On October 4, 1916, Soviet and Russian theoretical physicist, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and Professor Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg was born. In 2003, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics “for the creation of the theory of type II superconductivity and the theory of superfluidity of liquid helium-3.”
Today we decided to remember all the Russian Nobel Prize laureates and illustrate them in our photo selection.
Pavlov Ivan Petrovich. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1904 "for his work on the physiology of digestion."
Henryk Sienkiewicz. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1905 "for outstanding services in the field of epic."
Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908 “for his work on immunity.”
Ostwald Wilhelm Friedrich. Winner of the 1909 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "in recognition of the work he had done in catalysis and for his research into the fundamental principles of the control of chemical equilibria and reaction rates."
Maria Skłodowska-Curie. Awarded the Nobel Prize: in physics (1903) and in chemistry (1911 “for outstanding services in the development of chemistry: the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this wonderful element”).
Vladislav Reymont. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1924 "for the outstanding national epic - the novel "Men."
Ivan Bunin. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1933 "for the rigorous mastery with which he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose."
Paul Karrer. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1937 together with the English scientist W. Haworth “for the study of carotenoids and flavins, as well as for the study of vitamins A and B2.”
France Emil Sillanpää. In 1939 he won the Nobel Prize in Literature “for his deep insight into the life of Finnish peasants and his excellent description of their customs and connections with nature.”
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen. Winner of the 1945 Nobel Prize "for his research and achievements in the field of agriculture and nutrient chemistry, especially for the method of preserving feed."
Tadeusz Reichstein. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1950 (shared with Edward Kendall and Philip Hench) "for his discoveries concerning the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects."
Waxman Zelman Abraham. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1952) for “the discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective in the treatment of tuberculosis.”
From left to right: Cherenkov Pavel Alekseevich, Tamm Igor Evgenievich, Frank Ilya Mikhailovich. Nobel Prize in Physics (1958) - for the discovery and interpretation of the Vavilov-Cherenkov effect.
Boris Pasternak. In 1958 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, after which he was persecuted by the Soviet government.
Landau Lev Davidovich. Winner of the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his pioneering theories of condensed matter and especially liquid helium."
From left to right: Basov Nikolai Gennadievich, Prokhorov Alexander Mikhailovich. Winners of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of emitters and amplifiers based on the laser-maser principle."
Sholokhov Mikhail Alexandrovich. Laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1965 - “for the artistic strength and integrity of the epic about the Don Cossacks at a turning point for Russia”)
Granite Ragnar Arthur. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1967 (jointly with Holden Hartline and George Wald) "for his discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes occurring in the eye."
Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize in Literature "for the moral strength with which he followed the immutable traditions of Russian literature."
Simon Smith Blacksmith. Winner of the 1971 Nobel Prize in Economics "for his empirically based interpretation of economic growth, which has led to new and deeper understanding of economic and social structure and the development process as a whole."
Leontiev Vasily Vasilievich. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1973 "for his development of the input-output method and its application to important economic problems."
Kantorovich Leonid Vitalievich. Winner of the 1975 Nobel Prize in Economics "for his contributions to the theory of optimal resource allocation."
Sakharov Andrey Dmitrievich. Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975 "for his fearless support of the fundamental principles of peace among men and his courageous struggle against the abuse of power and all forms of suppression of human dignity."
Ilya Prigozhin. Winner of the 1977 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his work on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, especially for the theory of dissipative structures."
Isaac Bashevis-Singer. Winner of the 1978 Nobel Prize in Literature "for his emotional storytelling, which, rooted in Polish-Jewish cultural traditions, raises eternal questions."
Menachem Begin. Winner of the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize "for preparing and concluding the fundamental agreements between Israel and Egypt."
Kapitsa Pyotr Leonidovich. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (1978) for the discovery of the phenomenon of superfluidity of liquid helium, introduced the term “superfluidity” into scientific use.
Czeslaw Milosz. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1980, where he "exposed with fearless clairvoyance the vulnerability of man in a world torn by conflict."
Joseph Brodsky. Winner of the 1987 Nobel Prize in Literature "for his comprehensive creativity, imbued with clarity of thought and passion of poetry."
Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich. Winner of the 1990 Nobel Peace Prize. He received the award “in recognition of his leading role in the peace process, which today characterizes an important part of the life of the international community.”
Joseph Rotblat. Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for Nuclear Disarmament in 1995 "for his great achievements in reducing the role of nuclear weapons in world politics and for his long-standing efforts to ban these weapons."
Alferov Zhores Ivanovich. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (2000 prize for the development of semiconductor heterostructures and the creation of fast opto- and microelectronic components).
From left to right: Abrikosov Alexey Alekseevich, Ginzburg Vitaly Lazarevich. Winners of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2003 "for the creation of the theory of superconductivity of the second type and the theory of superfluidity of liquid helium-3."
Gurvich Leonid Solomonovich. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics for 2007 “for creating the foundations of the theory of optimal mechanisms.”
From left to right: Geim Andrey Konstantinovich, Novoselov Konstantin Sergeevich. Winners of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics "for their pioneering experiments in the study of the two-dimensional material graphene."
1904 - Nobel Prize laureate in physiology and medicine - physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov.
1908 - Nobel Prize laureate in physiology and medicine - Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov.
1933 - Nobel Prize laureate in literature Ivan Alekseevich Bunin. Without citizenship.
1956 - Nobel Prize laureate in chemistry Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov.
1958 - Nobel Prize laureates in physics Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov, Ilya Mikhailovich Frank and Igor Evgenievich Tamm.
1958 - Nobel Prize laureate in literature Boris Leonidovich Pasternak. He refused the award.
1962 - Nobel Prize laureate in physics Lev Davidovich Landau.
1964 - Nobel Prize laureates in physics Nikolai Gennadievich Basov, Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov.
1965 - Nobel Prize laureate in literature Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov.
1970 - Nobel Prize laureate in literature Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn.
1975 - Nobel Peace Prize laureate Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov.
1975 - Nobel Prize laureate in economics Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich.
1978 - Nobel Prize laureate in physics Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa.
1987 - Nobel Prize laureate in literature Joseph Brodsky. US citizen.
1990 - Nobel Peace Prize laureate Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev.
2000 - Nobel Prize laureate in physics Zhores Ivanovich Alferov.
2003 - Nobel Prize laureates in physics Alexey Alekseevich Abrikosov and Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg.
Russian physicists are Nobel Prize laureates
Alexey Alekseevich Abrikosov - received the Nobel Prize (2003) in physics for his work in the field of quantum physics (together with V.I. Ginzburg and E. Leggett), in particular, for research into superconductivity and superfluidity. Abrikosov developed the theory of Nobel laureates Ginzburg and Landau and theoretically substantiated the possibility of the existence of a new class of superconductors that allow the presence of both superconductivity and a strong magnetic field at the same time. Studying the phenomenon of superconductivity made it possible to create superconducting magnets used in magnetic resonance imaging (the inventors also received a Nobel Prize in 2003). In the future, superconductors are expected to be used in thermonuclear installations.
Zhores Ivanovich Alferov is a Nobel Prize laureate in physics (2000) for fundamental research in the field of information and communication technologies and the development of semiconductor elements used in ultra-fast computers and fiber-optic communications. The academician received his first patent in the field of heterojunctions in 1963, when, together with Rudolf Kazarinov, he created a semiconductor laser, which is now used in fiber-optic communications and in CD players. The Nobel Prize was shared between Zhores Alferov, Herbert Kremer and Jack Kilby. Zhores Alferov participated in the creation of domestic transistors, photodiodes, high-power germanium rectifiers, discovered the phenomenon of superinjection in heterostructures, created “ideal” semiconductor heterostructures
Nikolai Gennadievich Basov - Nobel Prize laureate in physics (1964) for fundamental research in the field of quantum radiophysics, which made it possible to create generators and amplifiers of a new type - masers and lasers (together with C. Townes and A.M. Prokhorov), one of the founders of quantum electronics. Basov came up with the idea of using semiconductors in lasers; he drew attention to the possibility of using lasers in thermonuclear fusion, and his subsequent work led to the creation of a new direction in the problem of controlled thermonuclear reactions - methods of laser thermonuclear fusion
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg - received the Nobel Prize in Physics (2003) for developing the theory of superfluidity and superconductivity (together with A. Abrikosov and E. Leggett). The Ginzburg-Landau theory describes the electron gas in a superconductor as a superfluid liquid that flows through the crystal lattice without resistance at ultra-low temperatures. This theory revealed several important thermodynamic relationships and explained the behavior of superconductors in a magnetic field. The citation index of the joint work of Ginzburg and Landau is one of the highest in the history of science. Ginzburg was one of the first to understand the vital role of x-ray and gamma-ray astronomy; he predicted the existence of radio emission from the outer regions of the solar corona, proposed a method for studying the structure of circumsolar plasma and a method for studying outer space using the polarization of radiation from radio sources
Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa - awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1978) for fundamental research in the field of low temperature physics. He created new methods for liquefying hydrogen and helium, designed new types of liquefiers (piston, expander and turboexpander units. The Kapitsa turboexpander forced a reconsideration of the principles of creating refrigeration cycles used for liquefying and separating gases, which significantly changed the development of world oxygen production technology. Developed a technique for producing liquid helium and discovered the phenomenon of superfluidity of helium II. These studies stimulated the development of the quantum theory of liquid helium, developed by L. D. Landau
Lev Davidovich Landau - awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1962) for his fundamental theories of condensed matter, especially liquid helium. Landau explained superfluidity using a new mathematical apparatus: he treated the quantum states of a volume of liquid in almost the same way as if it were a solid. Among his scientific achievements are the creation of the theory of electronic diamagnetism of metals, the creation, together with E. M. Lifshitz, of the theory of the domain structure of ferromagnets and ferromagnetic resonance, the creation of a general theory of second-order phase transitions. In addition, Lev Davidovich Landau derived the kinetic equation for electron plasma and, together with Yu. B. Rumer, developed the cascade theory of electron showers in cosmic rays
Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov - Nobel Prize in Physics (1964) awarded for fundamental work on quantum electronics. Research in the field of electron paramagnetic resonance carried out by Prokhorov in the 60s of the last century led to the creation of quantum amplifiers in the microwave range with extremely low noise; subsequently, on their basis, devices were developed that are now widely used in radio astronomy and deep space communications. Prokhorov proposed a new type of resonator - an open resonator; lasers of all types and ranges now work with such resonators
Igor Ivanovich Tamm - received the Nobel Prize in Physics (1958) together with Pavel Cherenkov and Ilya Frank for the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect (the effect of superluminal electron radiation), although Tamm himself did not count this work among his most important achievements. Later, the “Cherenkov effect” was explained from the point of view of quantum concepts by Tamm’s student Vitaly Ginzburg. Tamm was the first to suggest that forces and, in general, interactions between particles arise as a result of the exchange of other particles and suggested that the interaction of a proton and a neutron is based on the exchange of an electron and a neutrino. Tamm built a quantitative theory of nuclear interaction, the specific model he proposed turned out to be unsuitable, but the idea itself was very fruitful, all subsequent theories of nuclear forces were built according to the scheme developed by Tamm. His work allowed scientists to advance their understanding of nuclear forces. He also did a lot in the field of classical electrodynamics.
Ilya Mikhailovich Frank - Nobel Prize in Physics (1958) for the discovery and interpretation of the “Cherenkov effect” (together with Pavel Cherenkov and Igor Tamm), which advanced research in the fields of plasma physics, astrophysics, radio waves and particle acceleration. Frank formulated the theory of transition radiation (together with Vitaly Ginzburg), his theoretical and experimental work in the field of propagation and increase in the number of neutrons in uranium-graphite systems contributed to the creation of the atomic bomb
Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov - awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1958) for the discovery and interpretation of the “Cherenkov effect” together with Igor Tamm and Ilya Frank. Cherenkov discovered that gamma rays (which have much higher energy and therefore frequency than X-rays) emitted by radium give off a faint blue glow in the liquid - a phenomenon that had been noted before, but could not be explained. Frank and Tamm proposed that Cerenkov radiation occurs when an electron travels faster than light (in liquids, electrons knocked out of atoms can travel faster than light if the incident gamma rays have enough energy). Cerenkov counters (based on the detection of Cerenkov radiation) are used to measure the speed of single high-speed particles, the antiproton (negative hydrogen nucleus) was discovered using such a counter.
Throughout the history of the Nobel awards, Russian names have been heard in Stockholm many times.
Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Pavlov received his well-deserved Nobel Prize in 1904 “for his work on the physiology of digestion.” Pavlov is a unique scientist on a global scale, who managed to form his own school in the difficult conditions of a state under construction, to which the scientist made considerable claims. Pavlov collected paintings, plants, butterflies, stamps, and books. Scientific research led him to abandon meat food.
Ilya Mechnikov
Ilya Mechnikov is one of the greatest scientists of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. Thus, it was Mechnikov who proved the unity of origin of vertebrate and invertebrate animals. His wife died of tuberculosis and Mechnikov, already contemplating suicide, devoted his life to the fight against tuberculosis. Having retired as a sign of protest against the reactionary policy in the field of education carried out by the tsarist government and right-wing professors, he organized a private laboratory in Odessa, then (1886, together with N. F. Gamaleya) the second in the world and the first Russian bacteriological station to combat infectious diseases diseases.
In 1887 he left Russia and moved to Paris, where he was given a laboratory at the institute created by Louis Pasteur. Mechnikov received the Nobel Prize together with Paul Ehrlich for research in the field of immunity.
Lev Landau
In 1962, the Royal Swedish Academy awarded Landau the Nobel Prize "for his fundamental theories of condensed matter, especially liquid helium." For the first time in history, the award took place in a Moscow hospital, since shortly before the presentation, Landau was involved in a car accident. For 6 weeks the scientist was unconscious, and then for almost another three months he did not even recognize his loved ones. Physicists from all over the world took part in saving the scientist’s life. A 24-hour watch was organized at the hospital. Medicines that were not available in the Soviet Union were delivered by plane from Europe and the USA. Landau’s life was saved, but, alas, after the accident the scientist was never able to return to scientific research.
Peter Kapitsa
In 1978, academician Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics “for fundamental inventions and discoveries in the field of low-temperature physics.” At the award ceremony, the Soviet scientist broke tradition and dedicated his Nobel speech not to the works that were awarded by the Nobel committee, but to his own relevant modern research. Then Pyotr Leonidovich changed another tradition: he took the entire cash prize for himself, depositing it in an account in a Swedish bank. Previous Soviet laureates were forced to share with the state.
Alexander Prokhorov
One of the founders of quantum electronics and creator of laser technologies. Together with another Soviet scientist Nikolai Basov, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of generators and amplifiers based on the laser-maser principle.
Pavel Cherenkov
This Soviet physicist discovered an effect that later received his name - the Cherenkov effect. And then in 1958 he received, together with other Soviet physicists Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm, the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect.
Zhores Alferov
Every modern person benefits from the discoveries of Zhores Alferov, the Russian Nobel Prize laureate in 2000. All mobile phones contain heterostructure semiconductors created by Alferov. All fiber optic communications operate on its semiconductors and the Alferov laser. Without the Alferov laser, CD players and disk drives of modern computers would not be possible. Zhores Ivanovich's discoveries are used in car headlights, traffic lights, and in supermarket equipment - product label decoders. Alferov was one of the creators of the electronic reality that we encounter every day. At the same time, he began work on it at a time when it was not talked about not only here, but also in the West. Alyerov made discoveries that led to qualitative changes in the development of all electronic technology back in 1962-1974. The Nobel Prize recognized both his “former” services to physics and modern ones - the creation of ultra-fast supercomputers.
The first Russian Nobel laureate Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
2. Russian scientists-Nobel Prize laureates
The first prizes were awarded on December 10, 1901. Among the Nobel Prize laureates there are disproportionately few Russians (Russians, Soviet citizens), significantly fewer than representatives of the USA, Great Britain, France or Germany.
Nobel laureates in the field of physiology and medicine.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (September 27, 1849, Ryazan - February 27, 1936, Leningrad) - physiologist, creator of the science of higher nervous activity and ideas about the processes of regulation of digestion; founder of the largest Russian physiological school.
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (May 3, 1845, Ivanovka, now Kupyansky district of the Kharkov region - July 2, 1916, Paris).
Mechnikov's scientific works relate to a number of areas of biology and medicine. In 1866-1886. Mechnikov developed issues of comparative and evolutionary embryology. For his work “Immunity in infectious diseases” in 1908, together with P. Ehrlich, he received the Nobel Prize.
Nobel laureates in chemistry.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov (April 3, 1896, Saratov - September 25, 1986, Moscow). The scientist's main scientific achievements include the quantitative theory of chemical chain reactions, the theory of thermal explosion, and combustion of gas mixtures. In 1956 he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (together with Cyril Hinshelwood) for developing the theory of chain reactions.
Ilya Romanovich Prigozhin (January 25, 1917, Moscow, Russia - May 28, 2003 Austin, Texas). The bulk of his work is devoted to nonequilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics of irreversible processes. One of the main achievements was that the existence of nonequilibrium thermodynamic systems was shown, which under certain conditions, absorbing mass and energy from the surrounding space, can make a qualitative leap towards complexity (dissipative structures). Prigogine proved one of the main theorems of thermodynamics of nonequilibrium processes - the minimum production of entropy in an open system. In 1977 he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Nobel laureates in physics.
Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov (July 28, 1904, Voronezh region - January 6, 1990, Moscow). Cherenkov's main works are devoted to physical optics, nuclear physics, and high-energy particle physics. In 1934, he discovered a specific blue glow of transparent liquids when irradiated with fast charged particles. Cherenkov participated in the creation of synchrotrons. Performed a series of works on the photodecay of helium and other light nuclei.
Ilya Mikhailovich Frank (October 10, 1908, St. Petersburg - June 22, 1990, Moscow) and Igor Evgenievich Tamm (June 26, 1895, Vladivostok - April 12, 1971, Moscow) gave a theoretical description of this effect, which occurs when particles move in a medium at speeds exceeding the speed of light in this environment. This discovery led to the creation of a new method for detecting and measuring the speed of high-energy nuclear particles. This method is of great importance in modern experimental nuclear physics.
Academician Lev Davidovich Landau (January 22, 1908, Baku - April 1, 1968, Moscow) or Dau (that was the name of his close friends and colleagues), is considered a legendary figure in the history of domestic and world science. Quantum mechanics, solid state physics, magnetism, low temperature physics, cosmic ray physics, hydrodynamics, quantum field theory, physics of the atomic nucleus and elementary particles, plasma physics - this is not a complete list of areas that attracted Landau’s attention at different times. For pioneering research in the field of condensed matter theory, in particular the theory of liquid helium, Landau was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1962.
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (June 26 (July 9) 1894, Kronstadt - April 8, 1984, Moscow). In 1978, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics “for fundamental inventions and discoveries in the field of low-temperature physics” (for studies of helium superfluidity carried out back in 1938).
In 2000, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (b. March 15, 1930, Vitebsk, Belarus). For the development of semiconductor heterostructures and the creation of fast opto- and microelectronic components. His research played a major role in computer science.
In 2003, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to V. Ginzburg, A. Abrikosov and A. Leggett for their contribution to the development of the theory of superconductivity and superfluidity.
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg (b. October 4, 1916, Moscow). Main works on the propagation of radio waves, astrophysics, the origin of cosmic rays, Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation, plasma physics, crystal optics. He developed the theory of magnetic bremsstrahlung cosmic radio emission and the radio-astronomical theory of the origin of cosmic rays.
Alexey Alekseevich Abrikosov (b. June 25, 1928, Moscow). Abrikosov, together with E. Zavaritsky, an experimental physicist from the Institute of Physical Problems, discovered, while testing the Ginzburg-Landau theory, a new class of superconductors - superconductors of the second type. This new type of superconductor, unlike the first type of superconductor, retains its properties even in the presence of a strong magnetic field (up to 25 Tesla).
Nobel laureates in literature.
After physics, this is the most fruitful Nobel Prize for Russia. Over the years, the laureates of this prize were Ivan Bunin (1933), Boris Pasternak (1958, “for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel.” Personal pressure was also put on Pasternak, which, ultimately account, forced him to refuse the prize. In a telegram sent to the Swedish Academy, Pasternak wrote: “Due to the importance that the award awarded to me received in the society to which I belong, I must refuse it. Do not consider it an insult to me voluntary refusal"), Mikhail Sholokhov (1965, for the novel “Quiet Don”. This, by the way, was the only Soviet writer to receive the Nobel Prize with the consent of the USSR authorities), Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1970, “for outstanding achievements in the field of humanitarian work”) and Joseph Brodsky (1987, “for comprehensive creativity, saturated with purity of thought and brightness of poetry”).
Nobel laureates in economics.
Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich (January 6, 1912, St. Petersburg - April 7, 1986, Moscow), winner of the 1975 Nobel Prize in Economics “for his contribution to the theory of optimal resource allocation” (together with T. Koopmans).
Nobel laureates in the field of peace.
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (May 21, 1921 - December 14, 1989) - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and political figure, dissident and human rights activist. Since the late 1960s, he was one of the leaders of the human rights movement in the USSR. In 1968, he wrote a brochure “On Peaceful Coexistence, Progress and Intellectual Freedom,” which was published in many countries. In 1975 he wrote the book “About the Country and the World”. In the same year, Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev (March 2, 1931, Privolnoye, Stavropol Territory) - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee (March 11, 1985 - August 23, 1991), President of the USSR (March 15, 1990 - December 25, 1991). President of the Gorbachev Foundation. Gorbachev's activities as head of state are associated with a large-scale attempt at reform and democratization in the USSR - Perestroika, which ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union, as well as the end of the Cold War. The period of Gorbachev's reign is assessed ambiguously.
“In recognition of his leading role in the peace process, which today characterizes an important part of the life of the international community,” he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on October 15, 1990.
The first Russian Nobel laureate was Ivan Petrovich Pavlov.
Amur question
In 1855, during the second rafting, settlers founded the villages of Irkutskoye, Bogorodskoye, Mikhailovskoye, Novo-Mikhailovskoye, Sergeevskoye, as well as the village of Suchi opposite the Mariinsky post on the left bank of the Amur. In 1856...
The Great Migration of Peoples. Eastern Slavs on the threshold of the formation of a state in the 6th-9th centuries.
As already mentioned, the territory of Ancient Rus' was inhabited by quite a few tribes, which, during the expansion of the inhabited space by the Slavs, mixed and dissolved into the Slavs. Nevertheless, you can name these tribes and show them on the map...
Nobel Prize
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Nobel Prize
Table 4.1 - Nobel Prize Winners in Literature Year Name Topic 2001 Vidiadhar Naipaul “For his synthesis of insightful storytelling and unflinching honesty in works that challenge us to question the facts...
Nobel Prize
Initially, Nobel included mathematics in the list of sciences for which the prize is awarded, but later crossed it out, replacing it with the Peace Prize. The exact reason is unknown. Most often it is associated with the name of the Swedish mathematician...
140 years ago, on November 25, 1867, dynamite was patented in the United States. It was to him that the outstanding inventor, scientist and entrepreneur Alfred Nobel owes his wealth, and the world - the Nobel Prize...
The first Russian Nobel laureate Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
Scientific works of I.P. Pavlov, distinguished by methodological and methodological novelty, had a significant impact on the progress of domestic and world science, contributed to the development of medicine, psychology, pedagogy and philosophy...
Enlightenment in Turkestan at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries.
Opening Russian schools in Turkestan, the tsarist administration, first of all, cared about the education of the children of the Russian settlers of the region. There were two types of schools: primary - for the children of “Russian commoners”...
Protestant denominations in Russia in the 19th century
For the first time in Russia a truly large Protestant intelligentsia appeared. “To be Russian means to be Orthodox” - this maxim of Fyodor Dostoevsky has had a deep cultural meaning right up to our days...
Russian refugees in Russia
"Russian Abroad" was actively formed from the late 10s - early 20s of the last century. The center of Russian emigration in Turkey (Constantinople) was, until 1924, only an intermediate point to the countries of settlement. By November 20, 1920...
Russian lands in the XII – XV centuries
In the era of feudal fragmentation, the economic development of various Russian lands was very unique. As noted...
Russian principalities within the Golden Horde
From its very formation, Kievan Rus was a fairly large state. The beginning of the separation into separate principalities is considered to be the division of Rus' by Yaroslav the Wise between his sons in 1054...
Tatar-Mongol invasion of Russian lands in the first half of the 13th century
The Russian lands devastated by the Mongols were forced to recognize vassal dependence on the Golden Horde. The continuous struggle waged by the Russian people against the invaders...
Theories of Malthus and Kantorovich
Russian economist Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich was born in 1912 in St. Petersburg, Russia. The Russian Revolution began when he was five years old; during the civil war, his family fled to Belarus for a year. His father died in 1922...
Formation of the European coalition against Napoleon
Russia did not provide effective assistance to Napoleon in the war with Austria, and its relations with France deteriorated sharply. The St. Petersburg court thwarted the project of Napoleon's marriage with Grand Duchess Anna, sister of Alexander I...
Since the delivery of the first Nobel Prize 112 years have passed. Among Russians worthy of this most prestigious award in the field literature, physics, chemistry, medicine, physiology, peace and economics there were only 20 people. As for the Nobel Prize in Literature, Russians have their own personal history in this area, not always with a positive ending.
First awarded in 1901, it bypassed the most important writer in history. Russian and world literature - Leo Tolstoy. In their 1901 address, the members of the Royal Swedish Academy formally expressed their respect for Tolstoy, calling him “the deeply revered patriarch of modern literature” and “one of those powerful, soulful poets who should be remembered first of all on this occasion,” but referred to the fact that that, due to his convictions, the great writer himself “never aspired to this kind of reward.” In his response letter, Tolstoy wrote that he was glad that he was spared the difficulties associated with the disposal of so much money and that he was pleased to receive notes of sympathy from so many respected persons. Things were different in 1906, when Tolstoy, preempting his nomination for the Nobel Prize, asked Arvid Järnefeld to use all kinds of connections so as not to be put in an unpleasant position and refuse this prestigious award.
In a similar way Nobel Prize in Literature surpassed several other outstanding Russian writers, among whom was also the genius of Russian literature - Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. The first writer admitted to the “Nobel Club” was someone disliked by the Soviet government who emigrated to France Ivan Alekseevich Bunin.
In 1933, the Swedish Academy nominated Bunin for an award “for the rigorous skill with which he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose.” Among the nominees this year were also Merezhkovsky and Gorky. Bunin received Nobel Prize in Literature largely thanks to the 4 books about Arsenyev’s life that had been published by that time. During the ceremony, Per Hallström, a representative of the Academy who presented the prize, expressed admiration for Bunin’s ability to “describe real life with extraordinary expressiveness and accuracy.” In his response speech, the laureate thanked the Swedish Academy for the courage and honor it showed to the emigrant writer.
A difficult story full of disappointment and bitterness accompanies the receipt of the Nobel Prize in Literature Boris Pasternak. Nominated annually from 1946 to 1958 and awarded this high award in 1958, Pasternak was forced to refuse it. Almost becoming the second Russian writer to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, the writer was persecuted in his homeland, receiving stomach cancer as a result of nervous shock, from which he died. Justice triumphed only in 1989, when his son Evgeniy Pasternak received an honorary award for him “for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel.”
Sholokhov Mikhail Alexandrovich received the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his novel Quiet Don" in 1965. It is worth noting that the authorship of this profound epic work, despite the fact that the manuscript of the work was found and a computer match was established with the printed edition, there are opponents who claim the impossibility of creating a novel, indicating deep knowledge of the events of the First World War and the Civil War at such a young age . The writer himself, summing up his work, said: “I would like my books to help people become better, become purer in soul... If I succeeded in this to some extent, I am happy.”
Solzhenitsyn Alexander Isaevich, winner of the 1918 Nobel Prize in Literature "for the moral strength with which he followed the immutable traditions of Russian literature." Having spent most of his life in exile and exile, the writer created deep historical works that were frightening in their authenticity. Upon learning of the Nobel Prize award, Solzhenitsyn expressed his desire to personally attend the ceremony. The Soviet government prevented the writer from receiving this prestigious award, calling it “politically hostile.” Thus, Solzhenitsyn never got to the desired ceremony, fearing that he would not be able to return from Sweden back to Russia.
In 1987 Brodsky Joseph Alexandrovich awarded Nobel Prize for Literature"for comprehensive creativity, imbued with clarity of thought and passion of poetry." In Russia, the poet never received lifelong recognition. He created while in exile in the USA, most of his works were written in impeccable English. In his speech as a Nobel laureate, Brodsky spoke about what was most dear to him - language, books and poetry...
