“October Revolution of 1917” - The crises of the Provisional Government were a reflection of the emerging crisis of bourgeois democracy in Russia. Is the revolutionary path promising? Was October inevitable? How did the October Revolution affect the destinies of all humanity? The question arose of overthrowing the bourgeois-SR Provisional Government through an armed uprising.
“February Revolution” - No. 1. What are the reasons for the February Revolution (political aspect)? Political organization of society after the February revolution. The teacher checks the composition of the class and how the students are seated. Main events of the revolution. No. 4. What alternatives for the development of the internal political situation existed? Test tasks.
“October Revolution” - What is the role of the October Revolution in the history of the Fatherland? Explore! Create! Questions? Answers! Do you want to know? Go for it! Completed by: Yachmennikova L.V. Fedotov V.Yu. Is revolution good or bad for Russia? Teacher introductory presentation. Group 1 - economists. V. Lenin, L. Trotsky How do you feel about the events and results of the October Revolution?
“February Revolution in Russia” - Reasons. The first Provisional Government was headed by Prince G. E. Lvov. The growth of Bolshevik influence with the return of V. I. Lenin from exile. April crisis. -Military defeats -frequent changes of ministers - “Rasputinism”. June crisis July crisis. Crisis of the grassroots. Results of the revolution.
“Revolution of 1917 in Russia” - The intertwining of powers in fact led to anarchy and the growth of anarchy in the country. February revolution in Russia. The February events - a historical pattern, a tragic accident or a conspiracy against Russia and the monarchy? On the streets of Petrograd during the February Revolution. Abdication of Nicholas II from the throne on March 2, 1917
“Revolution of 1917” - Chief Prosecutor of St. RAZMANOVA NATALIA ALEXANDROVNA. Lecture. Synod of K.P. Pobedonostsev. Emperor Nicholas II (1894 -1917). 1906 rise of the agrarian revolution. Repression. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War. Manifesto October 17, 1905. Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. Minister of Internal Affairs P.A. Stolypin.
There are a total of 27 presentations in the topic
The status of the zemstvo organization in the public administration system. Zemstvo bodies of public administration, as conceived by the authors of the reforms, were to become bodies of local government. The zemstvo actually became local authorities, which represented the lowest element in the system of state power.
The jurisdiction of the zemstvo organization of local self-government expanded. Among the new ones, the following questions were passed on to them:
issues of providing legal assistance to the local population;
management of school affairs in educational terms (control over the educational process);
arrangement of labor exchanges;
taking measures on labor protection;
management of the police.
The structure of zemstvo governing bodies and the procedure for their formation. The structure of zemstvo government bodies remained the same. At the same time, fundamentally qualitative changes occurred in the formation of representative bodies.
The Declaration of the Provisional Government of March 3, 1917 proclaimed a new principle for the formation of zemstvo representative bodies - the principle of universal suffrage.
Conducting elections in volost zemstvo Assembly, as a rule, was provided for under a majority system. The use of the proportional system was allowed for all volosts of the county by order of the provincial government, for individual volosts - by order of the Minister of Internal Affairs.
The number of vowels was determined per volost of 20-50 people, depending on the number of inhabitants.
The corps of vowels constituted the volost zemstvo assembly. Its chairman was elected from among the members of the public. The executive body was the volost zemstvo government, headed by the chairman.
Elections in Zemstvo District Assembly were carried out using a proportional system. The cities formed an independent electoral district. Cities with a population of less than 50 thousand inhabitants and provincial cities did not elect members to the district zemstvo, since they were equal in rights to the district zemstvo. Vowels in Provincial Zemstvo Assembly were elected by district zemstvo assemblies or city Dumas.
Vowel status. The Zemstvo Assemblies included only elected members. Representatives of departments and officials completely refused to participate in them. The chairman was elected by the councilors from among themselves for one year. The vowels performed their duties free of charge, but the Assemblies were given the right to reimburse them for travel expenses to the Assemblies in the form of travel subsistence allowances. Meetings were held once a year, extraordinary ones - as needed, without any permission and without approval of the meeting agenda.
Status of councils as zemstvo management bodies. Board officials were not confirmed. It was possible to elect not only public officials, but also any citizen with the right to vote. The deputy chairman of the council was elected by the zemstvo assembly. The term of office of the council was three years. It was not allowed to combine zemstvo positions with any paid positions in the state and public service. Members of the council and the chairman could not take part in zemstvo contracts and supplies. The administrations retained the right to elect special persons to manage individual sectors, commissions and special collectors.
Relationships between government bodies and zemstvo government bodies. Mandatory decisions for execution could be adopted by zemstvo representative bodies at the provincial and district levels. The provincial commissioner, as a representative of the Provisional Government, had the right to either protest these decisions in case of violation of the law, or return them to these bodies for a second consideration on the merits.
The district and provincial commissars supervised the activities of the provincial and district zemstvos, as well as the volost zemstvo. It was expressed in the form of protests. The provincial commissioner submitted them to the administrative department of the district court, and the county commissioner submitted them to the volost zemstvo administrative judge of the county.
Changes were made to the Zemstvo Regulations in terms of eliminating guardianship and suppressing the independence of zemstvo governing bodies; improving zemstvo finances and zemstvo lending; granting zemstvo bodies the right to form unions and partnerships with zemstvos of other territories.
The zemstvo organization of local self-government spread throughout the country and was formed taking into account local characteristics. This was greatly facilitated by such legislative acts of the Provisional Government as the “Regulations on the volost zemstvo” of May 21, 1917 and the “Regulations on village administration” of July 21, 1917.
Instead of a conclusion. The attitude of contemporaries towards the zemstvo as a unique social institution in the life of Russian society was far from ambiguous. However, even among researchers there are ambiguous assessments of the role and place of the zemstvo organization of public administration. Some considered the zemstvo as an institution of self-government (5.33), others - as a “temporary superstructure” over self-government, the need for which stemmed from the uneven maturity of urban and rural communities. The zemstvo was called upon to help rural communities quickly move through the path of reform in market conditions and become on a par with urban communities.”(6.213)
In our opinion, the zemstvo organization of public administration is not yet a full-fledged institution of local self-government, but most likely a transitional model that allowed local communities to gain the necessary experience in organizing self-government at the local level. And if not for the events of October 1917, it is quite possible that the zemstvo organization of public administration would have received its further development. As studies by representatives of Russian municipal science (L.A. Velikhov and others) show, the most promising direction for reforming the zemstvo organization of local self-government was its transformation into a municipal organization of local self-government. At the same time, the practical experience of the formation of local self-government, the level of socio-economic development of Russian regions, their cultural, historical and national characteristics were fully taken into account.
Slide 2
Policy of the Provisional Government
During the months of the existence of the Provisional Government, it consisted of 39 people.
These were mainly people with a parliamentary background in Tsarist Russia. Kerensky, Milyukov, Rodichev, Lvov, Guchkov, etc.
Most of the ministers of the Provisional Government had higher education.
Subsequently, only 16 ministers of the Provisional Government accepted the changes and collaborated with the Bolsheviks.
The rest went into exile.
Slide 3
The policy of the Provisional Government was aimed at
- some socio-economic transformations
- meeting democratic demands
- an attempt to resolve the national question
Slide 4
The first steps were the implementation of a number of democratic reforms
- Declaration of Civil Liberties,
- amnesty for political prisoners
- abolition of national and religious restrictions
- freedom of assembly
- abolition of censorship, gendarmerie, hard labor
- Instead of the police, a militia was created.
Slide 5
By decree of March 12, 1917, the government
- abolished the death penalty
- established military revolutionary courts
- military courts were abolished
- institutions of commissars were created to monitor the activities of officers
- About 150 senior managers were transferred to the reserve.
Slide 6
On the national question
- On March 7, 1917, Finland's autonomy was restored, but its Diet was dissolved.
- On July 2, 1917, the Declaration on the Autonomy of Ukraine was adopted.
Slide 7
Socio-economic problems were almost not addressed
In March-April 1917, the Provisional Government established land committees to develop agrarian reform.
Acts were issued against spontaneous seizures of landowners' lands.
The implementation of agrarian reform, as well as other fundamental socio-economic reforms, was postponed until the election of the Constituent Assembly.
Slide 8
Tried to solve the food problem and lead the country out of the food crisis that arose back in 1915.
- At the beginning of March 1917, food committees were created
- A card system for food distribution was introduced.
- A grain monopoly was introduced: all grain was to be sold to the state at fixed prices.
Slide 9
Crises of the provisional government
Slide 10
Slide 11
The first - the April crisis (April 18, 1917) - was caused by the statement of the Minister of Foreign Affairs P. Milyukov about the nationwide desire to bring the world war to victory.
This sparked anti-war demonstrations in Petrograd, Moscow, Kharkov, Nizhny Novgorod and other cities. The Commander-in-Chief of the Petrograd Military District, General L. Kornilov, ordered troops to be sent against the demonstrators, but officers and soldiers refused to carry out this order.
Slide 12
The failure of the Russian army's offensive (June-July 1917) on the fronts caused the July crisis
The Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), deciding to take advantage of the situation, proclaimed the slogan “All power to the Soviets!” and began preparations for a mass demonstration to force the Provisional Government to hand over power to the Soviets.
Slide 13
On July 3, 1917, demonstrations and rallies began in Petrograd.
Armed clashes occurred between demonstrators and supporters of the Provisional Government, during which more than 700 people were killed and injured.
Slide 14
The provisional government accused the Bolsheviks of treason
- On July 7, an order was given for the arrest of Bolshevik leaders - V. Lenin, L. Trotsky, L. Kamenev and others.
- Under pressure from the cadets, the death penalty was restored on July 12, 1917.
- On July 19, instead of General A. Brusilov, General L. Kornilov was appointed Supreme Commander-in-Chief.
- On July 24, 1917, there was another reshuffle in the Provisional Coalition Government.
Slide 15
Crises of the Provisional Government
The third crisis was associated with a military uprising and an attempted military coup under the command of L. Kornilov.
General L. Kornilov, a supporter of a hard line, developed demands for the Provisional Government (to ban rallies in the army, extend the death penalty to rear units, create concentration camps for disobedient soldiers, declare martial law on the railways, etc.).
Slide 1
From February to October. Provisional government. Chuprov L.A. MKOU secondary school No. 3 village. Kamen-Rybolov, Khankaisky district, Primorsky KraiSlide 2
The rest went into emigration. During the months of the existence of the Provisional Government, it consisted of 39 people. These were mainly people with a parliamentary background in Tsarist Russia. Kerensky, Milyukov, Rodichev, Lvov, Guchkov, etc. Most of the ministers of the Provisional Government had higher education. Subsequently, only 16 ministers of the Provisional Government accepted the changes and collaborated with the Bolsheviks. Policy of the Provisional Government
Slide 3
some socio-economic transformations The policy of the Provisional Government was aimed at: satisfying democratic demands, attempting to resolve the national issue
Slide 4
The first steps were the implementation of a series of democratic reforms. Declaration of civil liberties, amnesty for political prisoners, abolition of national and religious restrictions, freedom of assembly, abolition of censorship, gendarmerie, hard labor March 3, 1917. Instead of the police, the militia was created.
Slide 5
By decree of March 12, 1917, the government abolished the death penalty and established military revolutionary courts. In the army, military courts were abolished; institutions of commissars were created to monitor the activities of officers; about 150 senior commanders were transferred to the reserve.
Slide 6
On the national question, on March 7, 1917, Finland's autonomy was restored, but its Diet was dissolved. On July 2, 1917, the Declaration on the Autonomy of Ukraine was adopted.
Slide 7
The implementation of agrarian reform, as well as other fundamental socio-economic reforms, was postponed until the election of the Constituent Assembly. Socio-economic problems were hardly touched upon. In March-April 1917, the Provisional Government established land committees to develop agrarian reform. Acts were issued against spontaneous seizures of landowners' lands
Slide 8
Tried to solve the food issue and lead the country out of the food crisis that arose back in 1915 at the beginning of March 1917. Food committees were created. A card system for issuing food was introduced. A grain monopoly was introduced: all grain was to be sold to the state at fixed prices.
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Crises of the Provisional Government This caused anti-war demonstrations in Petrograd, Moscow, Kharkov, Nizhny Novgorod and other cities. The Commander-in-Chief of the Petrograd Military District, General L. Kornilov, ordered troops to be sent against the demonstrators, but officers and soldiers refused to carry out this order. The first - the April crisis (April 18, 1917) - was caused by the statement of the Minister of Foreign Affairs P. Milyukov about the nationwide desire to bring the world war to victory.
Slide 12
The failure of the Russian army's offensive (June-July 1917) on the fronts caused the July crisis. The Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), deciding to take advantage of the situation, proclaimed the slogan “All power to the Soviets!” and began preparations for a mass demonstration to force the Provisional Government to hand over power to the Soviets.
Slide 13
On July 3, 1917, demonstrations and rallies began in Petrograd. Armed clashes occurred between demonstrators and supporters of the Provisional Government, during which more than 700 people were killed and injured.
Slide 14
On July 19, instead of General A. Brusilov, General L. Kornilov was appointed Supreme Commander-in-Chief. The provisional government accused the Bolsheviks of treason. On July 7, an order was given for the arrest of Bolshevik leaders - V. Lenin, L. Trotsky, L. Kamenev and others. Under pressure from the cadets, the death penalty was restored on July 12, 1917. On July 24, 1917, there was another reshuffle in the Provisional Coalition Government.
Slide 15
The third crisis was associated with a military uprising and an attempted military coup under the command of L. Kornilov. General L. Kornilov, a supporter of a hard line, developed demands for the Provisional Government (to ban rallies in the army, extend the death penalty to rear units, create concentration camps for disobedient soldiers, declare martial law on the railways, etc.).
To use presentation previews, create a Google account and log in to it: https://accounts.google.com
Slide captions:
Three crises of the Provisional Government Presentation on the history of the 20th century Author Lozin O.I., history teacher at GBOU gymnasium 105, Vyborg district of St. Petersburg
Political parties of the period of the 2nd Russian Revolution Left center right Bolsheviks Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks Cadets
As a result of the February revolution, the following people returned to Russia: on March 31 - the leader of the Mensheviks Plekhanov, on April 4 - the leader of the Socialist Revolutionaries Chernov. Plekhanov Georgy Valentinovich (1856 - 1918). Viktor Mikhailovich Chernov (November 25 (December 7) 1873, Khvalynsk, Saratov province - April 15, 1952, New York) - Russian politician, thinker and revolutionary, one of the founders of the Socialist Revolutionary Party and its main ideologist. The first and last chairman of the Constituent Assembly.
On April 3, Bolshevik leader Lenin returns to Russia and gives a speech “On the tasks of the proletariat in this revolution” or the so-called. April theses, which G.V. Plekhanov called it nonsense - the transformation of the war from an imperialist into a civil one - about the transition of the revolution to the transfer of power into the hands of workers and peasants - no support for the provisional government - the only form of revolutionary government is the Soviets, in which we have a minority - not a parliamentary republic, but a republic of Soviets - confiscation and nationalization of land - merger of all private banks into a single state - transition to control by the councils over social production and distribution of products - immediate party congress, change of program and name - renewal of the international
in March-April, Kamenev, Stalin, Spiridonova, together with Kaplan, return from exile; in May from abroad Trotsky, Martov. Yuliy Osipovich Tsederbaum CONCLUSION: thus. the fate of February democracy swung from the “power of right” to the “right of force” Leiba Davydovich Bronstein
Three crises of the provisional government. The causes of all crises were the following development factors in 1917: - dual power in the capital, but not in the country - political disintegration - constant failures at the front - strengthening of national movements and centrifugal forces, practically dividing the country into national territorial entities (Ukraine, Finland) - rapid growth of the social base of the revolution (outcasts, lumpen, deserters, anarchists, revolutionaries, criminals) - economic chaos, cards are introduced from June 26. - weakness and indecisiveness of the central government, degradation of power. - active activity of the RSDLP (b) to take power at the right moment. - arbitrary searches, lynchings
April crisis April 18 - Miliukov addressed the allies with a note, calling for the war to be waged to a victorious end. 20-21 – clashes between demonstrators in Petrograd occur due to different views of Miliukov’s note. Slogan: Down with Miliukov. His answer: “I’m not afraid for Miliukov, I’m afraid for Russia.” May 5 - change in the composition of the Provisional Government. Miliukov and Guchkov were removed from the government. The new composition under Prince Lvov was 10 capitalist ministers + 6 socialist ministers were introduced. T.O. The first coalition government was created:
Minister-Chairman and Minister of Internal Affairs - Prince G. E. Lvov; Minister of War and Navy - A.F. Kerensky; Minister of Justice - P. A. Pereverzev; Minister of Foreign Affairs - M. I. Tereshchenko; Minister of Railways - N.V. Nekrasov; Minister of Trade and Industry - A. I. Konovalov; Minister of Public Education - A. A. Manuilov; Minister of Finance - A. I. Shingarev; Minister of Agriculture - V. M. Chernov; Minister of Posts and Telegraphs - I. G. Tsereteli; Minister of Labor - M.I. Skobelev; Minister of Food - A.V. Peshekhonov; Minister of State Charity - Prince D.I. Shakhovskoy; Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod - V. N. Lvov; state controller - I. V. Godnev.
June crisis 1st All-Russian Congress of Soviets (June 3 – 24). Composition: Social Revolutionaries - 285, Mensheviks - 248, Bolsheviks - 105, etc. - a total of 1090 deputies, of which 777 have party affiliation. Lenin was ridiculed for his call to arrest all capitalists and the call: “Rob the loot!” (see pss.t32 p.267). (But more important is the 1st All-Russian Congress of Peasant Deputies in May 1917. There were 800 votes for Chernov’s resolution, and 6 for Lenin’s resolution!!!) Two main questions: The attitude towards the Provisional Government - the congress expressed confidence. The attitude towards the war is to wage it to a victorious end. The Central Executive Committee has been elected - 256 members: 35 of them are Bolsheviks, 208 are the Menshevik-Socialist Revolutionary bloc. Chairman of the Central Election Commission - Chkheidze.
I All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies
Party composition of the I All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies Party of Places Socialist-Revolutionaries 285 Mensheviks 248 Bolsheviks 105 Mensheviks-internationalists 32 Non-factional socialists 73 Mensheviks-unites (“united social democrats”) 10 Bundists 10 Plekhanov’s “Unity” faction 3 People’s Socialists 3 Trudoviks 5 Anarchist-communists 1 “Standing on the platform.-r. and Social-Democrats." 2
The July crisis At the beginning of July, new reports about the failure of the offensive at the front. 03. 07.1917 - an armed uprising of workers and soldiers in Petrograd, organized by the Bolsheviks - the first attempt to seize power by force. 50 people were killed, 650 were wounded. Government troops took control of the entire capital at night. On the morning of 06. Ragrom of the editorial office of Pravda, Kshesinskaya Palace, arrest of the Bolsheviks. The Central Election Commission and the Soviets did not support Lenin. Hiding from arrest (declared a state criminal) in Razliv together with Zinoviev, because 05.06. documents were published regarding the receipt of funds for the revolution from Germany, enemy No. 1 of Russia. Later Lenin moves to Helsingfors, then closer to Petrograd to Vyborg on September 17. 06 July resignation of Prince Lvov
Provocation of the Bolsheviks July 3-5, 1917 Shooting of civilians on the corner of Sadovaya and Nevsky Prospekt July 4 Shooting by cadets and Cossacks of a peaceful workers’ demonstration on Nevsky Prospect, Petrograd July 4, 1917
Solemn funeral in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra of the Don Cossacks who defended order on the streets of Petrograd on July 3-5, 1917.
Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin), Ovsey-Gersh Aronov Apfelbaum (Zinoviev), Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai, Mechislav Yulievich Kozlovsky, Evgenia Mavrikievna Sumenson, Gelfand (Parvus), Yakov Furstenberg (Kuba Ganetsky), midshipman Ilyin (Raskolnikov), warrant officers Semashko and Roshal are accused in that in 1917, being Russian citizens, by prior agreement among themselves in order to assist states at war with Russia in hostile actions against them, they entered into an agreement with agents of the said states to promote the disorganization of the Russian army and rear in order to weaken the combat ability of the army , for which, using the funds received from these states, they organized propaganda among the population and troops calling for the immediate renunciation of military actions against the enemy, and also for the same purposes, from July 3 to July 5, they organized an armed uprising in Petrograd against the supreme power existing in the state, accompanied by a number of murders and violence and attempts to arrest some members of the government.
Since July 8, Kerensky has been Prime Minister. The new government adopts a declaration: - Declare Russia a republic - Convene a Constituent Assembly - Start developing land laws - Prohibit unauthorized actions, arrests, searches, etc.
Second coalition Provisional Government of Russia (1917). From left to right (sitting): I.N. Efremov, S.V. Peshekhonov, V.M. Chernov, N.V. Nekrasov, A.F. Kerensky, N.V. Avksenyev, A.M. Nikitin, S.F. Oldenburg, F.F. Kokoshkin. From left to right (standing): A.S. Zarudny, M.I. Skobelev, S.N. Prokopovich, B.V. Savinkov, A.V. Kartashov, P.P. Yurenev
Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky or Kerensky (April 22 (May 4), 1881, Simbirsk - June 11, 1970, New York) - Russian political and public figure; minister, then minister-chairman of the Provisional Government (1917), freemason.
The fate of the members of the Provisional Government Of the seventeen members of the last Provisional Government, eight emigrated in 1918-1920. All of them died a natural death, with the exception of S.N. Tretyakov (recruited by the OGPU in 1929, arrested by the Gestapo as a Soviet agent in 1942 and shot in a German concentration camp in 1944). The Minister of the Navy, Admiral D.N. Verderevsky, came to the Soviet embassy in France in May 1945 and managed to receive a Soviet passport. Died in 1946 - 73 years old. S. N. Prokopovich was expelled in 1922. He also died a natural death. Of those who remained in the USSR, four were shot during the Great Terror of 1938-1940: A. M. Nikitin, A. I. Verkhovsky, P. N. Malyantovich, S. L. Maslov. Four more died of natural causes: A. V. Liverovsky (1867-1951; arrested twice in 1933-1934, but then released), S. S. Salazkin (1862-1932), K. A. Gvozdev (1882-1956 ; in 1931-1949 almost continuously in prison, then until April 30, 1956 in exile, released two months before his death) and N. M. Kishkin (1864-1930; repeatedly arrested).
