivable. 3. The time during which working capital completes the full cycle: a) turnover ratio; b) working capital rate; c) period of turnover of working capital. 4. The working capital turnover ratio is determined by: a) K 0 = R p / O S b) K 0 = O S / R p c) K 0 = R p ∙ O S Test
Homework: Work through the notes Textbook pp. 78-91
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Topic 2.3. Rent. Leasing. Intangible assets Plan Property rental. Types of lease 2. Leasing 3. Intangible assets
1st century Property rental. Types of lease Lease – provision of property for temporary use to other persons on contractual terms, for a fee
Lessor - leasing property Tenant - receiving property for rent Lease relations
Lease objects Plot of land Real estate (???) Movable property (???)
Lease objects Plot of land Real estate (buildings and structures, industrial enterprises) Movable property (equipment, machinery, vehicles)
Think about it! 1. There is a fruit-bearing vineyard plantation. What will be the rental object – grapes or plantation? 2. There is a machine that spreads sand on icy roads. What will be the rental object – sand or a car?
CONCLUSION Rental objects are movable and immovable property that does not lose its natural properties during use.
TYPES OF LEASE Operating short-term medium-term Financial long-term LEASING
Operating lease Objects - from agricultural equipment to airliners and enterprises It is assumed that the object will be transferred by the lessee several times during its service life (depreciation). The tenant has the right to unilaterally terminate the contract (with advance notice - 1 month - to the landlord)
Short-term rental Medium-term rental Contract term from several hours to several months from several months to 2-5 years Objects agricultural machines and mechanisms (for example, for sowing), cars, buses, road construction machines, etc. Maintenance is carried out by the lessor-tenant. Insurance is carried out by the lessor-tenant.
L I Z I N G Leasing (English leasing from English to lease) is a long-term lease of fixed assets, providing for the possibility of their subsequent purchase by the lessee. Leasing object - enterprises, buildings, structures, equipment, vehicles and other movable and immovable property that can be used for business activities.
PARTICIPANTS IN LEASING Supplier (seller of property) Leasing company (LANDLORD) Consumer (recipient of property - TENANT) The leasing company pays attention to risk assessment: Client assessment (solvency) Property assessment (degree of its replaceability)
LEASING CONTRACT Amount of payments Purchase price of equipment Advance received Rate applied Duration of the contract Payment method And more...
At the end of the leasing transaction, the tenant can choose one of three possible solutions to return the property to the leasing company in good condition; renew the leasing contract at lower payment rates; acquire ownership of property by paying a ransom.
The redemption amount is determined by the contract. The redemption is usually determined in the amount of 1% of the value of the property (buyer's option).
OPTION (Latin optio - choice, desire, discretion) is an agreement under which the buyer of the option (potential buyer or potential seller of the underlying asset - a commodity, a security) receives the right, but not the obligation...
REGULATORY DOCUMENTS Art. 665 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation; § 1 of Chapter 34 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation); § 6 of Chapter 34 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation; Federal Law “On financial lease (leasing)” dated October 29, 1998 No. 164-FZ; Federal Law “On financial lease (leasing)” dated October 29, 2000 No. 461-FZ; Convention of the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law on International Financial Leasing, 1988;
notional value of intellectual property and expenses for intangible objects. INTANGIBLE ASSETS
lack of material form; belong to the company by right of ownership; long period of use; bring income to the company. Distinctive features of intangible assets
Methods of depreciation of intangible assets: linear method; method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of products produced; reducing balance method.
Work through your notes Prepare for the test Textbook p.92-101 Answer questions orally p.101
On-line testing on the topic “Leasing” - http://www.leasingforum.ru/test.php
Problem An entrepreneur rented along with a plot of land and some outbuildings located on it. For the use of land, the tenant paid the owner of the land an annual rent of 60 den. units The cost of these buildings is estimated at 200 den. units Determine the total amount of rent, knowing that the depreciation rate for buildings is 5% and the bank interest rate is 8%.
The rent for the use of buildings will consist of the amount of rent and the income that the owner would receive by depositing an amount equivalent to the cost of the buildings in the bank. Rent = Rent amount + Depreciation amount + Income from buildings
The amount of rent is determined by the cost of buildings (200 den. units) on the site and the depreciation rate (5%): Amount of depreciation = 200 5/100 = 10 den. units If the owner of the buildings deposited into the bank an amount equivalent to the cost of the buildings, then his annual income would be: Income from buildings = 200 8/100 = 16 den. units
The total amount of rent will be the sum of the rent for the use of land (60 den. units) and for the use of buildings 26 (10+16) den. units: Rent = 60+10+16 = 86 den. units
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Topic 2.4. Capital investments (investments) Plan Economic essence of capital investments (investments) Directions and sources of financing capital investments Ways to increase the efficiency of capital investments
Economic essence of capital investments (investments) Investments are long-term investments of capital with the aim of generating income
Investments are: cash targeted bank deposits shares and other securities technology machines equipment licenses, including for trademarks loans other property or property rights intellectual values
Investment activity Expenditure of resources Obtaining results (income + social effect)
INVESTMENTS AND USE OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES in the form of short-term and long-term capital investments carried out by legal entities and individuals
Capital investments: costs of construction and installation work; costs of purchasing equipment; R&D costs; maintenance of the directorate of the enterprise under construction; training and retraining of personnel, etc.
Directions for using capital investments New construction Reconstruction Technical re-equipment Expansion of existing enterprises Human capital
New construction Reconstruction Technical re-equipment Expansion of existing enterprises Human capital Construction of new enterprises Construction of additional workshops, expansion of main and auxiliary workshops Reorganization of production; construction of new workshops to replace liquidated ones Increasing the technical level of production through the introduction of new equipment, technologies, automation Improving skills and labor productivity
SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Depreciation Profit Savings Insurance funds internal sources Bank loans Government loans Issue of bonds Issue of shares Foreign investments borrowed funds raised funds
Self-financing coefficient The main indicator of the level of self-financing where: Сс – the enterprise’s own funds Ba – budgetary allocations (monies allocated by the state for certain purposes) Ps – borrowed funds Zs – borrowed funds
Task The own funds of the production enterprise "Center" in 2014 amounted to 1120 thousand rubles. Raised and borrowed funds for the same period amounted to: foreign investment in production amounted to 200 thousand rubles. The company took out a bank loan in the amount of 600 thousand rubles. Calculate the coefficient and level of self-financing. Draw conclusions.
Solution: This means that own funds invested in production are 1.4 times more than external ones (or 40% more).
The level of self-financing is considered high if the share of own sources of investment reaches 50% or more of the total financing of capital investments.
This means that the total volume of capital investments is dominated by own capital and the share of own sources of investment is 58.3%. THEN:
Ways to increase the efficiency of capital investments 1 At the planning stage 2 At the design stage of industrial production 4 At the operation stage of newly commissioned facilities 3 At the construction stage of industrial enterprises
At the planning stage At the stage of construction of industrial enterprises At the stage of operation of newly commissioned facilities At the design stage of industrial production Improving the structure of the design, concentration of design on facilities subject to commissioning in the planned period Use of advanced technologies, maximum use of standard projects, complexity of design Improving the organization and technologies of construction and installation works, increasing the level of specialization, improving the quality of construction. Comprehensive commissioning of the PF, personnel training, preparation of working capital elements, development of production technology
Work through your notes Prepare for the test Textbook pp. 102-107,110-111 Prepare for practical work HOMEWORK
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Topic 3.3. Organization of remuneration Plan Principles of organizing remuneration at the enterprise 2. Forms and systems of wages
REMUNERATION monetary reward for performing one’s duties SALARY income received by the owner from the use of his labor
The amount of remuneration is determined by the employer depending on the quantity and quality of the work performed DEPENDING ON THE COMPLEXITY OF THE CONTENT OF THE WORK RESULT
When paying for labor, the following may be applied: tariff rates, salaries, incentive payments, tariff-free system
The type, remuneration system, tariff rates, salaries, bonuses are determined by the enterprise independently and are fixed in the collective agreement and other local regulations
The organization of remuneration at the enterprise is carried out in accordance with the principles: Basic and additional remuneration Tariff and non-tariff remuneration systems Minimum wage
1. Basic and additional wages Basic: payments for time worked; for the quantity and quality of work performed; additional payments due to deviations from normal working conditions; for overtime work; for work at night, on holidays, etc.
Additional: payments for unworked time (vacation, state and public duties, payment for breaks in the work of nursing mothers, preferential hours for teenagers, payment of severance pay upon dismissal, etc.). These payments are provided for by law and the collective agreement.
2. Tariff and non-tariff systems of remuneration TARIFF SYSTEM Tariff rate (salary) Fixed amount of remuneration for an employee for fulfilling a standard of work of a certain complexity per unit of time Tariff scale Shows the ratio of wages between different categories of work and workers Tariff and qualification reference books establish the category work and workers in accordance with the tariff schedule
For example, a 3rd category Cook - peels potatoes, prepares cutlets, soup... - salary 7 thousand rubles. Chef 4th category - prepares fried dishes, pilaf, cottage cheese dishes, bakes pies... - salary 15 thousand rubles. Chef 5th category - solyanka, specialties, stuffed pig, steaks, mousses... - salary 20-25 thousand rubles. Thus, the tariff rate directly depends on the qualifications of the employee
2. Tariff and non-tariff remuneration systems NON-TARIFF SYSTEM Wages depend entirely on the final results of the team’s work No or tariff rate For example, having achieved a result, the staff receives a salary higher than the minimum wage. The system implies the presence of a bonus fund for the entire enterprise or a separate division.
Remuneration for managers, specialists and employees Is made on the basis of official salaries In accordance with the position and qualifications
3. Minimum wage The amount of wages is established by the enterprise. Payment issues are regulated through employment contracts. The Labor Code of the Russian Federation determines the general terms of payment. The Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees remuneration for work not lower than the minimum wage established by the Federal Law.
Minimum wage - minimum wage The minimum wage determines the lowest limit of wages for unskilled workers when performing simple work under normal working conditions. The minimum wage does not include additional payments and allowances, bonuses and other payments.
The minimum wage performs the following functions: It is a state guarantee of the minimum wage; Acts as a standard for calculating administrative fines, taxes and fees carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. Serves as a criterion for determining the amount of benefits and compensation paid in accordance with the legislation on social protection of the population.
FORMS AND SYSTEMS OF SALARY PAYMENTS
FORMS OF WAGE TIME-TIME PAYMENT Salary = TS RV PIECES-PIECE PAYMENT Salary = SR VP TS – tariff rate SR – piece rate RV – hours worked VP – quantity of manufactured products
FINANCIAL INCENTIVES Additional payments Allowances Bonuses Various payments
TIME-BASED WAGE SYSTEM SIMPLE TIME-BASED Salary = Tch B Salary – time-based wage Tch – hourly (daily) tariff rate for a worker of the corresponding category B – actual time worked, hours (days)
TIME-TIME WAGE SYSTEM TIME-BONUS Salary = Tch B + P Salary – time-based wage Tch – hourly (daily) tariff rate for a worker of the corresponding category B – actual time worked, hours (days) P – bonus for ensuring certain quantitative and qualitative indicators
PIECLE WAGE SYSTEM DIRECT INDIVIDUAL Wage = VP SR Z – wages VP – volume of actually manufactured products SR – piece rate
PIECES SYSTEM OF WAGES INDIRECT PIECES Zvs - wages of auxiliary workers Tch - hourly tariff rate of auxiliary workers Chr - number of workers served Nv - production rate for the served worker Tzp - tariff earnings for the time worked Zvs = Tch ChrNv Zvs = Tzp Nv
PIECES-PIECE WAGE SYSTEM LIKE-PIECE-PIECE WAGES SIZE OF PAYMENT IS ESTABLISHED FOR THE ENTIRE VOLUME OF WORK The lump-sum wage system provides for the establishment of a certain volume of work and the total amount of the salary fund for this work, i.e. The price is set for the entire volume of work, and not for a separate operation. This system is a brigade form of remuneration.
PIECE-CASE WAGE SYSTEM PIECE-BONUS PIECE-CASE EARNINGS + BONUS Bonus indicators: increase in labor productivity; improving the quality of products and work; mastering new equipment and technology; reduction of material costs, etc.
Work through your notes Prepare for the test Textbook pp. 135-148 HOMEWORK
The work is divided into:
Time of regulated breaks in work includes:
| Time of unregulated breaks in work– time of interruptions in work caused by disruption of the production process. Includes:
|
Preparatory and final time- this is the time spent by the employee preparing to perform the work, and the actions associated with its completion.
Operating time Main time – time spent by the employee on actions to change the subject of labor (its shape, size, type, position in space).
Auxiliary time– time spent by an employee on actions to ensure the performance of the main job.
Workplace service time– time spent caring for the workplace and maintaining it in a condition that ensures productive work during the shift.
When analyzing the costs of working time in order to identify and subsequently eliminate losses of working time and their causes, the working time of the performer is divided into productive costs and lost working time.
Productiveworking time costs include time spent performing a production task, time spent performing casual work and time for regulated breaks in work.
Lost working time– time of unproductive work and time of unregulated breaks in work.
When analyzing working time costs in order to establish labor standards, all working time costs of the performer are divided into standardized and non-standardized.
Standardized the cost of the contractor's working time includes the following categories of costs: work time to complete the production task (preparatory and final time, operational (main and auxiliary) time, time for servicing the workplace (technical and organizational) and time of regulated breaks (break time due to technology and organization production, time for rest and personal needs)).
Non-standardized costs of the contractor's working time are: time of work not provided for by the production task (time of performing random, unproductive work) and time of unregulated breaks in work caused by shortcomings in the organization of production, as well as time of breaks in work caused by violations of labor discipline.
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WORKING TIME BUDGET
- Calendar fundequal to the number of calendar days for a certain calendar period (month, quarter, year)
- Time-sheet (nominal) working time fundis defined as the difference between the calendar fund of working hours of workers and the number of holidays and days off
- Maximum possible working hourscharacterizes the potential value of the maximum possible use of the working time fund of workers in a given period, except for weekends, holidays and time for regular vacations
- Planned effective working time fundless than the maximum possible fund by the amount of planned absence of workers from work for valid reasons (absenteeism from work due to illness and childbirth, time to perform state and public duties, duration of educational leave, etc.).
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