It will no longer be possible to detect new elementary particles. Also, an alternative scenario allows us to solve the problem of mass hierarchy. The study was published on the website arXiv.org; Lenta.ru talks about it in more detail.
The theory was called Nnaturalness. It is defined on energy scales of the order of the electroweak interaction, after separating the electromagnetic and weak interactions. This was about ten to minus thirty-two to ten to minus twelfth seconds after the Big Bang. Then, according to the authors of the new concept, there was a hypothetical elementary particle in the Universe - rechiton (or reheaton, from the English reheaton), the decay of which led to the formation of the physics observed today.
As the Universe became colder (the temperature of matter and radiation decreased) and flatter (the geometry of space approached Euclidean), rechiton broke up into many other particles. They formed groups of particles that almost did not interact with each other, almost identical in species, but differing in the mass of the Higgs boson, and therefore in their own masses.
The number of such groups of particles that, according to scientists, exist in the modern Universe reaches several thousand trillion. One of these families includes the physics described by the Standard Model (SM) and the particles and interactions observed in experiments at the LHC. The new theory makes it possible to abandon supersymmetry, which they are still trying to find unsuccessfully, and solves the problem of the hierarchy of particles.
In particular, if the mass of the Higgs boson formed as a result of the decay of the rechiton is small, then the mass of the remaining particles will be large, and vice versa. This is what solves the problem of the electroweak hierarchy, associated with the large gap between the experimentally observed masses of elementary particles and the energy scales of the early Universe. For example, the question of why an electron with a mass of 0.5 megaelectronvolts is almost 200 times lighter than a muon with the same quantum numbers disappears by itself - in the Universe there are exactly the same sets of particles where this difference is not so pronounced.
According to the new theory, the Higgs boson observed in experiments at the LHC is the lightest particle of this type, formed as a result of the decay of rechiton. Associated with heavier bosons are other groups of as yet undiscovered particles - analogues of the currently discovered and well-studied leptons (not involved in the strong interaction) and hadrons (participating in the strong interaction).
The new theory does not cancel, but makes it less necessary, the introduction of supersymmetry, which assumes doubling (at least) the number of known elementary particles due to the presence of superpartners. For example, for a photon - photino, quark - squark, higgs - higgsino, and so on. The spin of the superpartners must differ by a half-integer from the spin of the original particle.
Mathematically, a particle and a superparticle are combined into one system (supermultiplet); all quantum parameters and masses of particles and their partners coincide in exact supersymmetry. It is believed that in nature supersymmetry is broken, and therefore the mass of superpartners significantly exceeds the mass of their particles. To detect supersymmetric particles, powerful accelerators like the LHC were needed.
If supersymmetry or any new particles or interactions exist, then, according to the authors of the new study, they can be discovered on scales of ten teraelectronvolts. This is almost at the limit of the LHC's capabilities, and if the proposed theory is correct, the discovery of new particles there is extremely unlikely.
Image: arXiv.org
A signal near 750 gigaelectronvolts, which could indicate the decay of a heavy particle into two gamma-ray photons, as scientists from the CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) and ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC Apparatus) collaborations working at the LHC reported in 2015 and 2016, was recognized statistical noise. After 2012, when it became known about the discovery of the Higgs boson at CERN, no new fundamental particles predicted by extensions of the SM have been identified.
Canadian and American scientist of Iranian origin Nima Arkani-Hamed, who proposed a new theory, received the Fundamental Physics Prize in 2012. The award was established that same year by Russian businessman Yuri Milner.
Therefore, the emergence of theories in which the need for supersymmetry disappears is expected. “There are many theorists, including myself, who believe that this is a very unique time in which we are addressing questions that are important and systemic, rather than about the details of any one elementary particle,” said the lead author of the new study, a physicist at Princeton University ( USA).
Not everyone shares his optimism. Thus, physicist Matt Strassler from Harvard University believes that the mathematical basis for the new theory is far-fetched. Meanwhile, Paddy Fox from the Enrico Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia (USA) believes that the new theory can be tested in the next ten years. In his opinion, particles formed in a group with any heavy Higgs boson should leave their traces in the cosmic microwave background radiation - ancient microwave radiation predicted by the Big Bang theory.
We present to you a completely new view of the origin of the Universe, developed by a group of theoretical physicists from Indiana University and presented by Nikodim Poplavsky, an employee of this university.
Every black hole contains a new Universe, ours is no exception, it also exists inside a black hole. Such a statement may seem strange, but it is this assumption that best explains the birth of the Universe and the course of all the processes that we observe today.
The standard Big Bang theory is unable to answer many questions. It suggests that the Universe began as a “singularity” of an infinitesimal point containing an infinitely high concentration of matter expanding its size to the state we observe today. The theory of inflation, the super-rapid expansion of space, of course answers many questions, such as why exactly small pieces of concentrated matter at the early stage of the development of the Universe united into large celestial bodies: galaxies and clusters of galaxies. But many questions remain unanswered. For example: what began after the Big Bang? What caused the Big Bang? What is the source of the mysterious dark energy that comes from beyond the boundaries of the Universe?
The theory that our Universe is entirely inside a black hole provides answers to these and many other questions. It excludes the concept of physically impossible features of our Universe. And it relies on two central theories of physics.
Firstly, this is the general theory of relativity, the modern theory of gravity. It describes the Universe on a large scale. Any event in the Universe is considered as a point in space, time, and space-time. Massive objects such as the Sun distort or create spacetime "curves" comparable to a bowling ball lying on a suspended canvas. The gravitational dent from the Sun changes the motion of the Earth and other planets orbiting it. The attraction of the planets by the Sun appears to us as gravity.
The second law of quantum mechanics, on which the new theory is based, describes the Universe on the smallest scales, such as the atom and other elementary particles.
Currently, physicists are striving to combine quantum mechanics and general relativity into a single theory of “quantum gravity” in order to adequately describe the most important natural phenomena, including the behavior of subatomic particles in black holes.
In the 1960s, an adaptation of general relativity, taking into account the effects of quantum mechanics, was called the Einstein–Carton–Sciama–Kibble theory of gravity. It not only provides a new step towards understanding quantum gravity, but also creates an alternative picture of the world. This change to general relativity involves an important quantum property of the mother known as SPIN.
Small particles such as atoms and electrons have SPIN, or internal angular momentum, similar to the spin of a skater on ice. In this picture, the SPIN of particles interacts with space-time and provides it with a property called “torsion”. To understand this kind of twisting, imagine space not as a two-dimensional canvas, but as a flexible one-dimensional rod. The bending of the rod corresponds to spatiotemporal twisting. If the rod is thin, you can twist it, but it is difficult to see whether it is twisted or not.
The twisting of space should be noticeable, or rather, quite significant, at the early stage of the origin of the Universe or in a black hole. In these extreme conditions, the twisting of space-time should manifest itself as a repulsive force or force of gravity for the objects closest to the curvature of space-time.
As in the standard version of general relativity, very massive stars end up falling into black holes: regions of space from which nothing, not even light, can escape.
Here is the role that the twisting process can play at the initial moment of the origin of the universe:
Initially, the gravitational pull of curved space will allow the twisting to become a repulsive force, leading to the disappearance of matter in smaller regions of space. But then the twisting process becomes very strong, turning into a point of infinite density, reaching a state of extremely high, but finite density. Because energy can be converted into mass, very high gravitational energy in this extremely dense state can cause intense particle creation, which greatly increases the mass inside the black hole.
An increasing number of SPIN particles will lead to higher levels of spatiotemporal twisting. The repulsive torque of twisting can stop the collapse of matter and create a “big bounce” effect, reminiscent of a previously sunk ball flying out of the water, which will lead to the process of an expanding Universe. As a result of this, we observe processes corresponding to this phenomenon in the distribution of mass, shape and geometry of the universe.
In turn, the torsion mechanism offers an amazing scenario, based on which, each black hole is capable of producing a new, young Universe within itself.
Thus, our own Universe may be located inside a black hole located in another Universe.
Just as we cannot see what is happening inside a black hole, any observers in the parent Universe are not able to see what is happening in our world.
The movement of matter across the boundary of a black hole is called the "event horizon" and occurs in only one direction, providing the direction of the time vector, which we perceive as forward motion.
The arrow of time in our Universe was inherited from our parent Universe through the process of twisting.
Twisting can also explain the observed imbalance between matter and antimatter in the Universe. Finally, the twisting process may be the source of dark energy, a mysterious form of energy that permeates all of our space, increasing the rate of expansion of the Universe. The geometry of twisting produces a "cosmological constant" that extends to external forces and is the simplest way to explain the existence of dark energy. Thus, the observed accelerating expansion of the Universe may be the strongest evidence of a twisting process.
Twisting therefore provides the theoretical basis for a scenario in which a new universe exists inside each black hole. This scenario also acts as a means of solving several major problems in modern gravity theory and cosmology, although physicists still need to combine Einstein-Carton-Sciama-Kibble quantum mechanics with quantum theory of gravity.
Meanwhile, a new understanding of cosmic processes raises other important questions. For example, what do we know about the parent Universe and the black hole within which our own Universe is located? How many layers of the parent Universe do we have? How can you verify that our Universe is in a black hole?
Potentially, the latter questions can be explored, since all stars and black holes rotate, our Universe should have inherited the rotation axis of the parent Universe as its “preferred direction.”
A recent survey of 15,000 galaxies in one hemisphere of the universe found that they are “left-handed,” meaning they rotate clockwise, while galaxies in the other hemisphere are “right-handed,” or spinning counterclockwise. But this discovery still requires comprehension. In any case, it is now clear: the process of twisting in the geometry of space - time is the right step towards a successful theory of cosmology.
Cosmology can be roughly divided into three areas. 1. Stationary Universe with a unified approach about the aging of radiation proportional to ~ t ½, variations of this model make it possible to solve almost all cosmological problems, except for one - this is the cosmic microwave background radiation. The relic, like radiation, also ages, then in the distant past its energy was much higher, right up to the plasma state of all matter, i.e. The Universe must change over time, which contradicts the very essence of the term stationarity. 2. The many-sided Universe is a zero starting version of the total energy. In hyperspace, countless Universes can be formed and each has its own physics laws, these are one-time balanced models. Dark energy has cast doubt on the realism of this direction: the zero starting version of the total energy is violated, which automatically leads to imbalance, the Universe begins to expand at an accelerated rate. 3. The cyclic Universe, until the 80s, was considered the most promising direction, therefore it has a wide variety of physical structures. But at the moment it is completely inconsistent with cosmological acceleration; there is no phase of transition from expansion to compression. You are invited to consider a scientific article where, based on a new approach to the physical essence of the balance of the dynamics of the development of the Universe, it is possible to explain the nature of the origin of dark matter and dark energy, the anomaly of the pioneers, the physical meaning of the relationship of large numbers and, to some extent, a new look at the anthropic principle.
Abbreviations
BV---big bang
VYa---vacuum cell
GK --- gravitational collapse
GZ --- gravitational charge
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GP --- gravitational potential
ECH---elementary particle
FV---physical vacuum
SRT---special theory of relativity
GTR---general relativity
QED --- quantum electrodynamics
ZSE---law of conservation of energy
The theory of a unified physical universe (TEU)
The mat/device used is purely indicative.
Before entering into the essence of TEFV, it is necessary to consider modern theoretical and experimental developments of the origin and development of the Universe, then it will be easier for us to see the emergence of questions to which there is no answer yet. Let's start with the original basic material, the BV theory with a version of the inflationary principle.
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Inflationary Universe (developed by A. Gut A. Linde)
Every effect needs a cause. Inflation is a consequence, there is clearly no cause. Let's take a purely philosophical look at the question of interactions. All theories about the Universe agree that at the beginning of the Big Time all forces were united, there was a single superforce (The Theory of Supergravity or Superstrings). As the Universe expanded, the forces became separated, acquiring their individuality in the form of fundamental constants. Subsequently, the Universe went through a whole stage of transformations until the initial material was obtained in the form of electron particles and quanta. The question arises: if this principle is one-time (an open model of the Universe), then how can the born Universe know about the existence of all forces, if before that there was nothing except PV. Nature cannot invent itself by creating diversity, which means these forces were closed, embedded somewhere in the physical function. Any law of nature is formed and acts in reality, in other words, in order for any interaction to be closed, it must first really exist (act). And this means: before the BV there must have been a Universe that closed and brought the BV mechanism into action, i.e. The Universe is cyclical (closed model of the Universe). Then what force or forces actually control the cycle of the Universe, undoubtedly the key role in this process is played by the balance of the dynamics of the development of the Universe.
What is the essence of balance?
According to Friedman, the Universe can be open and closed. Balance is exactly the line between open and closed, i.e. “inflation” created conditions for the force of the explosion, and subsequently inertia, to be equal to the gravity of space. In order to understand the essence of this equality, we will model the ideal Universe in accordance with the strict solution of the BV scenario, by introducing ephemeral theoretical ECs. We will consider the initial starting conditions of the BV to be the Planck era, the initial state after inflation, then the EC mass is equal to the Planck mass M plank=10 -8 kg distance between them Lplanck=10 -35 m, the starting speed of expansion is equal to the speed of light. The expansion of the Universe obeyed the following laws (from the BV theory). Let n- the number of particles that fit along the line of the diameter of the Universe, then the expansion rate, during the passage of the signal between neighboring particles (layers), starting from WITH falls like Vext.=C/n, (Where n= 1.2. etc.) i.e. at the moment of BV, all particles were causally unconnected; accordingly, the distances between neighboring layers grow as Lextended=Lplanck*n, in the same order, according to QED, the mass of the EC decreases =M plank /p.(we assume that the rest mass of the introduced ECs is always equal to M ext). The scope of the Universe corresponds to the arrow of time Rall L=C*Dt, it is easy to prove that Rall L = Lplanck* n 2 , A Lextended=Ö WITH*Dtall L* Lplanck. The Universe began to expand approximately 13.7 billion years ago, then in the modern era Lextended= 10 -4.5 m, i.e. 10 1.5 times less than Lrelic, size of the Universe Rall L=C*Dt=10 26 m, then the number of layers n= Ö Rall L/ Lplanck=10 30.5 . So, the size of the Universe starting from Lplanck* n grew up to = Lplanck* n 2 , stretch step starting from Lplanck grew up to Lplanck* n. Energy accordingly, starting from Eplanck=10 8 J, decreased to E extended=10 -22.5 J. Balance means equality of gravity g*M 2 ext /Lextended with expansion inertia M ext *V 2 extended, let us generalize this condition to the entire arrow of time M ext =M plank /p, Vext.=C/n, Lextended=Lplanck*n, Then g*M 2 plank /Lplanck* n 3 = M plank s 2 /n 3 , i.e. The BV theory in its ideal version strictly but locally maintains a balance. Note that in constructing a model of the Universe, due to Rall L = Lplanck* n 2 =C*Dtall L only one observable parameter is used Dtall L= 13.7 billion, everything else is QED constants, then the mass of the Universe is determined by a simple relationship:
M all = M plank *Dtall L/tplanck=10 -8 *10 18 /10 - 43 =10 53 kg, therefore:
g *M all/ Rall L= g *M plank/ Lplanck=C 2
And this means that the balance of the dynamics of the development of the Universe based on the homogeneity and isotropy of space requires the invariance of the Gravitational Potential (GP) at all points in space and along the entire arrow of time, the assumption is controversial and requires additional argumentation. Let us consider how the MS is formed at the stage of expansion of the Universe, based on the following considerations. The main contribution to the formation of the GP is played by distant masses, because their number increases with distance in proportion to n 2 , in addition, the gravitational influence of distant masses obeys the law of cosmological expansion, therefore the mass of ephemeral ECs can be considered with acceptable accuracy equal to M ext at any point in space. Then the result of integrating the mass layers over the entire volume will be equal to:
F(t) =g*M all (t)/ Rall L(t) = g* M ext* n 3 / LPlanck*n 2 = g *M plank/ Lplanck=C 2
Those. we have proven that if the introduced ephemeral ECs obey QED, then in a balanced Universe the GP is a constant and is equal to C 2 at least during the expansion phase. Let us note that the consequence of the equality of GP to the constant C 2 there is constancy of the scale factor Rall L(t) ~ t 1/2 along the entire arrow of time, such a model of the Universe should be flat. And what the real Universe gives us, let’s consider how the GP behaves in terms of the mass of all ECs in the modern era.
F(t) = g*M all (t)/ Rall L(t) = g* Mnuk* n 3 / WITH*Dtall L(where n=10 26.5) =10 15 those. less than C2.
For analysis, we will select another period of time, the era of recombination: Dt all = 10 13 sec, F(10 13 sec) =g* Mnuk* n 3 / WITH*Dtall L(where n =10 24)=10 13
We see that even without taking into account changes in the scale factor, the mass of the Universe plays practically no role in the balance. Let us consider the GP for the cosmic microwave background radiation in the recombination era:
F(10 13 sec) = g* Mrel * n 3 / WITH*Dtall L = 10 17 Where Mrel=10 -35 kg. n=10 27
The potential is stable and almost equal C 2, at the present stage due to changes in the scale factor with Rall L(t) ~ t 1/2 on ~ t 2/3 , the relic plays virtually no role in the balance, which is what this is leading to. The theory of the development of the Universe is built on the idea of the strictest balance, but the modern theory of gravity does not provide a mechanism for maintaining it; with different ratios of matter and radiation, we get a different scenario for the development of the Universe, and this is already alarming. We still need to figure out what these ideal ephemeral ECs are that correspond to an ideal balanced Universe, and whether they actually exist. The general picture of the development of the Universe speaks of one thing: everything is interconnected, and in an incomprehensible way, for some reason, gravity globally and locally is absolutely always and everywhere equal to the inertia of expansion. In addition, calculations of the masses of galaxy clusters, gravitational lensing, give an unambiguous conclusion: the mass of the real Universe should be 4-5 times heavier, it is present, but we do not see it. This is the generally accepted real dark matter, dead to all interactions except gravity. And what’s interesting is that, taking this matter into account, theoretical and experimental calculations of the average density of matter in the Universe completely coincided and correspond to the balance (critical) RCrete= 10 -29 g/cm 3. Let us analyze this version of the origin of the Universe, and also outline the key prerequisites, i.e. the foundation for the emergence of TEFV.
Arguments and Facts
Inflation solved the balance problem, but brought with it a trail of new problems. In essence, we have the emergence of the Universe from nothing, and in order not to violate the law of conservation of energy, the concept of the total energy of the Universe being equal to zero is introduced, negative energy grows, then positive energy should grow in the same order, in inflation these two processes are separated in time, correctly whether it is. Further, during the period of inflation, the inhomogeneities necessary for the formation of galaxies must be laid down, which is done by laying down the “freezing” of vacuum fluctuations. Countless vacuum bubbles can form in the PV, and each has its own Universe with its own physics. Does it make sense to consider the diversity of Universes with their own laws, which do not have any influence on each other? The end result of inflation should have been either the Superstring theory or the Supergravity theory, i.e. Fundamental constants must somehow be interconnected, flow from something; this problem in inflation remains open.
Let us touch more specifically on the problem of causality. The emergence of a causally related vacuum bubble, a spontaneous process, which ultimately, absolutely causally, breaks down into 10 91.5 causally unrelated areas, is there a conflict here. Can this conflict be resolved in the following way? Inflation allows for the appearance and immediate collapse of unripe vacuum bubbles, but is a complete reverse process possible, for example, the collapse of our Universe, then reverse inflation and, as a result, the collapse of a vacuum bubble? In theory, it is not prohibited. Can this event be considered the cause of inflation, i.e. we seem to loop the process. Inflation is an elegant theory, but this assumption makes it purer and more complete. We finally have a closed cyclic system that reproduces itself according to the laws of our physics. But here we are faced with one significant cosmological problem, which is not compatible with the version of the cyclicity of the Universe. It turns out that the Universe, closer to the modern era, is not slowing down as prescribed by Hubble's law. To explain this behavior, the concept of dark energy was introduced, the negative pressure of which remains unchanged as the Universe expands. About 7 billion years ago, negative pressure equaled the gravity of space and dominates in the modern era, the Universe began to expand, and at the same time accelerated. Dark energy has no physical explanation, upsets the balance, practically puts an end to the purity of the theory of inflation; nature has not yet presented us with a discovery more absurd in its harmfulness. The Universe is developing somehow strangely, first it required the introduction of dark matter, then dark energy, and at the present stage, having reached its maximum, dark energy does not manifest itself at all on small scales. Nature demanded the introduction of two completely opposite concepts, but separated in time, something is wrong here. The best solution to the problem that has arisen is not to build theories about the nature of the origin of dark matter and energy, but simply to get rid of them. The inconsistency of the intensity of supernova radiation with the spectrum of galaxies, the absence of large clusters of galaxies in the modern era, perhaps this is a camouflage of “something, under something” that does not require the accelerated expansion of the Universe at all. The mechanism proposed below for controlling the cycle of the Universe gives one interesting consequence, directly related to the effects under the interpretation of dark matter and energy. To understand what the essence is here, it is necessary to observe the stage-by-stage nature of the theory being presented, so the version of the cyclic Universe with an inflationary beginning is accepted as the starting position for constructing the TEFV.
Gravity
The absence of causality in the emergence of the Universe and processes in the physics of the microworld have one common feature from a philosophical point of view. The accuracy of the applied laws is absolute, but their manifestation is probabilistic, leading to a scatter of measured parameters (the uncertainty principle). This can be stated very carefully and this way, the more accurately we try to measure the accuracy of one law (parameter), the greater the scatter of another law (parameter) we get, translating into philosophical language, we state: the reason for the accuracy of the law at a given moment, in a given area there is an inaccuracy in the operation of another law. Some kind of “principle of inconsistency”, the principle of uncertainty is not denied here - this is the basis of QED, the point is different, we get a real cause-and-effect relationship from chains of causeless events, maybe the point here is completely different. Let us assume that all these scatters contain an unmeasured process, i.e. there is a reason, but it is impossible to detect (measure) it. Einstein's theory unexpectedly presents us with such unmeasurable effects. Let's consider the most important consequences of SRT and Einstein's GTR.
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Einstein's general theory of theory says that gravity is not a force, it is the curvature of space, the body, as it were, automatically chooses the shortest path of movement (the principle of laziness), i.e. the source of gravity (mass) changes the geometry of space. Gravity has no screens, it is cumulative in nature, it acts equally on both mass and radiation. Let us consider in more detail the statement of the equivalence of the gravitational field and accelerated mechanical motion, for example, in an accelerated moving closed system we will feel gravity and it is impossible to prove by any experiments that it was created artificially. Being inside this non-inertial system, we receive all the signs of gravity, i.e. accelerated motion creates a gravitational field. And vice versa, gravity, having created the accelerated movement of an object, removes all inertial signs of the object. The following picture emerges: a body moves at an accelerated pace in some kind of environment, then the environment’s reaction to this process is the creation of a gravitational field and vice versa, the environment cancels all signs of inertia, while creating movement in the gravitational field. Conclusion, the action of the field of gravity and inertia on space is identical and is local in nature. And what place does STR occupy in gravity? The principle of relativity says: it is impossible to determine the absoluteness of movement, whereas it is impossible to deal with the effects of SRT, for example, over time, if it is impossible to determine what is moving. And here the judge in this dispute is acceleration, which is accelerated (slowed down) and that is why SRT acts. But accelerated motion creates a gravitational field. Having stopped accelerating, we simply moved into a uniform gravitational field with our GP in accordance with the achieved speed. In fact, SRT is the theory of a uniform gravitational field, then the effects of STR and gravity are indistinguishable. Here we are not talking about an equivalent, but rather about the uniform nature of the occurrence of effects, i.e. reaction of the environment. And physically, what is the primary source of all effects, for example, time dilation, GP or speed. Let's look at a simple example. Let the body be on Earth; naturally, under the influence of gravity, its own time has slowed down (there is no movement). Let's place the body at the center of the Earth. Let us pay attention to an important point: there is gravity, but there is no gravitation, calculations show that the GP has decreased by 2 times, and accordingly the time dilation has decreased (there is no movement). Now let the body move over the surface of the Earth at 1st escape velocity. There is no gravity, calculations give an increase in deceleration compared to the time of the body on Earth, i.e. The formed GP is superimposed on the Earth's GP due to movement. We see that time dilation is not associated with movement as such, but with the process of creating a GP, i.e. space (SP) reacts to changes in motion by changing its own GP. Let's summarize.
1. According to Einstein’s general relativity, gravity is the curvature of space, then since there is an impact (gravity) and there is a reaction to this impact (curvature), then space (PV) must have a certain structure with specific parameters, including mass, it’s absurd, but the impact and the reaction is obvious, it is not an abstraction.
2. The gravitational field is identical to any accelerated movement, then the reaction of the environment (space) to any movement of an object (inertia) is its contraction, although there are no sources of gravity at all. The action of gravity and inertia on space is identical and is local in nature.
3. Uniform motion must correspond to a uniform gravitational field.
4. Gravity, if considered as a uniform gravitational field, is under no circumstances possible to detect (measure), the absolute GP is not a measurable quantity.
5. It is not possible to detect (measure) gravity in its pure form; the effect of its manifestation occurs only in opposition to other types of forces. For example: the force of gravity on Earth arises in opposition to the forces of e/m origin.
6. Gravity, in its pure form acting on the body, removes all inertial signs of the object. If you mentally imagine a variable gravitational field, for example, dig a through tunnel through the center of the Earth and create a vacuum, then its influence will force the body to oscillate with an amplitude equal to the diameter of the Earth with a complete absence of inertia (reaction), i.e. the body will not feel these vibrations at all.
7. A conversation about the fundamental nature of conservation laws within the framework of Einstein’s theory can only be conducted in closed systems.
Why is such a special place given to gravity? One of the key points of the theory of inflation is the zero condition, the potential energy of the Universe is strictly equal to the total energy of all matter, g*M 2 all */Rall L + M all*C 2=0, which is in principle true, then we simply have to somehow connect the total inertial energy of any body with the gravity of space. And the keys to this connection are not obvious, but are visible in the consequences of SRT and GTR in relation to Mach’s principle.
Mach, based on the idea of complete similarity of inertial and gravitational forces, argued: the nature of inertia lies in the influence of the entire mass of the Universe on a specific body. This means nothing else if you remove all the matter of the Universe except one body, then this body would have no inertia. The assumption is very controversial, at the moment it is not recognized by modern science, but on the other hand it would be very tempting to link together the gravity of the infinitely large (the Universe) with the inertia of the infinitely small, for example, the ECH. How could the gravity of space create the inertia of bodies? The difficulty is that, according to STR, the speed of propagation of gravity cannot exceed the speed of light, but the Universe is huge, and the impact, i.e. inertia arises instantly, the quantitative side cannot be solved at all. And we state that Einstein’s theory, while recognizing Mach’s principle, is not able to describe the mechanism of this influence. Let us pay attention to the following facts: 1. The GP of the Universe, corresponding to balance, is always and everywhere equal C 2, an amazing coincidence with the formula for the total energy of any inertial body. 2. The balance of the dynamics of the development of the Universe means the equality of the BV force (hereinafter inertia) with the gravity of space always and everywhere. 3. The effects of gravity and inertia on space are identical. 4. Gravity in its pure form removes all inertial attributes of an object. All four facts presented are a different form of interpretation of the very essence of Mach’s principle, i.e. gravity does not exist without inertia and vice versa. Perhaps this is the key to unraveling the nature of inertia, if we find how the Mach principle is implemented, we will thereby create a single mechanism that controls the cycle of the Universe, therefore, in order to understand the infinitely large (the Universe), we need to understand the infinitely small (Physical Vacuum) .
Physical Vacuum
PV is a carrier of all types of interactions and these processes are of an exchange nature (the principle of quantization), but there are nuances. The following problems are associated with PV: in QED it is not at all clear what ECs arise from and what they turn into, and where indivisible electrical charges go. In the theory of BV - what exactly exploded, space is assumed, but for a physical description of this phenomenon it is necessary to at least provide emptiness, some kind of structure with certain parameters. And as a consequence, the question arises, what is the real mechanism of space curvature under the influence of gravity. There is only one way, this is the materialization of space, and one of the keys to the approach to physical activity is the following. What is annihilation? We understand that this pair (particle-antiparticle) does not go anywhere and does not decay, they simply go into a special bound state, i.e. into the PV structure, with the lowest background energy, we will try to physically model this coupled structure. First of all, let's introduce the concept of gravitational charge (GC), all modern theories work only with charges and exchange quanta, and we have no reason to separate gravity from this fundamental principle, then what does it equal. Let's return to BV, in the Planck era all ECs had a Planck mass, so we will assume that all ECs have a GB equal to the Planck mass and this charge is indivisible, similar to an electric charge. But in nature there are no such charges as there are here. In the Planck era, the total energy of the EC M plank *S 2 equal to gravitational energy g*M 2 plank /Lplanck between them, but these are the same conditions for the formation of classical gravitational collapse (GC). So we will assume that the beginning of the BV was marked by the GC of each trio of leptoquarks, this can be interpreted as the separation of gravity (all gravitons) from matter (the first stage in the theory of Supergravity), and then into particle-antiparticle pairs (relict radiation). The GC must be closed according to a linear law, this requirement follows from the principle of correspondence to quantum electrodynamics and the law of expansion of the Universe, knowing the physical essence of Planck’s constant, we derive the GC formula purely logically Mvya=M plank *Lplanck/ Lextended. Then the PV is a special medium of collapsed states, let’s call them vacuum cells (VC), the mass of the VC corresponds to the formula Mvya=M plank *Lplanck/ Lextended, these are precisely those ideal ECs responsible for maintaining the balance of the Universe, endowing the PV with mass, this is the background positive energy, i.e. we materialized FV. Then what is the mass of a particle? This is a residual phenomenon of HA asymmetry, i.e. an imbalance in the work of gravitational forces with other types of interaction and it is also closed according to a linear law. Then what about classical reality? The fact is that the EC cannot be considered in its (naked) form; it is always surrounded by a cloud, all with an expanding spatial step of the BL, and since the BL has mass, we get a classical transition to Newton’s theory of gravity (will be discussed below). The introduction of the Civil Code is a necessary measure, we will try to justify it.
1. Cosmology at the present stage unexpectedly faced the problem of dark matter, because The VY has mass and, as was clarified above, they are collectively responsible for the balance of the Universe, then the role of the VV as dark matter is quite visible.
2. All true ECs according to QED are point objects, then infinities appear in the calculations of their parameters. In QED, this problem is solved using an artificial mathematical trick, renormalization. Perhaps true elementarity does not exist (there is nothing to collapse with, the GC covers exactly three leptoquarks, why only three is a separate topic), then each EC should have three faces, for example, electron - muon - tau-lepton, quarks too (b ,d,s), perhaps EC is a spatial quantum rotation in the direction of movement, i.e. asymmetry in three directions of a composite object. A GK with a stable internal balance (discussed later) removes infinities, i.e. at infinities a limit appears based on the balance of gravitational forces with other types of interaction.
By endowing any EC with a collapsed state and materializing the PV, we thereby open the way to understanding the mechanism of action of QED; there is something to turn from and into.
Dark matter and energy
Before the era of recombination, the Universe was a strictly balanced system; the energy of the relic with matter was strictly equal to the energy of the PV, i.e. There is one VY per relic. If we also introduce dark matter into this balanced system, in the form as it is presented by modern science, which makes up 23% of the total energy, then we will get catastrophic consequences, the Universe should have collapsed even then, something is wrong here. All the troubles began with the era of separation of radiation from matter, i.e. change in scale factor from Rall L(t) ~ t 1/2 on Rall L(t) ~ t 2/3 , and this leads to an ever-increasing imbalance and, as a consequence, to an ever-increasing manifestation of dark energy. We concluded that the materialized PV is globally responsible for the balance of the dynamics of the development of the Universe, which corresponds to the stability of the GP = C 2 along the entire arrow of time. All the matter of the Universe is in balance, practically does not play any role, the entire expansion function is taken over by the PV, and this radically changes the picture, the PV is a special form of matter practically unstudied, to some extent it is a graviton plasma with GP= C 2. Then we have a real argument not to change the scale factor during the recombination period, with Rall L(t) ~ t 1/2 on Rall L(t) ~ t 2/3 and leave it unchanged. In this simple solution to the problem, the main stumbling block is the relic, the fact is that the observed energy of the relic = 3 0 K, and according to the scenario t 1/2 , should be 7-8 times higher, this is a powerful fact in favor of the generally accepted model of the Universe. The energy of the relic can be reduced to 3 0 K by assuming that the Universe continues to expand to Lextended= 10 -3 m according to the scenario t 1/2 , then its age should be about 200 billion. years, which is completely unacceptable. Everything seemed to be that attempts to tame dark energy were a complete fiasco, and yet there was one clue. The matter, having separated from the relic, represents the Friedmann model of a dusty expanding Universe, according to which space expands with a scale factor Rrelic(t) ~ t 2/3 , but here a conflict is brewing. The relic and matter, having become free, began to control the law of expansion of the Universe, i.e. gravity of space. PV is a strictly balanced material environment, with local oscillations of the VY. Isn’t it better to consider: the relic is expanding according to the laws of thermodynamics, the Universe is expanding according to the law of maintaining balance. But the question arises: where does the energy of a cooler relic go and what does the relic expand into? If there is no “free space”, the relic has expanded to Lrelic= 10 -3.3 m, space up to Lextended= 10 -4.5 m. Let's try to approach this problem from the inside, i.e. locally. For any EC, balance locally means the concentration of VY around the EC to balance (equality), both in GB and in energy. Very figuratively: the total energy of a chain of VYs, blurred to the background, is always equal to the energy of the EC, the same is true for the GB. In the era of relic separation, due to the equality of energies, one quantum corresponded to one VY, or the wavelength of the relic corresponded to the stretch step between VY. What is this leading to, in order for the relic to have room to expand, we need an asymmetry of VY and radiation in the proportion of 10 3.3 VY per quantum, then the cooling relic would fill these vacancies. Let's return to the BV, we have one white spot, this is the stage in length units: Lplanck- action of the theory of Supergravity, Lplanck*Ö 137 - action of TVO (equality Lplanck*Ö 137 follows from the condition g*M 2 plank *L 2 planck/ L 3 extended=e 2/Lextended). At this stage, the separation of gravity from the GBO occurs, global braking begins, VY are formed, this is a non-quantum process. Further, TVO begins to interfere with this same process with an ever-increasing speed and on a segment, on a length scale equal to Lplanck*Ö 137 the velocities are equalized, but this process leads to the formation not of VY, but of Higgs particles. The material was exhausted, all the VY and all the primary matter were formed, we received an acceptable asymmetry, which simultaneously solved the problem with dark matter and energy, everything fell into place. If the Universe develops according to a scenario with the parameter t 1/2 , and all free radiation (relict radiation, luminosity, red shift of the spectrum) expands according to the laws of thermodynamics with the parameter t 2/3 , then we naturally have inconsistencies, the compensation of which requires the input of dark energy and matter. Increasing distortions began to manifest themselves during the period of complete recombination, when the age of the Universe was approximately 0.5 billion. years. On the other hand, we look at the Universe as if through a magnifying glass, i.e. distortions grow in proportion to the distance, summing up these two components we get a maximum distortion of 3-4 times at a distance of 7-8 billion. years, which is consistent with observations.
Pioneer Anomaly
Here it is appropriate to consider the version of the solution to the pioneer anomaly, what is its essence. Having left the solar system, both satellites began to experience braking equal to 10 -10 m/s 2, the nature of this phenomenon is unknown and, interestingly, this same braking is given to us by the law of expansion of the Universe WITH*N hubble=10 8 *10 -18 =10 -10 m/s 2 . What exactly happened, two satellites simply went beyond the solar system, physically this means that the effect of gravity on the entire solar system is practically zero, i.e. it is no longer a connected system. The theory presented here proves that in an expanding (contracting) Universe, the consequence of maintaining balance is the invariability of the stretching step (stretch) between neighboring VYs, which is always and everywhere equal Lplanck. If we take into account that Lplanck This is the minimum fundamental length, then the process of stretching (stretching) at the micro level takes on a quantum character. Let us calculate this acceleration based on the following considerations: according to QED, each VJ must have an energy equal to Evya =hc/ Lextended,= Mvyafrom 2, then the VY, being in place, should oscillate with acceleration C 2/Lextended, for a cycle time equal to WITH/Lextended the step changes to Lextended-Lplanck, Then Dand vya=C 2/Lextended-C 2/Lextended-Lplanck= C 2*Lplanck/L 2 extended=10 16 *10 -35 /10 -9 =10 -10 m/ and this value, based on the above, is discrete. Three coincidences are something global, it means nothing else, the Universe at the present stage has begun to shrink. Then why not assume that the pioneers experience the effect of cosmological braking; we emphasize that such an effect applies only to unrelated systems. True, the value of 10 -10 m/s 2 is very large, it is 10 30.5 orders of magnitude greater than the classical one, here the modern theory of gravity does not work, this value can be interpreted as follows: this is a local value of a specific VY and this discreteness can change both larger and smaller side Lextended-/+Lplanck, then the generalized average statistical acceleration can take on any minimum values, but most likely negative discreteness in the modern era is becoming widespread. It is possible that compression first occurs in massive objects such as galaxies, and intergalactic space is not yet covered by this process; in any case, this version does not contradict physics. But consideration of this version has a completely different goal, everything is aimed at dark energy. Dark energy began to manifest itself approximately 7-8 billion years ago and dominates at the present stage; superficial calculations show: due to accelerated expansion, we see only 1/7-1/8th of the Universe, and according to theory 1/2, using the proportion Based on distances and time, we get cosmological acceleration at the distance of the pioneers in the range of 10 -16 m/s 2, which is quite measurable. Then the pioneers, on the contrary, should accelerate, which is not true, the conclusion is: dark energy does not exist.
Let's consider another interesting problem, this is the coincidence of large numbers, let's first write out the formulas: M all/M nucle=10 80 ; Rall L/Lnuclear=10 41 ;
hc/ g*M 2 nucle = 10 39 ; inaccuracies in the equations are associated with the discrepancy between the entire baryon mass and the balance mass within 1/20, so there is reason to replace M nucle to balance M ya.
M all/M ya=10 53 /10 -38 =10 91 ; Rall L/Lextended=10 26 /10 -4.5 =10 30.5 ;
hc/ g*M 2 vya = 10 -26 /10 -11 *10 -76 =10 61 ; or (M all/M ya) 2/3 =(Rall L/Lextended) 2 = hc/ g*M 2 vya, let us prove these equalities based on the consequences of the balance of the Universe:
(M ya* n 3 /M ya) 2/3 =(Lextended* n/Lextended) 2 = g*M 2 plank *n 2 / g*M 2 plank
n 2 = n 2 = n 2
To understand the physical meaning of these equalities, let us consider them in pairs.
M all/M ya =(Rall L/Lextended) 3 ; g*M all/ R 2 all L= g*M ya*Rall L/L 3 extended ; g*M all/ R 2 all L = g*M plank/L 2 extended; 10 -11 *10 53 /10 52 = 10 -11 *10 -8 /10 -9 ; 10 -10 =10 -10 m/s 2.
Let's look at the second pair: (M all/M ya) 2/3 = g*M 2 plank /g*M 2 vya; M all = M 3 plank/M 2 vya;g*M all/R 2 all L=M plank*L 2 extended/R 2 all L* L 2 planck;
g*M all/R 2 all L= C 2/Rall L; 10 -11 *10 53 /10 52 = 10 16 /10 26 ; 10 -10 =10 -10 m/s 2.
And we again obtain from two independent equalities this same notorious acceleration and of the same order. What does this mean, these formulas show the state of the Universe in the modern era and their equality says one thing, the Universe is at the point of transition from expansion to compression, along the arrow of time into the past and future, the relations in equalities decrease and become equal in the Planck era. We see (gravitational) exactly half of the Universe. The dynamics of the development of the Universe is shown by the generalized formula C 2/R(t) all L. =g*M(t) all L/R(t) 2 all, it follows from it, R(t) all L this is the growth (coverage) of causally related areas of space, due to C 2=g*M(t) all L/R(t) all L The GP must take on a constant absolute value and it is not measurable, then the GP of the Earth and the Sun at any point is also equal to C 2. In principle, GP as a scalar is a convenient mat/tool; by gravity we should mean a change in tension (acceleration), i.e. a change in gravity is gravity. Nature, through the example of the Pioneers, unexpectedly presented us with a hint of a completely new type of quantization through the measure of length, in relation to gravity this is the graviton, but with one serious problem: such gravity should be 10 30.5 orders of magnitude greater than the classical one, but there is a plus in this problem, This value is absolutely not measurable. But why it is not measurable, because we assume that it is a quantum quantity, suggests an idea. Isn’t there a connection here: inertia + gravity = zero, i.e. zero version of total energy in the theory of inflation, but at the micro level, separated in time through quantum uncertainty, in essence it is quantum unmeasurable “strong” gravity with QED math/apparatus. Logically, if this condition is true for the entire Universe, then it should also be true locally. Let's start this discussion with the classical principle of quantization.
One-dimensionality in three-dimensional space
Perhaps we do not fully understand the physical essence of the principle of quantization, because there are no analogues, we have nothing to compare with, or imagine quantum phenomena. For example, how can one imagine the absorption of a volumetric three-dimensional e/m quantum, absolutely completely, by a point object, let it be an electron; why a quantum of any length is not scattered has no physical explanation in QED and is accepted as a postulate. The question lies much deeper, because all energy and matter are quantized, using the terminology - quantum gravity, we are obliged to quantize both space and time. First of all, we must clearly understand what the exchange process (interaction) means. An EC cannot emit (absorb) quanta all the time; in order to emit, it must first absorb and vice versa. Then it turns out that the EC can exchange only with one object, the process of interaction occurs in a given direction and with a given object for a certain period of time, at this moment there is no interaction with other objects, the EC “does not see” them. All this added up mathematically at the moment means that the dimension is equal to one. In principle, this is a mathematical game, physically at the quantum level it is of fundamental importance. Quantization brings us to the seemingly absurd idea of a one-dimensional effect, like a string (Superstring theory). In physics, dissipation is completely absent only in one-dimensional processes, the whole process goes as if along a line, by attributing one-dimensionality to any quantum exchange process, we thereby mathematically substantiate the integrity of any quantum behavior. Then any EC is a point, the probability of finding parameters are determined by QED, a quantum is also a point but with a time parameter of influence, i.e. line. And what is very important, the lines (quanta), in a closed three-dimensional space, obeying the volumetric step in distribution, do not intersect anywhere, so the quanta do not collide and do not scatter. One-dimensionality is the basis for maintaining order in the chaos of PV, for example: a massive body moves at a speed close to WITH, and we state the fact that all processes, according to SRT, slow down with absolutely the same synchronicity. If this were not so, then we have a mechanism for measuring absolute speed. It would seem that moving in this chaos (FC) and maintaining incredible synchronicity is absurd. Doesn't this indicate the opposite, that PV is an absolute order? From the world of quantum chaos we get absolute order (television, cellular communications, etc.). Three-dimensional space is the only way to form the basic laws of nature, which are integrated from simpler one-dimensional metabolic processes.
Here another problem arises, the most philosophically confusing, because it has no reasoned physical explanations. Its essence is as follows: What is a closed space (gravitational) - this is when gravitational exchange particles (gravitons) left a specific point in all directions in a certain time sequence and they, in the same sequence, returned to the same point in all directions, those. space acquires finitude. Einstein's STR and GTR showed the relationship between space - time - matter, this single whole (Universe) one does not exist without the other. Gravity is engaged in the contraction of space and is cumulative in nature, then in the closed model of the Universe we get the effect of the influence of the source of gravity on itself, i.e. the arrival of gravity emitted in all directions, going around the entire Universe again to the source - a physical absurdity; in a closed Universe this can be called a violation of cause/effect relationships. This problem already imposes a limit on the speed of propagation of gravity, no more than the speed of light, therefore, when modeling a closed Universe, we simply have to consider this problem. Let us note that in a closed cyclical Universe from infinite mathematical constructions, there is only one solution for not overtaking or lagging behind, but precisely for the coincidence of cause and effect. Then, theoretically, it is possible to model, taking into account SRT, a Universe in which the beginning of the Universe (BV) and its collapse, i.e. a complete cycle is equal in time to the passage of a graviton (quantum) at the speed of light from a specific point to the same point. This is a physically based, causally connected closed infinity. And what’s interesting is that it does not need to be modeled, this is one of the solutions of the BV theory, for the case of ideal balance of the dynamics of the development of the Universe at the expansion stage. We have already solved it, then the law of expansion of the Universe should proceed according to the scenario with a scale factor R all (t)~ t 1/2, i.e. all points began to expand among themselves at the speed of light and as the layers were covered, the expansion rate fell in proportion to this coverage, like C/n. If we simulate the reverse process, the compression stage, over the same period of time, then we get a complete closed cycle of the Universe. BV divided the simultaneity of events according to SRT into the time of a complete cycle of the Universe. This model of the Universe gives an unexpected interpretation to the philosophical problem of cause and effect. An event that is happening at the moment and information about this event that has gone through the entire cycle of the Universe (the previous cycle) should, in theory, correspond to each other. And if we prove that the absolute order in relation to gravitons is preserved always and everywhere, then this fact of the meeting of an ongoing event with an event of the previous cycle applies to any point in the Universe, to any moment in time. We seem to synchronize the cause from the previous cycle with the consequence of a real event of the present time. We must always “see gravitationally” the BV of the next Nth layer. For example, at the moment the gravitons of the 10 30.5 -1 layer of the BV have reached us, and at the moment of collapse the gravitons of the last layer will approach, i.e. departed from the same point 2*13.7 billion years ago, which will produce the BV (the next cycle of the Universe). Then the cause of BV is the collapse of the Universe from the previous cycle, which will produce BV. The universe repeats itself in a cycle, and in absolutely the same way. To some extent, this is the anthropic principle, i.e. control over the course of history is information from the previous cycle, it looks like super-fiction, but mathematically the problem is solvable. In a closed Universe, the fundamental laws of conservation work absolutely, energy, matter, as well as “information” do not disappear anywhere, the course of history cannot be changed. It looks like nature has polished itself. Here are the initial data for constructing a cyclic Universe.
Building a cyclical Universe
Analysis of the current state of the Universe and all theoretical calculations speak about one thing: the Universe is on the verge between expansion and contraction, the criterion of which is the GP. The intensity of gravitational interaction according to the classics is unusually low, but due to the superposition of the potentials of all sources of gravity (mass) we obtain the total GP = C 2 throughout space and throughout the arrow of time. We consider gravity as the interaction of gravitons with EF PV, i.e. we must quantize a uniform gravitational field with GP = C 2. At the moment of BV we have two starting parameters of the gravitational field, which can be considered as graviton parameters, these are GP = C 2=g*M plank /Lplanck remaining stable throughout the arrow of time and acceleration C 2 /Lplanck=g*M plank /L 2 planck, the graviton as an exchange particle must obey all the laws of development of the Universe, in particular the law of cosmological expansion, for example, the graviton that has reached us from the nth layer has an action n times less, then in the modern era the action of the graviton is equal to C 2/Lextended =g*M plank /Lplanck* Lextended= 10 21 m/s 2 ! According to the classics, this formula has the form g*M ext /L 2 extended= 10 -40 m/s 2 , which is completely inconsistent with the GP of the Universe being equal C 2. And we come to an amazing result: the background non-measurable energy of the graviton is comparable in interactions with electromagnetic quanta. We, as it were, transform the graviton from a faceless state into an unmeasurable monster. Now it becomes clear what force, according to QED, makes the VY oscillate with acceleration C 2/Lextended- this is a graviton, then the question arises whether gravity, as a flow of gravitons of different energies, is the primary source of all quantum phenomena (virtuality, fluctuations), i.e. reason. And most importantly, we have a real tool for physically describing the consequences of SRT, GTR and Mach's principle. How to combine this incredibly large value with actually observed gravity, how to deal with the classics, in the future we will see how the principle of correspondence is created, but first we will consider where the very mechanism of the cyclicity of the Universe is based.
Let us ask ourselves this question: what does the balance of the dynamics of the development of the Universe mean at the micro level? This is the equality of the gravitational parameters of the graviton with the inertial properties of the VY, and now we will combine these actions and reactions into a single process. What we get is oscillation at the VY level, but special, due to the expansion with different shoulders. Let's calculate this difference, we have already performed this operation, but from a different perspective:
Vextended= C/ n=10 -23 m/c, textended= Lextended/ C=10 -12 s, Then Lasim= textended* Vextended=10 -35 m= =Lextended/ n= Lplanck there is a constant, which is completely consistent with Hubble's law Vextended / Lextended=10 -23 /10 -4.5 =10 -18.5 sec -1 =H hubble
F asim=g*M ext /Lextended=10 -45 m 2 /s 2, which corresponds to V 2 extended
Then the graviton, passing through each VL, changes the structure of space, i.e. in the shoulders of oscillation an asymmetry arises that is always and everywhere equal Lplanck, which corresponds on the one hand to the dynamics of expansion, and on the other to the gravitational balance between the VY. In other words, the graviton slows down the dynamics of expansion and compresses space one-dimensionally. We can say this: the graviton maintains itself (is strengthened) by reducing the rate of expansion of space. There is a transition of the kinetic energy of expansion into the potential energy of the graviton. Then what causes the smooth transition phase? The process of ever slowing balance expansion would be endless if not for the mass of all electron particles. For the countdown to work, the graviton, having strengthened due to the masses, during the expansion stage equal to 13.7 billion years, must change the difference in oscillation from positive to negative, by only Lplanck=10 -35 m. At the early stage, the main contribution was made by the relic and neutrinos; closer to the modern era, all other ECs were added to them, i.e. The EC masses play the role of a “soft damper” in the transition phase. Then the mass of all ECs is responsible for the balance of the dynamics of the development of the Universe, and the mass of all ECs is responsible for the time interval of the cycle. Over the entire cycle of the Universe, each graviton, interacting 10 30.5 times, first expands the VY oscillation in a given direction to L 0 = 10 -4.5 m (expansion stage), and then compresses to Lplanck=10 -35 m (compression stage). And since there are at least 10 30.5 of them in the ring, then over the entire cycle the expansion and contraction of the entire ring will be 10 26 m and 10 -4.5 m, respectively. It is interesting how the law of universal gravitation is constructed from these positions. According to the theory, any EC during a cycle time equal WITH/Lextended=10 -12 sec. makes space contraction proportional to its mass, for the nucleon we get:
M nucle/M ya=10 11.5 ; Vnuclear=Lplanck*M nucle/M ya*tcycle= 10 -35 *10 11.5 /10 -12 =10 -11.5 m/s then:
a nucle =V 2 nuclear/Lnuclear=10 -23 /10 -15 =10 -8 m/s 2, which corresponds to the classics:
g*M nucle/L 2 nuclear=10 -11 * 10 -27 /10 -30 =10 -8 m/s 2:
In relation to our planet, the diameter of the Earth fits 10 17 pcs. nucleons, then their total impact will create an acceleration equal to:
a earth1 =a nucl *Nnuclear=10 -8 *10 17 =10 9 m/s 2, this acceleration corresponds to the neutron Earth (the distances between the nucleons are Lnuclear=10 -15 m), then we move the nucleons apart to sizes with an average density equal to LWednesday=10 -11 m, i.e. by four orders of magnitude. In this case, the graviton force does not change, only the intensity changes in proportion to the square of the separation then:
a earth2 = a earth1 *N 2 section=10 9 * 10 8 =10 1 m/s 2, which coincides with the classics.
Rnrnrn rnrnrn rnrnrn
This construction involves only one constant Lplanck, no field forces are applied, we performed only one-dimensional operations. While one thing is clear here, the force of gravity (the force of a single graviton) does not depend on distance and is cumulative in nature, only the intensity changes. Let us note right away that here the meaning of gravity and gravitation radically changes, the fact is that gravity and gravitation, having a single nature of origin, are still different things. Gravity is like relict radiation, only it needs to be considered in the form of a flow of gravitons that creates at any point in the Universe GP= C 2, it is not possible to measure the parameters of gravitons (in total gravity); in fact, this is a theory of unmeasurable quantities. What is the fundamental difference between the classic and the proposed version of gravity. Classically, gravity means the action (imposition) of all sources of gravity simultaneously on every point in space. According to the theory, gravitons seem to scan every point in space, where the amplified gravitons correspond to the masses of the sources, and the distances to the sources correspond to the intensity. In sum, this is the same thing, but the physical meaning is completely different. It is precisely this mechanism of interaction of the graviton with the VY, the EC, that explains the meaning of the geometrization of gravity. Gravity is the integration of all one-dimensional screeds of space by gravitons throughout the entire volume. The implementation of the proposed version of the cyclicity of the Universe requires a new approach to the physics of inertia, as the absolute equality of the inertial properties of all VY, EC with gravity both locally and globally, otherwise this entire system loses stability. We must actually prove the stability of this behavior of the PV and such a mechanism has been found, this is symmetry in gravity and the quantum principle of motion.
Symmetry in gravity
Having materialized the space, it becomes clear what exactly exploded, but it remains a mystery what caused the BV, the emergence and subsequent maintenance of balance. It is necessary to introduce a new ephemeral type of force with incredible parameters; this force, having achieved BV, subsequently strictly balances with the gravity of space, both at the local level and on the scale of the entire Universe, i.e. somehow adapts to the dynamics of expansion. This is where the mechanism for solving Mach's principle will help us. The action of gravity and inertia on space is identical, the equality itself suggests whether the force of inertia is a component of gravity, which is what it looks like. Action-reaction, gravity-inertia, and in total the equality of gravitational and inertial mass, i.e. gravity and inertia are integral components of gravitational interaction, then gravity is symmetrical. Let us give four more arguments in favor of symmetry. 1.Gravity in this form clearly fulfills the zero conditions of total energy, both locally and globally. Roughly speaking, without graviton as a carrier of inertia and gravity, the VY, EC is left with nothing. 2.Gravity is not measurable because it is symmetrical, then the primary source of Planck’s constant, as a carrier of inertia, must be gravity. 3. If we take the picture of the expansion of the Universe and scroll back, as it were, up to the BV, then we will get the purest mechanism for the formation of the compression phase of the Universe and its collapse, i.e. BV and collapse are symmetrical. Then we can answer the question without introducing any new force. Who carried out the BV locally - Graviton, who carried out the collapse locally - Graviton, there are 10 91.5 such regions, the same number of gravitons, in total this is the entire Universe. 4. The VY is a stable structure and at the same time the VY is the source of the birth of any forms of EC, i.e. somehow the GC is overcome, which contradicts the physical essence of the collapse itself. This is where symmetry in gravity will help us, allowing us to divide the GC into two parts. The scientific literature proves that only three-dimensional space can really exist (meaning open dimensions), and how many closed ones are variations of theories. Three generations of fundamental fermions (three quark + lepton pairs) - three dimensions of space, is there a connection here? The geometry of graviton motion can be represented as a ring of chains of gravitons with the size of the Universe, in which at least 10 30.5 pieces move. gravitons. In the Universe as a whole there is a strict number of gravitational rings, no less than n 2 =10 61 , these rings are evenly distributed in the volume of the Universe with a certain volume step equal to 10 -4.5 m. The rings should not intersect; this requirement is necessary to comply with the order of the structure of the PV together with gravitons. Construction of the simplest figure (mathematically), where these rings do not intersect, is a three-dimensional ball. In the four-dimensional space of these rings there should be n 3, if we assume that the three dimensions should correspond to three types of fundamental fermions (remember, each EC has three faces), then the VY should be a three-dimensional object. The fourth dimension requires the presence of a fourth pair of fermions, but since... The universe in this situation is inoperable; there cannot be a fourth pair. All we have to do is model the VY for three-dimensional space, as the main building block in the construction of the PV. Then the VY, consisting of two bricks with three elements in each, represents a structure like:
Let's look at this structure in more detail.
We previously assumed that the VY is a closed state of the GB according to a simple law Mvya=M plank *Lplanck/ Lextended. Now the question arises about the stability of this state. We actually have three directions, in each direction there are VY elements (leptoquarks) with GBs in total equal M plank and a total electric charge equal to e , and there are six of them. The balance of this system leads to the following theoretical conclusions: there should be two types of GBs “+” and “-”, but unlike electric ones, like ones attract, and unlike ones repel. For example: all ECs are endowed with a GZ “+” and, accordingly, all anti-ECs have a GZ “-”. Three leptoquarks are located in the GC due to the same GB and the compensation balance is formed due to the electromagnetic repulsion of like charges and occurs when Lextended= Lplanck/ Ö 137, (according to TVO, at these distances the electroweak and strong interactions combine). The other three anti-leptoquarks are in balance for the same reason. Then, taking into account the closedness of the boundary boundary and symmetry in gravity, the mechanism of annihilation and birth of EC becomes clear. Symmetry in gravity clearly explains the meaning of inertia and provides a return mechanism in oscillation. Graviton is the carrier of both inertia and gravity and physically substantiates the entire process of the cyclicity of the Universe. We may no longer need the inflationary stage of the development of the Universe. The fact is that when the Universe collapses, the velocities between neighboring layers approach the speed of light, and this leads, as it were, to the merging of the graviton with the VY and, accordingly, to a decrease in the influence of gravitational forces between the VY. Gravity, having generated collapse, buried itself, the BV scenario began, and this is very similar to the phase transition of a false vacuum into a true one. In addition, the inhomogeneities necessary for the formation of galaxies are automatically created by the collapsing Universe itself. Here the solution to another problem is greatly simplified. In theories of unification of all interactions and matter, in particular Supergravity, to compensate for the positive infinities that arise during renormalization from graviton loops, eight new electron particles with spin 3/2 such as gravitino, photino, gluino, etc. are introduced. creating negative infinities. At the head of this eight is a graviton with spin = 2, symmetry in gravity automatically creates a compensation mechanism and the servants of these exotic particles can be abandoned.
Quantum principle of motion
PV is the foundation for the construction of the entire QED and at the same time is not acceptable for the creation of SRT. How to reconcile these mutually contradictory positions on the issue of PV? The effects of SRT GR, quantum effects, the problem of the ether force us to rethink the concepts of space, time and the very essence of movement. The fact is that the ether is an undeniable reality (the supporters of the ether are right), but all the experiments within the framework of STR say the opposite, there is no ether (the opponents are right). What problem is solved together is the principle of movement in an environment and without an environment. What if we abandon the source of the dispute, not ether, which is a consequence, but the very essence of the movement, and thereby satisfy both supporters and opponents of ether. Let us assume that there is no movement as such in the PV, there is only a transfer of state, as can be imagined. Let's use one of the properties of PV - virtuality. Let us assume that the EC is a vacancy of the FV, i.e. an incomplete VY always tends to be filled with PV elements (virtual annihilation), while a similar vacancy is created but at a different point, a movement effect is created, somewhere there is an analogy with semiconductor holes. In fact, we are not inventing anything new here; this principle of motion is not explicit, but is visible in QED. The movement of an EC is identical to its presence in a uniform gravitational field, which is equivalent to the exchange process between the EC-VY directly by gravitons with energy in accordance with the achieved speed. Then dimension and time arise only during exchange processes, no matter real or virtual, such as there is interaction in a given direction, there is also a mechanism for measuring dimension (direction) and time. These requirements follow from the principle of correspondence between SRT and the concept of the physical essence of time. Moving at the speed of light, the EC “has a connection” with only one graviton, with which it moves, but since gravitons do not intersect, then all metabolic processes and time, in accordance with the STR, are suspended, one can say, and so the EC goes into the absolute order of the PV. The EC becomes a dead object, its state always corresponds to the last interaction, this fact is indirectly manifested in the Aspek experiment. Two ECs being in a connected state and then scattering in different directions at a speed WITH retain the memory of the bound state before its legalization, i.e. measurements made over the EC do not depend on the length of their run-up, then the correlation corresponding to the beginning of the run-up is transferred to the moment of measurements. The graviton is the carrier of gravity and inertia, combining this innovation with the quantum principle of motion, we can state more convincingly: the true cause of all non-causal events is the graviton, this is a purely quantum effect.
Gravity laser
The material presented above may give rise to different judgments. Without experiment (confirmation), you can generate any theories and the idea for setting up an experiment was found, you can call it a gravitational laser. We take an extra-long and ultra-thin massive rod and place an EC with special measuring equipment along its direction. Thus, we create a local area of influences coming out of the rod of amplified gravitons on the EC; special equipment records fluctuations of the EC. Let us excite a mechanical wave process in the rod, i.e. we change the local area of amplified gravitons in time with the wave in the rod, which is recorded by the equipment. If the theory is true, for the first time we have a real mechanism for measuring the speed of gravity.
Literature
1. P. Davis Superpower. Ed. World 1989.
2. V.L. Yanchilin Mysteries of Gravity M. New Center 2004.
3. A.D. Chernin Cosmology: Big Bang. Ed. Century-2 2005.
4. Magazine: Earth and the Universe 2002 No. 5 Strange acceleration of the Pioneers.
5. V.A. Rubakov lecture: Dark matter, dark energy in the Universe.
I propose cooperation in creating a single project within the framework of physical realism.
Ecology of knowledge: Scientists from the University of Southampton have made a significant breakthrough in their attempts to unravel the mysteries of the structure of our universe. One of the latest achievements in theoretical physics is the holographic principle.
Scientists from the University of Southampton have made a significant breakthrough in an attempt to unravel the mysteries of the structure of our universe. One of the latest achievements of theoretical physics is the holographic principle. According to it, our universe is viewed as a hologram, and we formulate the laws of physics for such a holographic universe.
The latest work by Professor Skenderis and Dr Marco Caldarelli from the University of Southampton, Dr Joan Camps from the University of Cambridge and Dr Blaise Guthero from Sweden's Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics was published in the journal Physical Review D and is devoted to the unification of negatively curved spacetime and flat spacetime. The paper explains how, using the Gregory-Laflamme instability, some types of black holes break into smaller ones if disturbed - like a trickle of water breaks into droplets when you touch it with your finger. This phenomenon of black holes was previously proven in computer simulations, and current work has further described its theoretical basis.
Spacetime is commonly referred to as an attempt to describe the existence of space in three dimensions, with time acting as the fourth dimension and all four coming together to form a continuum or state in which the four elements cannot be separated.
Flat space-time and negative space-time describe an environment in which the Universe is not compact, space expands infinitely, constantly in time, in any direction. Gravitational forces, like those created by a star, are best described by flat spacetime. Negatively curved space-time describes a Universe filled with negative vacuum energy. The mathematics of holography is best understood in terms of a model of negatively curved spacetime.
Professor Skenderis has developed a mathematical model that shows incredible similarities between flat spacetime and negatively curved spacetime, but the latter is formulated with a negative number of dimensions beyond our perception.
“According to holography, at a fundamental level the universe has one less dimension than we are accustomed to in everyday life, and it obeys laws similar to electromagnetism,” says Skenderis. “This idea is similar to how we see a regular hologram, where a three-dimensional image is reflected on a two-dimensional plane, like a hologram on a credit card, and imagine the entire Universe encoded in this way.”
“Our research continues and we hope to find more connections between flat spacetime, negatively curved spacetime and holography. Traditional theories of how our universe works come down to individual descriptions of its very nature, but each of them collapses at some point. Our ultimate goal is to find a new combined understanding of the Universe that will work in all directions."
In October 2012, Professor Skenderis was named one of the twenty most outstanding scientists in the world. For consideration of the question “Did space and time have a beginning?” he received a bonus of $175,000. Perhaps a holographic model of the universe will allow us to find out what happened before the Big Bang? published
The Universe, according to theoretical physicists, was not born as a result of the Big Bang, but as a result of the transformation of a four-dimensional star into a black hole, which provoked the release of “garbage”. It was this garbage that became the basis of our universe.
A team of physicists - Razieh Pourhasan, Niayesh Afshordi and Robert B. Mann - have put forward a completely new theory of the birth of our Universe. For all its complexity, this theory explains many problematic issues in the modern understanding of the Universe.
The generally accepted theory of the emergence of the Universe speaks of the key role in this process of the Big Bang. This theory is consistent with the observed picture of the expansion of the Universe. However, it has some problem areas. So, it is not entirely clear, for example, how the singularity created the Universe with almost the same temperature in different corners. Considering the age of our Universe - approximately 13.8 billion years - achieving the observed temperature equilibrium is impossible.
Many cosmologists argue that the expansion of the Universe must have occurred faster than the speed of light, but Afshordi notes the chaotic nature of the Big Bang, so it is unclear how a region of one size or another, uniform in temperature, could have formed.
A new model of the origin of the Universe explains this mystery. The three-dimensional Universe floats in the new model like a membrane in the four-dimensional Universe. In fact, the Universe is a multidimensional physical object with a dimension less than the dimension of space.
In the four-dimensional Universe, of course, there are four-dimensional stars capable of living the life cycle characteristic of three-dimensional stars in our Universe. Four-dimensional stars that are the most massive will explode into supernovae at the end of their lives and turn into a black hole.
A four-dimensional hole would in turn have the same event horizon as a three-dimensional black hole. The event horizon is the boundary between the inside and outside of a black hole. In a three-dimensional Universe, this event horizon is represented as a two-dimensional surface, while in a four-dimensional Universe it is represented as a three-dimensional hypersphere.
Thus, when a four-dimensional star explodes, a three-dimensional brane is formed from the remaining material on the event horizon, that is, a Universe similar to ours. A model so unusual for human imagination can answer the question of why the Universe has almost the same temperature: the four-dimensional Universe that gave birth to the three-dimensional Universe existed much longer than 13.8 billion years.
From the point of view of a person accustomed to imagining the Universe as a huge and infinite space, the new theory is not easy to perceive. It is difficult to realize that our universe is perhaps only a local disturbance, a “leaf on the pond” of an ancient four-dimensional hole of enormous size.
