The political form of the fascist state is totalitarianism. The state is proclaimed responsible for individual destinies, both physically and spiritually. It is called upon to ruthlessly put an end to any encroachment on the unity of the nation. Fascism preached the need for strong power, based on the political domination of an authoritarian party, which provides total control over the individual and the entire society. The cult of the leader is recognized as a necessary condition for political domination.

Fascism resolutely rejects the class struggle, which is contrary to the idea of ​​the unity of the nation, advocates the integration of classes into a racial or corporate commonwealth. Having come to power, the fascists banned workers' parties, strikes and other forms and means of defending their interests by the working people.

By creating totalitarian terrorist regimes, fascism destroyed all democratic freedoms and institutions. There was a militarization of all spheres of public life, and control over society was carried out with the help of state structures and party militias. State and party violence has become the norm.

Fascism played a decisive role in unleashing the Second World War, in which it experienced a crushing military and moral-political defeat. Soon after the end of the war in some Western states - Germany, Italy, the USA, Great Britain, France, it began to revive as neo-fascism.

Neo-fascism preaches the same ideological and political views as fascism, relies on the same social base - the strata, marginalized by the course of social development.

The strategic goal of both fascism and neo-fascism is unlimited expansion (imperialism).

The goal of fascism is unlimited domination over its own and conquered peoples. Fascism relies on social Darwinism - this was one of the trends in the sociology of the 19th century; by classifying the nation as a species in nature, it transfers Darwin's theory of the struggle for existence and space into the experiments of society. This theory has not been applied since the second half of the 20th century.

Fascism is a predominantly European political movement of the 20th century and a particular form of government.

The word "fascism" is of Italian origin. At first it was used only in relation to the Italian reality of the 20s. Subsequently, similar movements in other countries began to be called them. The German fascists called themselves "Nazis", "Nazis". Fascism as a political movement has a number of features that determine its specificity

The first is nationalism, which turns into chauvinism and racism. For fascists, the interests of the nation are higher than individual, group, class interests. The latter must certainly be sacrificed to the former. Fascism seems to have absorbed the entire wave of chauvinism and nationalism during the First World War. In addition, the greatest scope of this movement in Germany and Italy is explained by the resentment of the national feelings of the peoples of these countries, who completed their unification later than others and emerged from the First World War not only weakened, but also humiliated: Germany - the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles, Italy - the fact that its interests were neglected at the Paris Peace Conference.

For fascists, democracy is synonymous with chaos, the alternative to which they consider order and discipline.

The praising of the state brought the fascists closer to the traditional rightists: both of them saw in it the concentration of the national spirit, the basis of stability and order. Both those and others were against any modernization, they called for a mechanical return to the sources, roots, national shrines.

The Nazis put forward and sought to put into practice not just the idea of ​​a strong state, but a totalitarian state that absorbs civil society. In Germany, the implementation of this idea gave rise to a conflict between the Nazis and the church, which sought to preserve its autonomy. The traditional right would not allow such a conflict because of its affinity for the church. In addition, they were, unlike the Nazis, a small elite (patrimonial aristocrats, great financiers and industrialists). Fascism is a mass movement in which artisans, peasants, small merchants and entrepreneurs, employees, and war veterans took part.

An ugly feature of the fascist movement is the propensity for violence, which they claimed made a cult of it. They sought to build a new world order on violence. The understanding of violence as a necessary attribute of political struggle made fascism related to orthodox socialists and communists.

Borrowing a number of slogans and ideas from the socialists, fascism considered the socialists and communists to be its main enemies.

Anti-communist slogans contributed to the unification of the Italian fascists, German Nazis and Japanese militarists in the anti-Comintern pact. They did not perceive the socialists for their "guilt" in the defeat in the First World War.

In different countries, the fascist movement had its own specific features. Being nationalists, his fans made no effort to create a common program.

Italian fascism considered the Roman Empire as a role model and sought to turn the Mediterranean into an "Italian lake".

Spanish fascism was largely a reaction to the revolutionary uprisings of the population and the penetration of communism. It was based on monarchism, clericalism and anti-communism.

It should be noted the main features of Italian fascism.

Before others, the tendency of "leaderism", a one-man dictatorship, was determined. Already the law of 1925 “On the powers of the head of government” made the prime minister irresponsible, independent of parliament. His colleagues in the ministry, his ministers, have become mere assistants, responsible to their head; they were appointed and removed at the will of the latter.

For many years (until 1936) Mussolini held 7 ministerial posts at the same time. The law of 1926 “On the right of the executive power to issue legal norms” granted the “executive power”, that is, the same head of government, the right to issue “decrees-laws”. At the same time, no line was drawn between the “laws”, which remained the competence of the parliament, and the “decrees-laws”.

The second tendency that quickly emerged concerned the fascist party: it became an integral part of the state apparatus. Party congresses were abolished, as well as all forms of party self-government.

The Grand Council of the Fascist Party consisted of officials ex officio and by appointment. The chairman of the council was the head of government. The council was in charge of constitutional issues, discussed the most important bills, and it was from it that appointments to responsible posts came.

The charter of the party was approved by royal decree; the official head of the party ("secretary") was appointed by the king on the proposal of the head of government. The provincial organizations of the party were led by secretaries appointed from above: the directories attached to them had advisory functions, but even the members of these directories were appointed by decree of the head of government.

The third trend can be defined by the word terror. The fascist regime cannot maintain itself otherwise than by means of mass suppression, by bloody reprisals. Accordingly, the significance of the police is determined, more precisely, those many police services that were created under the Mussolini regime. In addition to the general police, there were: “organization of protection against anti-fascist crimes” (OVRA), “special political investigation service”, “voluntary national security police.”

Opponents of the regime were under the supervision of a special secret police; the newly established special courts sentenced them to long terms of imprisonment or to internment on outlying islands. For conviction, no other motives were required, except for the suspicion of “political unreliability”.

National minorities were also subjected to severe harassment; but the Jews, who were very few in Italy, were not touched at first. Only in 1937-1938, in the process of cooperation with National Socialist Germany, they began to carry out anti-Semitic actions.

External expansion is an integral feature of the fascist dictatorship. Mussolini claimed to "resurrect the Roman Empire."

"German fascism", with all its common features, differs significantly from the "original", Italian fascism - differs in its causes, structure and, last but not least, its consequences. In German national socialism, or Nazism, the ideas of fascism received an original and larger-scale, consistent and cruel development.

crisis political fascism

1. First of all, the trend of "leaderism", a single dictatorship, was determined. Already the 1925 law "On the powers of the head of government" made the prime minister not responsible, independent of parliament. His colleagues in the ministry, his ministers, have become mere assistants, responsible to their head; they were appointed or removed at the will of the latter.

For many years (until 1936), Mussolini held 7 ministerial posts at the same time. The 1926 law “The right of the executive to issue legal norms” granted the “executive”, that is, the same head of government, the right to issue “decrees-laws”. At the same time, no line was drawn between the “laws”, which remained the competence of the parliament, and the “decrees-laws”.

2. The Fascist Party became an integral part of the state apparatus. Party

congresses were abolished, as were all forms of party "self-government".

The Grand Council of the Fascist Party consisted of officials ex officio and by appointment. The chairman of the council was the head of government. The council was in charge of constitutional issues, discussed the most important bills, and it was from it that appointments to responsible posts came.

The charter of the party was approved by the royal directive, the official head of the party ("secretary") was appointed by the king on the proposal of the head of government.

The provincial organizations of the party were led by secretaries appointed from above: the directories attached to them had advisory functions, but even the members of these directories were appointed by decree of the head of government.

3. Terror. The fascist regime cannot maintain itself otherwise than by means of mass

Suppression, massacres. Accordingly, the significance of the police is determined, more precisely of the many police services that were created under the Mussolini regime.

In addition to the general police, there was an "organization of protection against anti-fascist crimes", a "special political investigation service", "voluntary national security police"

National minorities were also subjected to severe oppression, but the Jews, who were very few in Italy, were not touched at first. Only in 1937-1938, in the process of cooperation with National Socialist Germany, they began to carry out anti-Semitic actions that fell under the condemnation of the Nuremberg Laws. The Italian fascists, in whose ranks at least in the early period there were also persons of Jewish origin, did not kill a single Jew. The "racism" preached by Mussolini had no biological connotation.

External expansion is an integral feature of the fascist dictatorship. Mussolini claimed to have "resurrected the Roman Empire".

Fascist Italy claimed some French lands (Savoy, Nice, Corsica), claimed Malta, tried to seize the island of Corfu, hoping to establish dominance over Austria. (Before the alliance with Nazi Germany), was preparing to capture East Africa.

In the implementation of this program, it was possible to capture the weak, backward Abyssinia (1936), occupy Albania (1938)

In June 1940, Italy, a partner of Germany and Japan under the Anti-Comintern Pact, declared war on France and England. Some time later, she attacked Greece. The Italian fascist press was filled with promises of an imminent great Afro-European Roman Empire. These plans did not come true.

The political regime is always in the most direct and immediate dependence on the social base of the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie. Even before the onset of the general crisis of capitalism, the bourgeoisie systematically resorted to authoritarian and terrorist methods of government. After the First World War and the Great October Socialist Revolution, the retreat of the bourgeoisie from democracy acquires an almost universal character. It was in the first post-war years that such a fundamentally new political phenomenon as fascism emerged, which was completely unknown to capitalism in the previous era. Fascism could only appear as a reaction of the bourgeoisie to the already victorious dictatorship of the proletariat. It is not surprising that in their homeland, in Italy, the fascist movement immediately took on an anti-Bolshevik character. From this seed, the main distinguishing quality of fascism subsequently developed - militant anti-communism, flavored with the most unbridled social and nationalist demagogy. For all the diversity and complexity of the class composition of the fascist movement, its anti-proletarian character is decisive. The establishment of fascism represents a radical upheaval leading to the complete and final destruction of bourgeois democracy by the bourgeoisie itself, since the social base of its dictatorship has disintegrated.
With the establishment of fascism, there is no change in the class essence of state power, and the nature of the socio-economic system does not change either. With the establishment of fascism, the most reactionary part of the bourgeoisie comes to power, which establishes a regime of direct arbitrariness and lawlessness. Being a product of the era of the general crisis of capitalism, fascism is an openly terrorist dictatorship of the most reactionary and chauvinistic elements of financial capital.
It is important to understand that fascism was primarily a spiritual movement and not just a political or economic movement. And therefore calling their parties democratic, liberal, communist, etc. and, accusing their opponents of "fascism", no one even bothers to think about what specific ideas underlie this or that concept.

THE CONCEPT OF FASCISM

Fascist ideology that arose in the 20s. 19th century, became one of the landmark phenomena of the 20th century. Its evolution, ways of influencing political relations in different countries have also created an ambiguous attitude towards it in political science.
There are several different interpretations of the concept of fascism, such as:
Fascism- inadequate response of society to acute crisis processes that destroy established social, economic, political, ideological structures.The deeper the crisis, the more fertile ground for fascism, when the crisis not only affects, but to a large extent shakes the social structure of society, its moral foundations, disrupts the course of economic processes, leads to the discrediting of the institutions of power, causes disappointment in the population and a feeling of worsening living conditions. Downward mobility is often accompanied by prejudice against social, political and ethnic minorities.
- a right-wing extremist political movement and ideology that was formed in Germany and Spain in the 20-30s of the twentieth century and served as a populist means of getting these countries out of the post-war crisis.
- (Italian) - the result of the union of the left, disillusioned with Marxism, "new nationalists" and representatives of "national syndicalism".
- extremist ideology and practice, asserting the superiority and exclusivity of a certain nation or race, the denial of democracy, the establishment of the cult of the leader
From a political point of view, some scientists understand it as specific varieties of political ideologies, formed in Italy, Germany and Spain in the 20-30s. and served as a populist means of getting these countries out of the post-war crisis.
The founder of fascism was the leader of the left wing B. Mussolini. His theory, based on the elitist ideas of Plato - the hierarchical structure of society, Nietzsche - the superman, Goblio - the inequality of human races, Hegel and the concept of the "organist state" (justifying the aggressive actions of the authorities in the name of the good of the population devoted to him), preached extreme nationalism, "limitless will" of the state and the elitism of its political rulers.[ 9, p.121]
From another point of view, fascism is interpreted as an ideology that has no definite ideological content and shaping where and when, in the ideological and political aspirations of political forces, the goals of suppressing democracy come to the fore, and the thirst for violence and terror sometimes overshadows the tasks of seizing and using power. The political line of such a movement is inextricably linked with the utopian ideas of the superiority of certain racial, ethnic, class and other groups of society, the aggressiveness of political demands, the features of national militarism, and the appeal to base human feelings and prejudices. The political formulation of such ideological doctrines and doctorates is accompanied by the rejection of democracy as a system of power, the complete priority of the national code of morality over universal values, and the inculcation of the personality cult. In this sense, fascism appears as an ultra-reactionary, anti-humanistic ideology, on the basis of which political movements of a mobilization type are formed, focused on the implementation of mythical ideas and goals and proclaiming a continuous struggle against enemies.
Thus, there is no single answer to the question about the concept of fascism. However, there are answers to these questions that are consensual in nature, in which fascism(ital. fascismo from fascio « bunch, bunch, union") acts as political scienceterm, is a generic name for specific far-right political movements, their ideologies , as well as led by thempolitical regimes dictatorial type. In a narrower historical sense, fascism is understood as a system of violent political domination, characterized by the complete subordination of society, its economic, strong and spiritual life to state power, organized into an integral military-bureaucratic apparatus, which is headed by the leader.

HISTORY OF THE ORIGIN OF FASCISM FROM A POLITICAL POINT OF VIEW

Earlier than in other European countries, fascism established itself in Italy. Here he was born. B. Mussolini became the leader of this movement. Among the great European victorious powers, Italy was the most exhausted by the First World War. Industry, finance, agriculture were in a desperate situation. Everything spoke of a revolutionary situation: the rapid growth of trade unions, the extraordinary victory of the socialists in the parliamentary elections of 1919 (31% of the vote), the seizure of plants and factories by workers, landowners' land by peasants and farm laborers.
Until 1921, fascism was precisely as a movement, and not as a political party. There was no clear program for its participants yet. They quite successfully exploited the emotions that then dominated Italian society: disappointment and discontent. And hence the thirst for change that the Nazis promised.
Mussolini's numerous speeches lavished promises to ensure the "greatness of the nation", sharply criticized the victorious powers for their unfair treatment of Italy at the Paris Peace Conference, and fiercely attacked his own government and democracy in general for failing to effectively defend the interests of the nation.
The followers of Mussolini proclaimed themselves the spokesmen for the interests of the entire nation, regardless of the social affiliation of the voters.
Fascist organizations not only propagated their ideas, but also created self-defense units. Using the political instability characteristic of Italy in the early 20s (since June 1921, 3 governments have changed in the country), the Nazis began to openly claim power, claiming that only they are able to rid the country of chaos. To this end, in 1921 they transformed their movement into a party.
Even before coming to power in Italy, the ideologist B. Mussolini wrote that fascism sees "the nation as standing before and above anything else." In this ideology, the nation is seen not as a collection of individuals, but as a limited unity, expressing its opinion and will in the leader, and sovereignty in the state. At the same time, for the Nazis, the nation is a “myth”, “an ideal representation of a possible future”, as well as a legacy of the thousand-year legacy of “eternal Rome”. It was the main motive that inspires citizens to sacrifice, was interpreted as a memory of an alternative future. The real nation, bound by territory, language, economy and common history, was only a “raw material” to which the fascist state gives its true form and integrity, moral, political and economic unity.
The army and government authorities knew about the intentions of the Nazis to seize power, but they did not take any measures to stop the Nazis.
The head of the army information service reported on October 17, 1922. “Mussolini is so sure of victory and that he is the master of the situation that he even foresees the first steps of his government. It seems that he intends to carry out the coup no later than November 10th, but possibly November 4th.
At the end of 1922, during the discussion of the current situation at the congress of their party in Naples, stating that the country was going through another political crisis, the Nazis made demands to the government regarding the provision of a number of key administrative posts to them. In case of refusal, they will begin a massive campaign against Rome. The situation escalated to the limit. The government filed a resignation, because the king refused to sign a decree on the introduction of a state of emergency in the country.
Instead, he invited Mussolini to Rome, who had already seized power in some Italian cities, and invited him to head the government. On October 30, 1922, the participants of the fascist march on Rome entered the capital, and on the same day Mussolini headed the government. From that moment began the restructuring of the political system of the Italian kingdom. In Italy, the transition period, at least outwardly, was characterized by the preservation of significant elements of continuity with the past. The parliament continued to function, none of the old parties was banned, the old constitution was preserved.
But Mussolini's government immediately began to expand its powers to the detriment of the rights of Parliament.
2 state institutions were created: the "Big Fascist Council" (BFS) and the "Voluntary National Security Militia" (DMNB). The BFS controlled the bills before they were submitted to the parliament, the activities of the government itself. With the creation of the DMNB, Mussolini sought to achieve the predominance of the executive power in the face of the fascist government over the legislative power in the person of the king and parliament. The transfer of the DMNB to the subordination of Mussolini strengthened his personal power.
After the fascist coup, the communists and socialists organized separate demonstrations of the working people, mainly strikes. The reason for the mass action of the layers was the murder of a well-known journalist, a member of parliament, whose name has become a kind of symbol of the fight against fascism - Giacomo Matteotti. All the activities of the anti-fascist forces could not stir up Italy as much as this action of the fascists themselves. A wave of mass demonstrations swept across the country and demanded the resignation of the government and the punishment of Matteotti's killers.
Mussolini was confused, he did not expect such a turn of events. For the first time since the fascists came to power, opposition in parliament began to stir. The so-called Aventian block was created there. Some suggested stimulating mass actions as much as possible, preparing a general strike. However, other members of the Aventian bloc sought to limit the unfolding protest campaign to a rigid legalist framework, to reduce it to a moral condemnation of fascism. The Communist Party suggested that the leaders of the bloc unite and begin the fight against fascism. But this time too no decisive action was taken, and the fascists quickly seized the situation.
While the opponents of the fascist regime were arguing about methods of dealing with it, Mussolini was preparing to eliminate all those elements of the democratic system that were at least formally preserved in Italy. All ministers who were not members of the fascist party were expelled from the government, which finally confirmed the one-party rule. Mussolini transformed the ideology of fascism into a glorification of the all-powerful state and a party that should organize unions and business of government-supported corporations.
Mussolini said that all changes are in line with the solution of the global task of building a "corporate state" in which class harmony will reign. In 1927, the Charter of Labor was adopted, which set out the basic principles of corporatism. As the foundation of the new state, it was supposed to create corporations that would unite all entrepreneurs and workers employed in each given branch of production for cooperation in the name of national interests. On the basis of the corporate state, Mussolini sought to create his empire.
The famous Italian philosopher D. Gentile, who put himself at the service of fascism and wrote the main parts of the “Doctorina of Fascism”, speaking about the functions of the fascist state, stated: “For fascism, the desire for empire, that is, for national expansion, is a vital manifestation. The opposite, i.e., "sitting at home," is a sign of decline. The peoples that rise and rise are the imperialists.” He often repeated that he sees his mission in the revival and power of the Roman Empire. And in order to solve these problems, it was necessary to strengthen the military-industrial complex of Italy. The following activities were carried out:

The National Bank was nationalized in 1936.
The economy was put into autarky mode

But despite this, Italy was still inferior to its main competitors in the international arena in terms of the scale of economic power.

PREREQUISITES FOR THE RISE OF FASCISM

Internal

2. External
After the unification, Italy did its best to become one of the great
powers, and led the most active foreign policy, including colonial policy. This activity prevented Italy from remaining neutral in the European conflicts that preceded the First World War. Forced to make a decision, Italy initially joined the Triple Alliance, hoping for a colonial redivision of the world. However, already at the very beginning of the war, the Italian government did not support its allies and, not risking getting involved in a European war, declared neutrality. But already in 1915, after the failure of the German war plan became obvious, seduced by the promises of the Entente, Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary. This adventure ended sadly: two German divisions transferred to the south broke through the front near the Caporetto River, which turned the Italian army into a three-hundred-kilometer panic flight, which ended naturally (the Germans stopped the offensive).
After this catastrophe, which ended active hostilities on the Italian front, the Entente ceased to perceive Italy as a real force. Therefore, at the Paris Peace Conference, although the Italian Prime Minister Orlando was one of the "big four" (together with Clemenceau, Lloyd George and Wilson), the Entente did not think to fulfill its promises (except for the transfer of South Tyrol, which remained ownerless after the collapse of Austria-Hungary to Italy - Trentino and Istria with Trieste).
This outcome of the peace conference was perceived in Italy as
"Diplomatic Caporetto". National feelings, especially acute in
newly united country, were again offended. It is an insult"
superimposed on the most severe post-war economic and social crisis,especially sharp in underdeveloped Italy.

3.Economic crisis
The post-war crisis was expressed in a full bouquet of economic and social problems. The war dealt a severe blow to the financial system. The country's foreign debt by the end of the war amounted to 19 billion lire. Military spending in 1918 absorbed up to 80% of the budget (46 billion lire). The gold and foreign exchange reserves were practically exhausted due to the purchase of strategic materials and weapons during the war. This led to uncontrolled inflation. After the termination of military orders and in
due to the impossibility of further supporting production due to the emptiness in the treasury, an avalanche-like series of bankruptcies of enterprises begins
The extraction of all minerals falls by one and a half to two times, the area under crops is reduced, which leads to the mass impoverishment of the peasantry in a still predominantly agrarian country. This economic crisis was accompanied by a rapid increase in unemployment, exacerbated by the mass demobilization of soldiers. All this has become the most fertile ground for the process of activating the mass mentality. This activation manifested itself both in spontaneous mass actions (pogroms of food stores - merchants or the government turned out to be "guilty" of raising prices - unauthorized seizures of land in the village, etc.), and in the activities of organizations that manipulate the masses, primarily the radical wing socialists oriented towards the Comintern
(their center was the editorial office of the Turin newspaper with the characteristic title "Ordine Nuovo" - "The New Order"). Taking advantage of the growth in the crisis of the strike movement (in 1919 there was an 1871 strike with more than one and a half million participants), these socialists gave a number of strikes
political character.
The activation of the masses inevitably led to the escalation of the economic crisis into a political one.

4. Political crisis
The king, government and parliament could not resolve the situation.
The old liberal parties did not know how to act in conditions of massovization,
their authority was undermined by military, diplomatic (even this turned out to be not indifferent to the masses) and economic failures.
The spectrum of political forces in Italy looked at this time as follows. On the left flank was the socialist party, in which the moderate wing remained (in 1921, the radical socialists finally entered the Comintern, taking shape as a communist party). To the right were: the People's Party, focused mainly on the peasantry, the liberals, and, finally, the Nationalist Party, which came out with chauvinist slogans. The slogans of the nationalists competed in popularity with the communist ones, most of the peasants, workers, intellectuals, due to the national pride infringed after the war and Versailles, responded to calls to "return" to Italy "originally Italian" Dalmatia, Albania and North Africa. The most radical wing demanded that Nice, Savoy and Corsica be taken away from France (!) Most of all, nationalists were worried about the fate of the Adriatic
Port of Fiume (Rijeka). The famous Italian writer Gabriele d'Annunzio even left his literary studios in order to capture Fiume with a detachment of "legionnaires" he recruited and establish a republic there, led by himself as a dictator according to the ancient Roman model.
The funny thing is that he succeeded, and the Republic of d'Annunzio lasted for 16 months (from September 1919 to January 1921, when the Italian troops, under pressure from the Entente, were forced to expel him from there). This episode, on the one hand, shows well the extent to which the government controlled the state of affairs in the country, and on the other hand, points to a very revealing symptom: the mass mentality is very contagious and covers not only the poorly educated part of the population, but also the refined intelligentsia.[www.5ka.ru/33/33668/1.html].
After analyzing a number of sources, 2 groups can be distinguished.
The first group includes the opinions of such authors as O. A. Yanovsky, O. V. Brigadina, P. A. Shuplyak, V. A. Melnik, S. Gapali, S. Tikhvinsky, V. fascism:
1. World economic crisis of 1929-1933: unemployment, inflation.
2. The strengthening of revolutionary sentiments among the population after the First World War and the victory of the revolution in Russia.

The thirst for revenge, on the part of the soldiers, who considered themselves deceived, which contributed to the development of the military conflict.

Lack of laws aimed at combating political radicalism and extremism
The absence of targeted, state-supported propaganda against extreme forms of political participation.
Protracted political and economic crisis.
Support for large industrial and financial capital.
The existence of fascist movements with armed groups that impose political terror on society.

FASCISM FEATURES
The very word fascism is of Italian origin. The first performances of the Nazis took place in 1919. Their organization, created by Benito Mussolini, was called Fascio di Combatimento, which meant "Union of Struggle". Members of this organization began to be called fascists, and the movement itself fascism. The Duce carried out a number of changes in the state:

One-party system.
The creation of corporations, which put an end to the freedom of trade unionism and the emergence of a "chamber of fascist organizations and corporations", instead of parliament.
Freedom of assembly and association, freedom of the press were abolished, and politically unreliable employees were fired.
The emergence of new laws: trade unions and political parties were banned, with the exception of fascist ones; the death penalty was restored, etc.

First of all, the tendency of "leaderism", a single dictatorship, was determined.

Traditionally, Benito Mussolini is recognized as the face of fascism and its author. He believed that fascism was created not by any conservative doctrine, but was born in the minds of the masses, who needed movement and a change in archaic state foundations that did not correspond to modernity. He saw the Italian Fascist Party belonging to him not as an ordinary opposition party, but as a party to all parties, a kind of living movement containing a living spirit. He noted that, having created his movement, he did not have a specific conceptual teaching in his hands, and all his canons could be reduced to a specific set of aphorisms, emotions and aspirations, which were later transformed into a theory.
The defining factors of Italian fascism were the people and the state. Its feature was the complete dominance of the state over the people, and fascism needed a strong state, which, in its opinion, should have been like an integral organism, not divided by either economic or ideological criteria. In the state, the existence of individuals, groups of individuals who could form political parties, economic unions, social or cultural associations should be completely denied.
Mussolini argued the need to create only a totalitarian state in which neither human nor spiritual values ​​exist, or they are of relatively little importance. The formation of a fascist state will receive its logical conclusion in the form of a mighty leader, a leader for the state and the nation, which Mussolini became. As a state leader, he was the chairman of the government, heading ministers, and was also a leader in the Great Fascist Council. The Italian parliament existed until 1936 years, although the parliamentary deputies were not elected, but appointed by the fascist council.
The fascist state was in vital need of broad public support within the framework of the totalitarian system of government established in the state. The state, according to Mussolini, should be based on multimillion-dollar support from the population, which recognizes its power, constantly feel the power of the state, and are ready to serve it. Under such conditions, the priority tasks of the state was the ability to clearly organize the nation, by directing the activities of individuals towards a single, clearly defined goal, as well as bringing the foreign policy status of the state to the status of an empire. The strength of the state and the peculiarities of Italian fascism lie in the complete militarization of the economy, capable of independently, without the participation of third states, to ensure the full military equipment of the country. Only large-scale military training will ensure the promotion of the ideals of a totalitarian state to neighboring ones, through expansion.
Mussolini was extremely preoccupied with his person and often liked to exaggerate his merits and build a superman out of himself. This is probably why so many of his incredible, ill-conceived plans have failed. He was extremely impatient, therefore, not getting what he wanted on time, he quickly lost interest in the idea and gave up halfway through. By the end of the thirties, the standard of living of the population was falling, the birth rate was also declining, prices for vital products were rising against the backdrop of frozen wages. The Italian Duce falls under the influence of Hitler, although before that the Fuhrer was his follower. A huge number of Mussolini's sayings have been preserved, judging by which he could not stand Hitler's Nazism, defining it as one hundred percent racism absolutely against everyone and everyone: yesterday against Christians, today against Latin civilization, and tomorrow, perhaps, against all human civilization. One day, he characterizes Hitler as a disgusting sexual degenerate and a dangerous lunatic, and his German national socialism as wild barbarism, and also that European civilization can be destroyed if this country (Germany) of murderers and pederasts is allowed to capture the entire continent. Mussolini failed to follow the example of Hitler and start the persecution of the Jews, the opposed people prevented. Many Italians did not like the small-mindedness of their leader. But, unlike the Nazi army, the Italian troops sent to the east managed not to stain themselves with brutal war crimes and the blood of civilians. Mussolini's pathetic attempts to invade Yugoslavia and North Africa did not turn into a disaster only thanks to the timely arrival of German troops. But near Stalingrad, the Nazis were not up to Italian like-minded people. V 1943 The Allies land in Italy and the king removes Mussolini from office, putting General Badoglio in his post, after which the Germans capture northern Italy, and the southern part of the country is in the hands of the allies. Mussolini, who was under arrest, was to be released by a detachment of German paratroopers, and led a pro-Nazi government in northern Italy. Later, April 1945- th, when the outcome of the war became obvious, he tried to escape from the country, but was captured by the Italian resistance fighters and 28 April he was shot, taking with him the features of Italian fascism that had been worked out for so long and so diligently propagated.

Fascism(from ital. fascio- bundle, bundle, association, see also fascia) - this is a totalitarian political direction that arose in the 20th century; philosophical and political concept and form of municipal structure, based on the priority of municipal interests over all others.

Fascism in power is an open terrorist dictatorship aimed at oppressing democratic freedoms and public movements. The ideology of fascism is militant chauvinism, racism, anti-communism, violence, the cult of the leader, the complete power of the country, universal control over the individual, militarization of all spheres of society, anger. A bunch of bars (fascia) was the emblem of the system of power in ancient Rome. From there, almost everything was taken from the ideology of German fascism, and even the name: the first empire was proclaimed the medieval Holy Roman Empire of German civilization, the 2nd - the German Empire of 1871-1918, the third was to be refreshed, revived after the defeat in the First World War and revolution, a brand new state Germany, which supposedly had to exist for a thousand years (3rd Reich, Thousand-Year Reich).

Fascism is considered in modern political science as a combination of three important parts:

Therefore, it is possible to give a definition of fascism only taking into account all these three levels.

In other words, fascism is a controlled market economy, dictatorship and nationalism as the official ideology of the country.

Fascism appeared in Italy at the end of the First World War 1914-1918. German Nazism (National Socialism) is only one of the innumerable varieties of fascism. Between the first and second world wars, almost every European country had its own fascist parties, groups and movements: for example, the Falangists in Spain, the legion of the Archangel Misha in Romania, the supporters of Ferenc Salashi in Hungary, the English Alliance of Fascists in England, etc. . In their own foreign policy, all fascist regimes pursued a colonial, aggressive, expansionist line. For example, Mussolini waged war in Abyssinia, the Hungarian fascists wanted to seize the entire Danube basin, the Falangists turned their eyes to the African mainland and even to neighboring Portugal. Almost always, fascist regimes were established uniformly in power, often even democratically, as in Germany. These regimes were often preceded by some kind of shock: defeat in the war, humiliation as a result of unequal international treaties, an economic crisis.

Until the 2nd World War, the fascists believed that they had common philosophical principles: favourite, one-party system, social Darwinism, elitism, with all this, each government adhered to its own state model of fascism - for example, the Portuguese clerical-corporate new government under Salazar, Spanish Falangists, Hungarian Nilashists. In 1945, the surviving fascist regimes dissociated themselves from Nazism so as not to be equated with the Nazi variety of fascism condemned by the world community.

Italian fascism- authoritarian, nationalist policy pursued in Italy from 1922 to 1943 by Prime Minister Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) - son of a blacksmith, former socialist, then teran, official title - Duce(it. "leader").

Etymologically, the term "fascism" comes from the Italian "fascio" (league), also from the Latin "fascia" (bundle) - this is an ancient sign of the Roman administration. Mussolini adopted the fascia as the sign of the Fascist Party in 1919 when he developed the "fascia di combattimento" (fighting leagues).

In political science, Italian fascism is seen as a syncretic model of ideology and form of government from which other varieties of fascism developed.

The main ideas of Italian fascism were outlined in the book "The Doctrine of Fascism", as well as in the works of Giovanni Gentile, the founder of the theory of "actualistic idealism", which became the basis for the fascists. The doctrine proclaimed a world of action in the field of the population of the earth, rejected "eternal peace" as something breathtaking. The Nazis argued that man and the population of the earth cannot live in the absence of war.

"The Doctrine of Fascism" B. Mussolini was first published in 1932 in the 14th volume of the Italian encyclopedia Enciclopedia Italiana di scienze, lettere ed arti as an introduction to the article "Fascismo" (Fascism). Mussolini wrote in his work that he was disillusioned with the doctrines of the past, including socialism, of which he had been an active promoter for many years. He believed that new ideas should be found, because political doctrines come and go, but peoples remain. Mussolini was convinced that if the 19th century was the century of individualism, then the 20th century would be the century of collectivism and, as it should, of the country.

In search of his own recipe for national happiness, he expressed subsequent provisions:

On June 18, 2010, the Kirov District Tribunal of Ufa ruled that the book was extremist. The decision of the Tribunal was proved by the fact that the federal law "On counteracting extremist activity" clearly includes the works of the leaders of the Fascist Party of Italy among the extremist materials. The result of the decision was the inclusion of the book in the Federal List of Extremist Materials.

Currently, fascist ideas are being developed by various neo-fascist and nationalist organizations - for example, the Jobbik party in Hungary. Opposition to fascist ideologies, organizations, and governments is known as anti-fascism.

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What are the features of Italian fascism?

Fascism (from Italian fascio - bundle, bunch, association, see also fascia) is a totalitarian political trend that arose in the 20th century; philosophical and political concept and form of municipal structure, based on the priority of municipal interests over all others. Fascism in power is an open terrorist dictatorship aimed at oppressing democratic freedoms and public movements. The ideology of fascism is militant chauvinism, racism,...