Upper Volta(French: Haute-Volta), Republic of Upper Volta (Republique de Haute-Volta), a state in West Africa. Borders on the north and north-west. from Mali, to the east with Niger, to the southeast. with Dahomey, in the south with Togo, Ghana and the Ivory Coast. Area 274.2 thousand. km 2. Population 5.3 million people. (1969, assessment). The capital is Ouagadougou. Administratively, the territory of V.V. is divided into 5 departments.

Political system. V.V. is a republic. The current constitution was approved in a referendum on June 14, 1970. The head of state is the president, elected by the population for 5 years on the basis of general, direct elections. For 4 years after the entry into force of the constitution, only the highest-ranking army officer can be elected to the post of president. The president has broad powers: he is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, chairman of the Supreme Defense Council, appoints ministers, as well as all senior civilian and military officials, at the proposal of the prime minister, has the right to early dissolve parliament, etc.

Government of V.V. - Council of Ministers. The Prime Minister is elected by Parliament from among those nominated by the President. For 4 years, members of the government must be appointed from the military.

Parliament - the unicameral National Assembly - is elected by the population for a 5-year term. The right to participate in elections is granted to all citizens over 21 years of age. The legislative powers of parliament are limited: it can pass laws only on a certain range of issues.

Local government bodies in cities and rural communities are special delegations, whose members are appointed by the government. Each delegation is headed by a district or district commandant. In 1965, the so-called Regional Development Organization was created in rural areas, consisting of advisory bodies - general councils and governing councils dealing with issues of economic and social development.

The judicial system consists of: the Supreme Court (which also exercises the functions of constitutional supervision), the court of appeal and the courts of first instance. In 1967, an emergency court was established to hear cases of subversion and corruption. Customary courts are retained.

Yu. A. Yudin.

Nature. Relief - undulating plateau (height 200-500 m), above the surface of which rise individual mountains up to 750 m. Most of the territory is composed of crystalline rocks of Precambrian age; to the southwest country, the ancient foundation of the African Platform is covered with Silurian sandstones. The existing deposits of gold, manganese, copper and uranium ores, limestone, and gypsum have not been explored enough. The climate is equatorial-monsoon, with a pronounced dry season (from November to March), during which a dry hot wind blows - harmattan. Average monthly temperatures range from 24-26°C (December or January) to 30-35°C (April or May). Precipitation 500-1000 mm in year. The river network is sparse. The largest rivers are the Black and White Volta with the Red Volta tributary. During the dry season, all rivers become very shallow or dry up. The soils are red and red-brown; Lateritic crust is widespread. The vegetation cover is dominated by typical and tall-grass savannas; there are areas of sparse savanna forests and shrubs. Forests occupy about 9% of the area of ​​V.V. Due to predatory extermination, the number of wild animals is decreasing, but lions, leopards, elephants, buffalo, and antelopes are still found in the savannah. The tsetse fly is common in the southern part of the country.

Population. The bulk of the population (82%, here and below - estimate 1967) belongs to the Gur language group (central Bantoid): Mosi peoples (45% of the total population), Lobi, Mbuin, Ga, Bobo, Grusi, Gurma, Senufo. Certain groups of peoples speak Mande languages (Busa, or Bisa, Sanu, or Samo, Soninke and Diula) and the languages ​​of the Atlantic family (Fulani). The northern regions are inhabited by the Songhai (their language forms a special language family), as well as the Tuareg (the language belongs to the Berber group). There are about 4 thousand Europeans (French) people. The vast majority of the population adheres to local traditional beliefs. Islam is practiced by some of the Mande peoples, as well as by the Fulbe, Songhai, Tuareg, Bobo and others. There are about 140 thousand Christians. (part of Mosi, Lobi, etc.). The official language is French.

Population growth for the period 1963-69 averaged 2.1% per year. The economically active population (1967) is 2.3 million people, 94% of them are employed in agriculture. Urban population 14%. There are about 33 thousand workers and employees, including government officials. Average population density 19 people. by 1 km 2. Most of the population is concentrated in the central regions of the country, where 1 km 2 accounts for from 70 to 100 people; the eastern and northern regions are sparsely populated - 1-4 people. by 1 km 2. The economic backwardness of the country, limited areas of fertile land and seasonality of agriculture. jobs force the population to migrate (estimated at 100-450 thousand people per year) to neighboring countries in search of work. Significant cities (1966, estimate: thousand inhabitants): Ouagadougou (115 in 1969), Bobo-Gyulaso (70), Koudougou (28), Vahiguia (10), Kaya (10). The official calendar is Gregorian (see Calendar ).

Historical sketch. The first state formations on the territory of V.V. took shape in the 11th-14th centuries. The most significant of them are Mosi And Yatenga in the central part of the country and Gurma - in the East. In these states, the emerging early feudal relations were intertwined with tribal ones. In 1896, French troops invaded the territory of V.V., but met stubborn resistance, especially from the Mosi state. Only by 1901 did the French colonialists manage to establish themselves in the country. Local feudal rulers were made completely dependent on the colonial administration. In 1904, the territory of V.V. was included in the French colony of Upper Senegal - Niger. In 1916, an uprising against colonial rule broke out in V.V., caused by the introduction of a forced labor system and the massive recruitment of soldiers into the French army.

In 1919 V.V. was separated into a separate administrative unit consisting of French West Africa, but in 1932 the French authorities divided the territory of V.V. between the colonies - Ivory Coast, Niger and French Sudan. Only in 1947 was V.V. restored to its modern borders as an “overseas territory” of France.

After World War II, an anti-imperialist movement developed in WWII, as in other African countries. In 1947 the Volta Section was founded African Democratic Union (RDA), which, with the support of broad sections of the people, led the struggle for liberation. In 1958, the Voltian section of the RDA, which had recently united with the Party for the Social Education of the African Masses (founded in 1954) and some other political organizations, received the name Voltian Democratic Union (VDU). Also in 1958, the National Liberation Movement party and the local section of the African Regroupment Party were created. National trade union associations began to take shape.

With the growth of the national liberation movement, the French colonialists were forced to change the forms of their rule. In February 1958, a Government Council was created in V.V., headed by the leader of the Voltic section of the RDA, W. Coulibaly. After the majority of participants in the referendum on September 28, 1958 approved the new French constitution, V.V. received the status of a member state of the French Community. The country was declared an "autonomous republic". The first national government was formed, headed by the leader of the VDS M. Yameogo, who in December 1959 also became the president of the country.

The further rise of the national liberation movement forced the French government to sign an agreement granting British independence (June 11, 1960). The official declaration of independence took place on August 5, 1960; On November 30, a new constitution was adopted. V.V. left the French Community, however, concluding a number of agreements with France (April 1961), which retained important economic and political positions in the country for the former metropolis.

On September 20, 1960, V.V. was admitted to the UN. In March 1961, she participated in a conference of 12 French-speaking African countries in Yaoundé and joined the Afro-Malagasy Union founded there (since 1965 - General Afro-Malagasy Organization, since 1970 - Common Afro-Malagasy-Mauritian organization ), maintaining close economic and political ties with France and other Western states. Back in 1959, V.V., Ivory Coast, Dahomey and Niger created an economic and political union called the Council of Concord (Togo joined the Council in 1966).

In the socio-economic sphere, the government of V.V. set a course for the development of private entrepreneurship and attracting foreign capital to the country (from France, the USA, Germany and other imperialist states). In an effort to suppress the opposition, the government banned the activities of all political parties except the VDS, passed laws in 1963 that expanded the powers of the president, etc. However, all these measures did not achieve their goal. The dissatisfaction of the masses with the policies of the Yameogo government, which led to a decline in the living standards of the population, resulted in open protest. On January 3, 1966, a general strike began at the call of trade unions. Anti-government demonstrations took place in Ouagadougou and some other cities. The army command also opposed the Yameogo government, removing President Yameogo on January 4. Lieutenant Colonel S. Lamizana became the head of state and government (since 1964 he held the post of chief of the general staff; in 1967 he was awarded the rank of brigadier general, in 1970 - division general; he held the post of head of government until February 1971). The constitution was suspended, the activities of political parties were temporarily prohibited, and parliament was dissolved. In December 1966, the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces of V.V. decided to maintain power in the hands of the army for 4 years. In December 1969, restrictions on the activities of political parties were officially lifted. As a result of a referendum held on June 14, 1970, a constitution was approved, providing for a gradual transition to a civilian regime and the introduction of the post of prime minister. In accordance with the new constitution, elections were held on December 20, 1970, as a result of which the absolute majority of seats in the National Assembly (37 out of 57) was won by the VDS; On February 13, 1971, the leader of the VDS, J.C. Ouedraogo, became prime minister.

Diplomatic relations between V.V. and the USSR were established in 1967. In February 1967, an agreement on scientific and cultural cooperation was signed between both countries, and in March 1968, a trade agreement.

G. A. Nersesov.

Political parties, trade unions and other public organizations. Voltaic Democratic Union (VDU) (Union Dé mocratique Voltaique), founded in 1947. Until 1966, it held a monopoly position in the political life of VV. It enjoys significant influence among the peasantry. The African Regroupment Party (Parti du regroupement africain), founded in 1958. Enjoys limited influence in the southwest. countries. Movement for National Liberation (Mouvement pour la Liberation nationale), founded in 1958. Advocates for achieving economic independence of V.V. and for developing relations with the USSR and other socialist countries. The trade union association of Volta workers, founded in 1958, is part of the All-African Federation of Trade Unions; maintains contacts with the WFTU. African Confederation of Faithful Workers, founded in 1950; is a member of the All-African Union of Faithful Workers. The Voltian Organization of Free Trade Unions is founded. in 1960; is a member of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. There are also sectoral (non-associated) trade union organizations. In total, there are more than 12 thousand trade union members in V.V. General Union of Voltian Students.

G. A. Nepsesov.

Economic-geographical sketch. V.V. is an extremely backward agrarian country. French capital retains a dominant position in the economy (85% of all capital investments), in its hands is foreign trade, most of industry, and the purchase and sale of a significant part of livestock products. The average annual per capita income is 44 US dollars (one of the lowest in Africa). After the declaration of independence, several measures were taken to develop the economy. The industrial development of the country is hampered by the preservation of pre-capitalist production relations, an acute shortage of capital, skilled labor, raw materials, the small capacity of the domestic market, and the high cost of transport costs and electricity.

Agriculture provides 67% of the gross national product. It has a primitive semi-natural character. The land belongs to the communities, but a significant part of it is in the hands of the tribal elite. The main type of economy is small peasant farming. Farming methods are backward, tools - hoe, plow. Lack of water, soil erosion, and arid climate also hamper the development of agriculture.

Extensive pasture livestock farming plays a leading role in the economy. The number of cattle in 1967/68 was 2.6 million, sheep 1.7 million, goats 2.4 million. Livestock and livestock products are exported to neighboring countries - the Ivory Coast and Ghana. Cultivated lands account for over 9% of the country's total territory. Most of them are occupied by food crops (sorghum, millet, corn, rice, peanuts - partly exported), a smaller part - by industrial crops (cotton, shea butter tree). Millet and sorghum are sown mainly in the north and in the center of the country, rice - mainly in the south, and corn - everywhere. (For the area and harvest of the main agricultural crops, see the table.) Cassava and sweet potatoes also play a significant role in the nutrition of the indigenous population. In the suburbs of Bobo Gyulaso and Ouagadougou - vegetable gardening.

River fishing is developed: the fish catch is 3.5 thousand. T in year. Round wood is harvested - 3.7 million. m 3 (1968).

Industry provides only about 20% of the gross national product. The main industry is agricultural processing. raw materials. Energy base - 2 thermal power plants (Ouagadougou, Bobo-Gyulazo) and 1 diesel station in Vahiguia with a total capacity of 14 thousand. kW Electricity production 22.8 million kWh in 1968. Extraction of manganese ore in Tambao (in the north-east).

Area and harvest of main crops

* Average per year. ** Cotton fiber.. 1669

The manufacturing industry is represented by small and medium-sized enterprises. Industrial enterprises are concentrated mainly in Ouagadougou and Bobo Gyulazo. There are oil mills (production of oil, fats and soap from peanuts and shea kernels) and cotton ginning (factories in Bobo-Gyulaso, Ouagadougou, Koudougou) industries, 2 rice processing plants (Bobo-Gioulaso, Banfora), 2 meat slaughterhouses, a sugar refinery (Banfora) , textile mill (Koudougou), tannery, shoe factory (Ouagadougou), bicycle and galvanized iron factories, sawmill. Handicraft production is developed - carpet products, production of sisal fiber, leather processing, etc.

Transport. Length (1966) of the Abidjan - Ouagadougou railway within the boundaries of V.V. 517 km, highways - about 17 thousand. km, including 9 thousand km with hard surface (paved 65 km). Foreign trade relations are carried out along the road from the borders of Mali through Bobo-Gyulaso, Ouagadougou, Fadan-Gourma to the Republic of Niger. There are 2 large airfields in the country: in Ouagadougou and in Bobo Gyulaso.

International trade. VV exports in 1967 amounted to 22 million US dollars, imports - 36 million. 90% of the value of VV exports was agricultural. products (mainly livestock and livestock products - 40-60% of the value of exports); Imports are dominated by consumer goods, textiles, clothing, kola nuts, and food. Main foreign trade partners (1967): France (45.2% of imports and 13.5% of exports), Ghana (about 2% and 13.6%), Ivory Coast (49.3% of exports). The monetary unit is the African franc. 1 US dollar = 277.71 African francs (July 1970).

N. A. Smirnov.

Armed forces consist of ground forces, air force and gendarmerie. The commander in chief is the president. Direct command of the troops is exercised by the Minister of National Defense and the headquarters of the armed forces. The army is recruited on the basis of the law on universal conscription, the duration of active military service is 18 months. The total number of armed forces (1970) is about 2 thousand people, including about 1 thousand people. gendarmerie. The ground forces (about 900 people) consist of a separate infantry battalion, a reconnaissance squadron, a parachute company, an engineer company and service units. The Air Force (about 100 people) is in its infancy and has no combat aircraft.

Medical-geographical characteristics. In 1969, per 1000 inhabitants the birth rate was 53, the death rate was 30.5; infant mortality - 182 per 1000 live births. Life expectancy for men is 32.1 years, for women - 31.1 years. Infectious pathology predominates. More than 75% of children aged 2-9 years are affected by malaria. Intestinal infections are common, especially amoebiasis (47 cases per 10 thousand inhabitants in 1964), and genitourinary schistosomiasis. Every year there are outbreaks of smallpox and meningococcal meningitis. The mortality rate from measles reaches 4%. The number of patients with leprosy was 142 thousand (1965), onchocerciasis - 280 thousand (1967), trachoma - 700 thousand (1964). As a result of the measures taken, the incidence of sleeping sickness decreased to 0.009% (1965). The most intense foci of schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, wuchereriosis, sleeping sickness and natural foci of yellow fever are located in the southern regions.

In 1967 there were 2 general hospitals with 1.1 thousand beds. The total number of beds was 2.6 thousand (0.5 beds per 1000 inhabitants). Outpatient services were provided in 2 hospital outpatient departments, 23 health centers and 221 dispensaries. In 1967, there were about 70 doctors (1 doctor per 76 thousand inhabitants), over 100 midwives and nurses. In 1962, a school for training nurses was established in Ouagadougou.

A. E. Belyaev, T. A. Kobakhidze.

Veterinary business. The main economic damage is caused by trypanosomiasis (85 outbreaks in 1962-68), bovine peripneumonia (38 outbreaks in 1964; 84 in 1968) and pasteurellosis (255 outbreaks in 1962-68). Infectious agricultural diseases are common. animals (anthrax, emphysematous carbuncle and foot and mouth disease). Desert and typical savannas are characterized by pasteurellosis, peripneumonia, cattle plague, rabies, and helminthiases; for tall grass savannas - trypanosomiasis (carrier - tsetse fly). A network of veterinary control points has been organized (on livestock routes), and the fight against plague and peripneumonia in cattle is underway.

M. G. Tarshis.

Education. The long colonial rule of France had a negative impact on the state of culture and education in the country. In 1962, 98% of the population was illiterate. After the declaration of independence, the government paid great attention to the development of public education. The education system in V.V. developed under the influence of the French. Teaching in educational institutions is conducted in French. The network of preschool institutions is still insignificant (in 1965 there were only 1.1 thousand pupils in kindergartens). Since 1965, primary education has been declared compulsory and free for children aged 6-14 years. The duration of study in primary school is 6 years (2-year preparatory, elementary and secondary courses). There are also 3-year rural schools that do not provide complete primary education. To enter secondary school, you must pass entrance exams after 6 years of primary school. The full course of study in secondary school (lyceum) is 7 years (4 + 3). The first 4 years of study correspond to junior high school (college). Vocational training is carried out mainly on the basis of primary school for 1 to 5 years. Teachers for primary schools are trained in pedagogical courses with a 5-year training period on the basis of primary schools. In the 1967/68 academic year, there were about 130 thousand students in primary schools, about 32 thousand students in rural schools, over 10 thousand students in secondary schools, over 2 thousand students in the vocational training system, and pedagogical courses - 1447 people. Young people receive higher education abroad. A cultural mutual aid society and a youth house with a small library have been created in Ouagadougou.

V. Z. Klepikov,

Print, radio broadcasting, television. The following are published in Ouagadougou: the weekly newspaper Carrefour Africain, since 1960, circulation 2.5 thousand copies (1970); daily bulletin “Bulletin Quotidien d' Information”, circulation 1.2 thousand copies; weekly official newsletter “Journal officiel de la Republique de la Haute-Volta” (“Journal officiel de la Republiquede la Haute-Volta"), since 1959. All mentioned newspapers are controlled by the government.

Radio broadcasting has been conducted in V.V. since 1959; radio stations in Ouagadougou and Bobo Gyulazo; broadcasts are conducted in French and 13 local languages ​​(More, Dioula, Grusi, etc.). Since 1963, a small television studio has been operating in Ouagadougou. In 1959, a government service was created - Volta Radio Broadcasting and Television.

G. A. Nersesov.

Folk art. In the creativity of the peoples of V.V., the main place is occupied by traditional wooden sculpture associated with the cult of ancestors, the expressiveness of which is achieved by emphasizing the geometrization of volumes and rhythms, and the sharp comparison of vertical and horizontal planes. Figurines and masks are sometimes decorated with images of antelope horns or a long vertically mounted bar with carved polychrome ornaments. Less common are metal figurines depicting ancestors and scenes from the life of the gods. Metal jewelry covered with floral patterns and amulets-pendants in the shape of scaly snakes are common. They also make artistic products from the skin of snakes, crocodiles (bags, briefcases, belts) and from the skins of animals, decorating them with embossed or traced patterns. The walls of dwellings (round or rectangular in plan, with conical or flat roofs) are sometimes decorated with paintings or ceramic bas-reliefs.

Lit.: Verin V., Yesterday and today of the Upper Volta, M., 1962; Dim Delobsom A. A., L "Empire du Mogho-Naba, P., 1932; Gé rardin B., Le dé veloppement de la Haute-Volta, P., 1963; Hammond P. B., Jatenga. Technology in the culture of a West African Kingdom , N. Y. - L., ; Guilhem M., Toe S., Ré cits historiques, P., 1964; "Afrique", P., 1966, no. 2, p. -56; Kabore (Gomkoudougou V.), Organization politique traditionnelle et evolution politique des Mossi de Ouagadougou, P., 1966; Skinner E. P., The Mossi of the Upper Volta. ); Tauxier L., Le Noir du Jatenga, P., 1917; Nouvelles notes sur le Mossi et le Gourounsi, P., 1924; Pedier F. I., West Africa, L., 1959; -Volta, “Notes et é tudes documentaires”, 1960, No. 2693; Paulme D., Les sculptures de l'Afrique noire, P., 1956; EIisofon E., The sculpture of Africa, N. Y., 1958.

State in western Africa. Territory - 274.2 thousand square meters. km. Population - 6.7 million (1979); Nationalities: Mosi (approx. 50%), Gurunsi, Gourma, Senufo, Fulani, etc. The capital is Ouagadougou (150 thousand inhabitants). State language - French. Traditional local cults predominate (76% of the population), Muslims - 19%, Catholics - 5%.

Upper Volta was captured by French colonialists at the end of the 19th century and was part of the colonial federation of French West Africa. In 1958 it became a republic - a member of the French Community. An independent state was proclaimed on August 5. 1960 Before the military coup 3.1 in 1966, the ruling party was the Belgian Democratic Union, and the president of the republic and head of government was its leader Maurice Yameogo. During his reign, as a result of the abuses and waste of the ruling elite, the country was brought to the brink of economic disaster. The military government of Sangule Lamizapa, which came to power in 1966, took measures to stabilize the economic situation. It dissolved the National Assembly and political parties.

In 1970, the government of S. Lamizana restored the multi-party system and held parliamentary elections (20X11). The Voltian Democratic Union won the majority of seats in parliament. The African Regroupment Party and the National Liberation Movement were also represented in parliament. In accordance with the constitution adopted on August 29, 1970, during the transition period (four years), the post of president was assigned to a military person. In 1974, after the general elections, the army had to completely transfer power to civilians. From 1971 to February 1974, the government was led by the leader of the Voltian Democratic Union, X. Capgo Ouedraogo.

Due to the intensification of inter-party struggle 8. II. 1974 President S. Lamizana dissolved the National Assembly, suspended the constitution and a few days later formed and led a new government consisting of military and civilians who supported his policies. On November 27, 1977, a new constitution was adopted by referendum, in accordance with which no more than 3 political parties are allowed to operate in the country.

In June 1979, the National Assembly adopted a law, in accordance with which the parties that received the largest number of votes in the 1978 ZOLU elections were officially recognized. The remaining political parties were dissolved. In March 1980, seats in the National Assembly were distributed among three political organizations: the Belgian Democratic Party, the National Union for the Defense of Democracy and the Progressive Voltic Front.

Upper Volta is a member of the Council of Concord, the Common Afro-Mauritian Organization, the Organization of African Unity, and an associate member of the EEC.

Upper Volta is an economically backward agrarian country with surviving remnants of feudal and tribal relations. Its economy is dominated by foreigners, ch. arr. French, capital. The main industry of the village. households - livestock farming. Livestock (1976): cattle - 2.5 million, sheep and goats - 0.6 million. Rice is grown - 32.5 thousand tons (1975/76), peanuts - 90.2 thousand tons ( 1975/76), cotton - 55.2 thousand tons (1976/77). Sorghum, mili, and corn are also cultivated for domestic consumption; for export - sesame, shea butter, etc. In 1970-73, and then in 1978-79. sat down The farm has been severely damaged by drought and will take several years to recover.

There are small industrial facilities. enterprises, including cotton gin factories, a soap factory, shoe and textile factories, etc. It is planned to develop a rich deposit of manganese ore and limestone. There are also reserves of vanadium ores, titanium, copper, nickel and bauxite. Electricity production in 1976 - 59.8 million kWh.

Length roads - 517 km, roads - 7.7 thousand km, including hard surfaced - 570 km. Two international airports.

Live cattle, cotton, peanuts, etc. are exported, food, cement, petroleum products, textiles, and cars are imported. Main trading partners: France, Germany, Ivory Coast, Ghana. The deficit in foreign trade is covered by foreign exchange. help.

Upper Volta is part of the franc zone. The monetary unit is the CFA franc. 1 fr. CFA = 0.02 French fr.

The standard of living of workers is one of the lowest in the world. National per capita income is approximately $40 per year. Part of the amateur population goes to work in neighboring countries.

Sources:

1. Countries of the world: Brief political economics. reference book.-M.: Politizdat, 1980, 497 p.
2. Small Atlas of the World / senior ed. N.M. Terekhov-M.: GUGK, 1980, 147 p.

UPPER VOLTA (Haute-Volta) is a state in West Africa, a republic. Area 274.2 thousand km2. Population over 4 million (1961 estimate). The main population is the Mosi and other peoples of the central Bantoid group (Lobi, Grusi, Gurma, Senufo and others). The Fulani and peoples of the Mande language family also live here. The highest legislative body of Upper Volta (according to the 1960 constitution) is the National Assembly; The head of state and government is the president. Capital city (founded in the 15th century).

Around the 11th century, the first state formations were formed on the territory of Upper Volta. In 1896-1901, French colonialists occupied Upper Volta. The feudal rulers of the states of Ouagadougou, Yatenga, and Gourma were made completely dependent on the colonial authorities. In 1916, a popular uprising against colonial rule broke out in Upper Volta, caused by the massive recruitment of soldiers into the French army.

As a separate administrative unit within French West Africa, Upper Volta existed in 1919-1932 and 1947-1958. Until 1919 (since 1904) it was part of the Upper Senegal-Niger colony, and in 1932-1947 its territory was divided between and French Sudan.

The long-term colonial rule of French imperialism and the persistence of feudal-patriarchal relations, intertwined with capitalist forms of exploitation, determined the extreme economic backwardness of Upper Volta. It is one of the least developed, purely agricultural countries in West Africa. The main occupation of the population is cattle breeding (especially in the northern part) and agriculture. A large number of Upper Volta residents go to work in Mali, Ivory Coast, .

After World War II, the anti-imperialist movement intensified in Upper Volta, which could not be stopped by the repression of the colonial authorities; in 1947, a local section of the Democratic Rally of Africa (now the Voltic Democratic Union) was formed. The French government was forced to change the forms of its rule. After a referendum on September 28, 1958, Upper Volta received the status of a member state of the French Community. In March 1959, the country's first constitution was adopted. The further rise of the national liberation movement forced the French government to sign an agreement with Upper Volta on June 11, 1960, granting it independence. The declaration of independence took place on August 5, 1960. On November 30, 1960, a new constitution was adopted, creating a presidential regime in the country. Maurice Yameogo, the leader of the ruling Volta Democratic Union party, became the President of Upper Volta. The new state left the French Community. Having concluded a series of agreements with France (April 1961), preserving important economic and political positions in the country for the former metropolis, Upper Volta, however, refused to sign the so-called joint defense agreement.

In 1961, Upper Volta, along with 11 other former French colonies, joined the African-Malagasy Union, whose members are economically and politically linked to France. Upper Volta is also part of the Council of Accord (together with Ivory Coast, Dahomey and Niger), created in May 1959.

At the same time, the government of Upper Volta maintains ties with some African countries that are not members of the African-Malagasy Union. In June 1961, an agreement was concluded with Ghana on the elimination of customs barriers between Ghana and Upper Volta.

G. A. Nersesov. Moscow.

Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 3. WASHINGTON - VYACHKO. 1963.

Literature:

Verin V.P., Yesterday and today of the Upper Volta, M., 1962; Gavrilov N.I., West Africa under the yoke of France (1945-1959), M., 1961; Subbotin V. A., Colonial policy of France in the West. Africa (1880-1900), M., 1959; La Haute Volta. Afrique occidentale française. Gouvernement-général, P., 1931; Dim Delobsom A. A., L "empire du Mogho-Naba, P., 1932; Gatelet A. L. Ch., Histoire de la conquête du Soudan française (1878-1899), P. - Nancy, 1901; Cornevin R., Histoire des peuples de l "Afrique noire, P., 1960; Marc L., Les pays Mossi, P., 1909; La République Haute-Volta. Notes et études documentaires, 19 August 1960, No. 2693; Tauxier L., Les noires du Jatenga, P., 1917; by him, Nouvelles notes sur le Mossi et le Gourounsi, P., 1924.

The USSR is Upper Volta with missiles.  

The West did not care deeply about culture, philosophy and other lofty matters. Russia is simply a colony that somehow accidentally acquired nuclear weapons, and therefore it was impossible to occupy it by military force, like other colonies. Therefore, it was necessary to remove the missiles. It turned out to be simply Upper Volta.  

The level of economic development of a country is understood as the volume of production of material goods per capita and, above all, national income. For example, Russia is considered one of the most economically powerful states, since it ranks fifth in the world in terms of gross national product production (after the USA, China, Japan, and Germany). At the same time, in terms of production per capita, it is on a par with the most backward countries in Asia and Africa (at the level of Upper Volta), i.e. its level of economic development is very low. It may be the other way around. A small country (for example, the Netherlands) may have little economic potential and little economic power. And at the same time  

UPPER VOLTA (Republic of Upper Volta) - state in the West. Africa, b. colony of France, part of the French. Zap. Africa. Independence of transportation  

The arrangement of instruments on the panel of the 4AN-700 unit does not meet the requirements for optimal selection (Fig. 30). In the upper continuous row there is a volt-ammeter (3.99 bits), i.e. 0.1 higher than the upper limit in the lower one - a tachometer (4.59 bits) and a pressure gauge of the pumped liquid (3.32 bits). The lower devices do not form a continuous row. Ergonomic conditions  

The foreign press publishes forecasts for the growth of electricity generation from 7 to 15%, but even such high rates do not ensure an increase in energy consumption to a sufficiently high level in the coming years. Thus, if we proceed from the high rates of average annual growth in electricity generation, then in 1975 compared to 1970, electricity consumption per capita in the Republic of Ivory Coast will increase (taking into account population growth) from 105 to 160 kWh, in the Republic Upper Volta from 5 to 13.5 kWh, in the Da-Gome Republic - from 11 to 27 kWh, in the Republic of Mali - from 8 to 20 kWh, in the Niger Republic - from 9 to 20 kWh and etc. Let us recall that in 1970, in the industrialized countries of Western Europe, electricity production per capita ranged from 2151 (Italy) to 14,893 kWh (Norway). Even in the economically less developed countries of Western Europe, electricity production per capita in 1970 was tens of times higher than projected for many countries of the African continent in 1975 (Greece - 1071, Portugal - 746, Spain - 1671 kWh) .  

For individual countries of these continents, electricity production per capita in 1963-1965. characterized by the following data (in kWh per year) Africa - from 1934 (South Africa) to 4-5 (Upper Volta, Niger, Somalia, Mali, Dahomey, etc.) Asia - from 1815 (Japan) to 10-14 (Laos , Afghanistan, Indonesia, Cambodia), Latin America - from 902 (Venezuela) to 54-146 (Paraguay,  

Congo (Ninshasa) f)Al p" Morocco - Sierra Leone - Nigeria - Ethiopia - > Dahomey - Mali - Upper Volta - G11-1 - ee. JS g SP - > - co  

The foreign press publishes forecasts for the growth of electricity generation in African countries at an average annual growth rate of 7 to 15%, however, even such high rates do not ensure an increase in electricity consumption to a sufficiently high level in the coming years, since even after 10 years electricity consumption per capita will remain at an extremely low level. Thus, in the Republic of Ivory Coast it will increase (taking into account population growth) from 43 to 160 kWh, in the Republic of Upper Volta, respectively, from 4 to 13.5 kWh, in the Dahomey Republic - from 5 to 27 kWh, in The Republic of Mali - from 5 to 20 kWh; in the Republic of Niger - from 4 to 20 kWh, etc. Let us recall that in 1964, in the industrialized countries of Western Europe, electricity production per capita ranged from 1500 (Italy ) up to 12,000 kWh (Norway). Even in the economically underdeveloped countries of Western Europe, electricity production per capita in 1964 was tens of times higher than what was projected for many countries of the African continent in 1975 (Greece - 445, Portugal - 525, Spain - 919 kWh).  

In the second volume of the Financial and Credit Dictionary, all factual, legislative and digital material is presented for the USSR, mainly as of January 1, 1964, and for foreign countries - as of July 1, 1963. The volume contains reviews of 7 union republics of the USSR and 52 foreign countries Mauritania, Malaysia, Mali, Malagasy Republic, Morocco, Mexico, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Netherlands, Nicaragua, New Zealand, Norway, United Arab Republic, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, El Salvador, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Syrian Arab Republic, United States of America, Somalia, Sudan, Sierra Leone, Thailand, Tanganyika, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay, Philippines, Finland, France, Ceylon, Central African Republic, Chad, Czechoslovakia, Chile, Switzerland, Sweden, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Yugoslavia, South Africa, Japan. In addition, the Appendix provides reviews of the following countries that recently won independence, for which the Editors did not have sufficient data for inclusion in Volume I or which gained independence after its publication: Ivory Coast, Upper Volta, Gabon, Dahomey, Cameroon, Congo (Brazzaville ), Congo (Leopoldville). The Appendix also includes new reviews on Algeria and Cuba, since after the publication of Volume I of the Dictionary, radical socio-economic transformations took place in these countries.  

Upper Volta Gabon Haiti CFA franc 5= 100 centimes. . CFA franc 5 =100 centimes. . gourde = 100 centimos. ...... 0.177734 246.85 246.85 5.00 - -  

State z zap. parts of Africa, which until August 1984 had the official name Upper Volta. Gerritooia - 274.2 thousand km Population - 7.9 million (1986 estimate) mine, Gurunsi, Gourma, Senu-Fo, Fulani, etc. Capital is Ouagadougou (340 thousand inhabitants. State language - French. Traditional honest people prevail cults (75%), Muslims - 20%, Catholics - 5% of the population.  

Upper Volta was captured by French colonialists at the end of the 19th century and was part of the colonial federation of French West Africa. In 1958 it became a republic - a member of the French Community. O.VIII was proclaimed an independent state in 1960.  

Significant disagreements have also emerged within the EEC. The Netherlands opposed the conclusion of a new convention with Africa. countries, France - for the closest association, it was supported by Belgium and Luxembourg. All of France's partners sought to weaken its economic rights. and political influence in the association. Germany, which is in dire need of external markets, defended the ideas of expanding the association beyond the former colonial empires of France and Belgium and introducing less rigid trading restrictions in relation to economically backward countries that do not have a common agreement with the EEC. Negotiations between the EEC and Africa. countries dragged on and were repeatedly on the verge of collapse. 20 Jan. 1962 in Brussels a decision was made to renew the association. In 1963, a new association convention (the first Yaounde Convention) was signed in Yaounde (Cameroon). It included 18 Africans. states Ivory Coast, Burundi, Upper Volta, Gabon, Dahomey, Zaire, Cameroon, People's Republic of Congo, Mauritania, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Somalia, Togo, Central African Republic, Chad. Officially, the main goal of the convention was to strengthen the economic independence of African partners and create conditions conducive to the successful development of international trade (Article 1). In reality, the convention pursued neocolonialist goals: the abolition of customs and quantitative restrictions on the import of goods from member states of the EEC to Africa, the removal of obstacles to the free flow of capital from Europe to associated countries and profits in the opposite direction. The provisions of the convention prevented the independent development of Africa. state, slowed down industrialization, clearing the way for foreigners. goods for internal market, facilitated the direct penetration of monopolies. capital to associated countries. Association for African countries means a partial loss of national sovereignty in the field of foreign affairs. trade and internal economical politicians. Associated states are obliged to take into account the interests of the EEC member countries and consult with them when resolving issues regarding the establishment of customs duties.  

Upper Volta, Gabon, Dahomey, Zaire, Cameroon, Kenya, Mauritania, Mali, Malagasy Republic, Nar. Republic of the Congo. Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Somalia, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Central African Republic, Chad) and the overseas territories of France and the Netherlands.  

Africa, formerly part of France. Zap. Africa. Agreement on the creation of Z.-A. t.s. signed in June 1959 by Ivory Coast, Upper Volta, Dahomey, Mauritania, Niger and Mali. After gaining independence, all these countries confirmed their decision to unite. In the beginning. 1970 in Z.-A. t.s. included Ivory Coast, Upper Volta, Dahomey, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Mali.  

T.s. are also organized between developing countries in order to combat imperialism. powers and their associations. In 1959, T. s. were established. between Western countries Africa (Benin, Ivory Coast, Upper Volta, Niger, Mauritania, Mali, Senegal) and Center. Africa (People's Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Central African Republic, Chad).  

Bangladesh (Dhaka). ..... Bahrain (Manama). ..... Burma (Rangoon). ....... Brunei (British: Bandar Seri Begmwan). .......... Bhutan (Thimphu). ....... Vietnam (Hanoi). ...... Upper Volta (Ouagadougou) Gabon (Libreville). ......  

The Lomé Convention is a legal form of regulation of trade and economic relations between the EEC countries and the ACP countries of Benin, Ivory Coast, Botswana, Burundi, Upper Volta, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Cameroon, Kenya, Congo, Comoros, Djibouti, Lesotho, Liberia, Mauritius, Mauritania, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Cape Verde, Rwanda, Swaziland, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Somalia, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Seychelles islands, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Chad, Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea, Bahamas, Barbados, Grenada, Guyana, Dominican Republic, Belize, Saint Lucia, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, Fiji, Kiribati, Papua - New Guinea, Western Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu.  

Electrothermal recording uses special electrothermal materials (papers). Electrothermal paper has a complex, usually three-layer, structure. The top, light gray layer is close to dielectrics in its properties, the base of the paper is black - it is a paper pulp saturated with graphite and has good electrical conductivity. A voltage of several hundred volts applied to the paper causes breakdown of the top layer. As a result, an electrothermal reaction occurs in this layer, leading to the formation of a dark deposit at the recording sites, the optical density of which is proportional to the strength of the recording current.  

“Upper Volta” was the name of the state until 1984.

The name of the country “Burkina Faso” is translated from the local Moore language as “homeland of honest people” or “country of worthy people”.

Burkina Faso borders Mali, Niger, Benin, Togo, Ghana and Ivory Coast and is landlocked.

State symbols

Flag– is a three-color rectangular panel with an aspect ratio of 2:3. The top stripe is red, the bottom stripe is green, and in the center there is a yellow-gold 5-pointed star.
The red color symbolizes the blood shed for the revolution by the victims of the Burkinabe people. Green – the agricultural wealth of the people, prosperity. The yellow-gold star symbolizes the ideological leadership of the people's democratic revolution in its development. The flag was approved on August 4, 1984.

Coat of arms– a shield in the colors of the national flag. Above the shield is the name of the country, below it is the national motto in French: “Unity, Progress, Justice.” Two white horses hold a shield. This coat of arms is similar to the old coat of arms of Upper Volta only with the flag of Burkina Faso on the shield instead of the flag of Upper Volta. The coat of arms was approved in 1997.

State structure

Form of government- republic.
Head of State- President, elected by popular vote.

Acting President since 2014 Michelle Cafando
Head of the government– Prime Minister, appointed by the President.
Capital- Ouagadougou.
Largest cities– Ouagadougou, Bobo-Dioulasso.
Official language- French.
Territory– 273,187 km².
Administrative division– 13 regions, 45 provinces and 301 departments.

Population– 17,692,391 people. The indigenous population of Burkina Faso belongs to two main ethnic groups: the Gur and the Mande. Urban population 20%. Average life expectancy: men 51 years, women 55 years.

Religion– more than 20% of the population are Christians (mostly Catholics). More than 60% are Muslims, the rest are adherents of local traditional beliefs.
Currency– CFA franc.
Economy– one of the poorest countries in the world. 90% of workers are engaged in subsistence agriculture, which suffers from frequent droughts.

The main export crop is cotton. About half the population lives below the poverty level.
Agriculture: cotton, peanuts, oilseed, sorghum, millet, corn, rice; Sheep and goats are raised.

Industry: cotton processing, beverage production, agricultural product processing, soap, cigarette, textile production, gold mining.Export: cotton, livestock, gold, meat, raw hides.Import: industrial goods, food, petroleum products. Natural resources: deposits of manganese ores, gold, phosphorites, copper ores, nickel, titanium.

Primary school in Gando
Education– literacy of men 29%, women 15%. The level of education in Burkina Faso is one of the lowest in Africa. Primary and secondary education is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16 years. By law, education is free, but the government does not have sufficient funds for this. Students are forced to pay tuition, and communities are often responsible for constructing school buildings and housing for teachers. Approximately 70% of children entering primary school reach 5th grade. The country has an acute shortage of teachers and material resources. In the capital there is the International School of Ouagadougou for foreigners.
Higher education: 2 main universities: the Polytechnic University of Bobo-Dioulasso, which specializes in a range of applied sciences, including agricultural ones, and the University of Ouagadougou. The first private higher education institution was opened in 1992.

Sport– the country hosts the annual international cycling race Tour du Faso (African equivalent of the Tour de France). Football is popular.
Burkina Faso has taken part in 7 Summer Olympics (boxing, judo, athletics, swimming and fencing). The country did not participate in the Winter Olympics. Burkina Faso athletes have never won an Olympic medal.
Armed forces- recruited on a voluntary basis. They consist of paramilitary forces (including the gendarmerie), security company, people's militia, airborne regiment, tank battalion, artillery battalion, engineer battalion, air force.

Nature

The country's territory is dominated by savannah, including tall grass; in some places there are areas of sparse savannah forests and shrubs. Forests occupy about 9% of the country's territory.
There are about 20 rivers in Burkina Faso; the most significant of them are Black Volta and White Volta. During the dry season, all rivers become very shallow or dry up.

White Volta
Climate subequatorial.
There are lions, leopards, elephants, buffalos, and antelopes. But the number of wild animals is constantly declining.
Lots of birds and reptiles.

Hippos, crocodiles, and water turtles live on the swampy banks of rivers. There are many termite mounds in the savanna.

On the border with Benin and Niger there is a national park W (Double-V), reserves.

National Park W (Double-V)

It is the first transboundary biosphere reserve in Africa. It is located in the territory of Niger, Benin and Burkina Faso along the Niger River, which at this point has a characteristic W-shaped bend.
The total area is 31,223.13 km². More than 350 species of birds are observed in the park, including birds that migrate within the continent and birds arriving from Eurasia.
A large number of archaeological artifacts have been found here.

Arly National Park

River Arly
Arly National Park is located in the southeast of Burkina Faso. To the west, Arly is bordered by another Burkinanese nature reserve, the Partiel de Pama Reserve. Area 760 km²; it is located at altitudes from 100 to 500 meters above sea level.
Arly Park is home to numerous species of African fauna: elephants (at least 200), lions (at least 100), leopards, buffalos, hippos (at least 200), crocodiles, warthogs, pythons, Nile monitor lizards, species of monkeys and antelopes.

Nile monitor
The typical natural landscape of Arly is savannah, ranging from grassy to forested. Tugai forests, which have practically disappeared in Burkina Faso, are also found here.

Reserve Partiel de Pama Nature Reserve

Formed in 1955, it is located in the southeast of Burkina Faso. Covers an area of ​​2237 km². Populations of elephants, hippos, lions, and leopards are preserved in the de Pama reserve. The natural landscape is savannah with lush vegetation. There are more than 450 plant species in the reserve (mainly the cereal and legume families). A number of species are listed in the Red Book.

Erli Xingu Ecosystem

Protected natural area. Home to the largest population of lions in West Africa (approximately 400 individuals). Lions make up the majority of the animal population living here, but there is also the largest antelope population in the region.

Culture

Typical national dwelling

In the south of Burkina Faso there is a small village called Thiebele. Its inhabitants construct their buildings entirely from local materials: earth, wood and straw, and then decorate them.

Burkina Faso is one of the leading African countries in the field of cinema.Idrissa Ouedraogobecame the only African director to win the Grand Prix at the Cannes Film Festival (The Law (1990).

Idrissa Ouedraogo

Every odd-numbered year, the country hosts the African Film and Television Festival in Ouagadougou.
Literature Burkina Faso is based on oral folklore. The oral tradition continues to have a strong influence on Burkinabé authors. The most famous writers - Nazi Boni(author of the first Burkinabe novel, Twilight of Ancient Times) and Roger Nikiema. Since the 1980s. women appear among Burkinabe authors: Pierrette Sandra Canzier, Bernardetta Dao, Angele Bassole Ouedraogo, Gael Kone and others.
Contemporary Burkinabe sculptor – Jean-Luc Bambara.

Manega Museum

National Museum of Burkina Faso in Urgu Manega. Founded by Burkinabe writer, lawyer and human rights activist Titingoy Frederic Pacere.

The museum's collection consists of collections of African musical instruments, national clothing, traditional African masks of various peoples inhabiting Burkina Faso. The collection includes ceramics (terracotta) and jewelry from the 2nd century; household and cultural items. Sculptures by local artists are installed around the exhibition pavilions; Nearby, residential and farm buildings of the Mosi, Bobo and Senufo peoples are open for viewing and visiting.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Burkina Faso

Ruins of Loropeni

Ruins of an ancient city in southern Burkina Faso. This is a well-preserved example of a fortified settlement in West Africa. The area of ​​the protected area is 11,130 m², and the area of ​​the buffer zone surrounding the ruins, consisting of forests and agricultural fields, is another 278 hectares. The original purpose of these ruins is not entirely clear: according to one version, these are the ruins of the palace of the local ruler Kaan Iya, according to another, a place for keeping slaves. Researchers will classify Loropeni as a special type of “gold trading” settlement.

Other attractions in Burkina Faso

Lake Tengrela

This lake attracts tourists with the hippopotamuses that live here.
The surface of the lake is covered with numerous species of floating plants (water lilies, marsh flowers, chilim).

Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Ouagadougou)

Catholic Church in the city of Ouagadougou. It is the cathedral of the Catholic Archdiocese of Ouagadougou. One of the largest Catholic cathedrals in West Africa.
It was built in 1936. The architecture of the temple resembles the European Romanesque style with elements of West African architecture. The shape of the basilica resembles a castle. Notable are two towers of different levels.

Ouagadougou

Capital of Burkina Faso. The administrative, economic, transport and cultural center of the country. Population over 1,181,702 inhabitants.
The city has food and textile industry enterprises, an international airport, and a railway station. Cultural life: cinemas, nightclubs, French and American cultural centers.

Memorial
The city's attractions: The National Museum of Burkina Faso, the Moro-Naba Palace, the National Museum of Music and several establishments selling traditional crafts.

Bobo-Dioulasso

Dream in Bobo Dioulasso
The second largest city in the country. It lies at the intersection of trade routes with Mali and Cote d'Ivoire. It is the largest industrial and commercial center in western Burkina Faso. Electrical appliances, textiles, food products, drinks, tobacco products, etc. are produced here. The city has an international airport and a university. Railway the message connects him with Ouagadougou and Abidjan.

Railway station

Story

French colonization of the lands on which the modern state of Burkina Faso is located began at the end of the 19th century. In 1897 it was a French protectorate. From 1904 to 1919, Upper Volta was part of the French colony of Upper Senegal - Niger, and then was separated into a separate colony. In 1947, the Upper Volta colony was restored. The African Democratic Rally (ADR), led first by Coulibaly and then by Maurice Yaméogo, was gaining strength.
From 1947 to 1958, French Upper Volta was considered an overseas territory of France, then the autonomous Republic of Upper Volta was formed as part of the French Community. Yameogo became the President of the Republic in December 1959; he banned all political parties except his own.

Independence

August 5, 1960 Yameogo proclaimed the independence of the state of Upper Volta and became its president.

In 1966, Yameogo was overthrown as a result of a nationwide strike. Power passed to the military led by Lieutenant Colonel Sangule Lamizana, who was elected president of the country by popular vote in 1970.

S. Lamizana

In 1974, on the eve of the next elections, disagreements among the leadership of the ruling party intensified, and Lamizana usurped power. In 1977, Lamizana returned the country to civilian rule. In November 1980, a military regime was again established in Upper Volta, led by Colonel Saye Zerbo, who was removed in 1982 as a result of another military coup. Major came to power Jean Baptiste Ouedraogo.

In 1983, a military coup took place again, and the main state became Sankara, he renamed the country Burkina Faso and proclaimed a course towards social revolution. Outwardly, he tried to “get closer to the people,” for which he was nicknamed “the African Che Guevara.”
But on October 15, 1987, Sankara was killed as a result of a coup carried out by his closest ally Blaise Compaoré. In 1997, restrictions on the number of re-elections of the president were abolished, this gave Compaora the right to hold this post virtually for life.
Compaore was in power for 27 years, and in order to prevent him from claiming this post again, a coup was organized in the country on October 30, 2014. The military came to power. A curfew was introduced in the country. The government was dismissed and parliament was dissolved. The interim governing body of the country must restore constitutional order.