The structure of the cervical vertebrae in Russian. The second cervical vertebra and its pathology. Lumbar spine

The human neck is the part of the body that connects the head and body. Its upper border begins at the edge of the lower jaw. In the torso, the neck passes through the jugular notch of the sternum handle and passes through the upper surface of the clavicle. Despite its relatively small size, there are many important structures and organs, which are separated by connective tissue.

The form

If the anatomy of the neck is generally the same for any person, then its shape may differ. Like any other organ or part of the body, it has its own personality. This is due to the peculiarities of the constitution of the body, age, sex, hereditary characteristics. The cylindrical shape is the standard form of the neck. In childhood and young age, the skin in this area is firm, elastic, tightly fits the cartilage and other protrusions.

When the head is thrown back on the midline of the neck, the horns and the body of the hyoid bone are clearly defined, the cartilage of the thyroid gland is cricoid, tracheal. Below to the body, a fossa is visible - this is the jugular notch of the sternum. In people of medium and thin build, the muscles on the sides of the neck are clearly visible. It is easy to see those located near the skin.

Neck anatomy

This part of the body contains within itself large vessels and nerves, it is composed of organs and bones that are important for human life. The developed muscular system allows for a variety of head movements. The internal structure of the neck consists of such sections as:

• pharynx - taking part in the oral speech of a person, which is the first barrier for pathogenic microorganisms, performs a connecting function for the digestive system;
• larynx - plays a significant role in the speech apparatus, protects the respiratory organs;
• the trachea is a conductor of air to the lungs, an important component of the respiratory system;
• the thyroid gland is an organ of the endocrine system that produces hormones for metabolic processes;
• the esophagus - part of the digestive chain, pushes food to the stomach, protects against reflux in the opposite direction;
• the spinal cord is a higher element of a person, which is responsible for the mobility of the body and the activity of organs, reflexes.

In addition, nerves, large vessels and veins pass through the neck region. It consists of vertebrae and cartilage, connective tissue and fatty layer. It is a part of the body that is an important head-neck link that connects the spinal cord and brain.

Parts of the neck

The anterior and posterior regions of the neck are distinguished, as well as many "triangles", which are limited by the lateral edges of the trapezius muscles. The front looks like a triangle with an upside-down base. It has limitations: from above - by the lower jaw, from below - by the jugular notch, on the sides - by the edges of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The midline divides this part into two medial triangles: right and left. There is also a lingual triangle, through which access to the lingual artery can be opened. It is limited in front by the hyoid muscle, from above by the hypoglossal nerve, behind and below by the tendon of the digastric muscle, next to which the carotid triangles are located.

The scapular-tracheal region is limited by the scapular-hyoid and sternocleidomastoid muscle. In the scapular-clavicular triangle, which is part of the paired lateral triangle, is the jugular vein, suprascapular vein and artery, thoracic and lymphatic ducts. In the scapular-trapezius part of the neck there is an accessory nerve and a cervical superficial artery, and a transverse artery passes through its medial part.

The region makes up the interscalene and pre-cephalic spaces, within which both the suprascapular and phrenic nerves pass.

The back section is limited by the trapezius muscles. The internal carotid artery and the jugular vein are located here, as well as the vagus, hypoglossal, glossopharyngeal, accessory nerves.

Neck bones

It also consists of 33-34 vertebrae passing through the entire body of a person and serving him as a support. Inside is the spinal cord, which connects the periphery with the brain and provides higher reflex activity. The first section of the spine is just inside the neck, thanks to which it has high mobility.

The cervical spine is made up of 7 vertebrae, in some of them rudiments are preserved, which are fused with the transverse processes. Their anterior part, which is the border of the hole, is a rib rudiment. The body of the cervical vertebra is transversely elongated, smaller than its counterparts and has a saddle shape. This provides the cervical spine with the greatest mobility compared to other parts of the spinal column.

The openings of the vertebrae together form a canal that serves as protection for the vein. The place where the spinal cord passes is formed by arcs of the cervical vertebrae, it is wide enough and resembles a triangular shape. The spinous processes are bifurcated, due to which many muscle fibers are attached here.

Vertebra "atlas"

The first two cervical vertebrae differ in structure from the other five. It is their presence that allows a person to perform various head movements: tilts, turns, rotations. The first vertebra is a ring of bone tissue... Consists of the anterior arch, on the convex part of which the anterior tubercle is located. On the inner side, the glenoid fossa is distinguished for the second odontoid process of the cervical vertebra.

The atlas vertebra on the posterior arch has a small protruding part - the posterior tubercle. The superior articular processes on the arch replace the oval-shaped articular fossa. They are articulated with the condyles of the occipital bone. The pits act as the lower articular processes, which are connected to the next vertebra.

Axis

The second cervical vertebra - axis, or epistrophy, is distinguished by a developed odontoid process located in the upper part of its body. On each side of the processes, there are articular surfaces of a slightly convex shape.

These two structure-specific vertebrae are the basis for neck mobility. In this case, the axis plays the role of an axis of rotation, and the atlas is drawn together with the skull.

Muscles of the cervical spine

Despite its relatively small size, the human neck is rich in muscles of various types. The superficial, middle, lateral deep muscles, as well as the medial group are concentrated here. Their main purpose in this area is to hold the head, ensure speaking and swallowing.

The muscles allow you to hold your head, make movements, reproduce speech, swallow and breathe. Their development prevents cervical osteochondrosis and improves blood flow to the brain.

Fasciae of the neck

Due to the variety of organs passing through this site, the anatomy of the neck suggests the presence of a connective sheath that limits and protects organs, blood vessels, nerves and bones. It is an element of the "soft" skeleton that performs trophic and support functions. The fascia grows together with the numerous veins of the neck, thereby preventing them from intertwining with each other, which would threaten a person with a violation of venous outflow.

Their structure is so complex that the anatomy is described in different ways by the authors. Consider one of the generally accepted classifications according to which the connective membranes are divided into fascia:

1. Superficial - a loose, thin structure that limits the subcutaneous muscle of the neck. It passes from the neck to the face and chest.
2. Own - attached from below to the front of the sternum and clavicle, and from above to the temporal bone and lower jaw, then passes to the face area. From the back of the neck, it connects with the spinous processes of the vertebrae.
3. Aponeurosis scapular-clavicular - looks like a trapezoid and is located between the lateral sides of the scapular-hyoid muscle and the hyoid bone, and from below divides the space between the surface of the sternum from the inside and the two clavicles. It covers the front of the larynx, thyroid, and trachea. Along the midline of the neck, the scapular-clavicular aponeurosis fuses with its own fascia, forming a white line.
4. Intra-cervical - envelops all the internal organs of the neck, while it consists of two parts: visceral and parietal. The first one closes each organ separately, and the second one closes together.
5. The anterior vertebral body - provides a cover for the long muscles of the head and neck and merges with the aponeurosis.

The fascia separates and protects all parts of the neck, thereby preventing "confusion" of blood vessels, nerves and muscles.

Blood flow

The vessels of the neck provide the outflow of venous blood from the head and neck. They are represented by the external and internal jugular veins. Blood in the outer vessel comes from the back of the head in the ear region, the skin above the scapula and the front of the neck. A little earlier than the clavicle, it connects to the subclavian and internal jugular veins. The latter eventually develops into the first at the base of the neck and divides into two brachiocephalic veins: the right and left.

The vessels of the neck, and especially the internal jugular vein, play an important role in the processes of hematopoiesis. It originates at the base of the skull and serves to drain blood from all vessels in the brain. Its tributaries in the neck are also: upper thyroid, lingual facial, superficial temporal, occipital vein. The carotid artery passes through the neck area, which has no branches in this area.

Nerve plexus of the neck

The nerves of the neck make up the diaphragmatic, cutaneous and muscular structures that are located at the level of the first four of the cervical vertebrae. They form plexuses that originate from the cervical spinal nerves. Muscle innervates nearby muscles. The neck and shoulders are set in motion by means of impulses. The phrenic nerve affects the movement of the diaphragm, pericardial fibers and pleura. The cutaneous branches give rise to the auricular, occipital, transverse, and supraclavicular nerves.

The lymph nodes

Neck anatomy includes part lymphatic system organism. In this area, it is made up of deep and surface nodes. The anterior ones are located near the jugular vein on the superficial fascia. Deep The lymph nodes the front of the neck are located near the organs from which the lymph flows out, and have the same names with them (thyroid, prelaryngeal, etc.). The lateral group of nodes is composed of the retropharyngeal, jugular and supraclavicular, next to which the internal jugular vein is located. In the deep lymph nodes of the neck, lymph flows out of the mouth, middle ear and pharynx, as well as the nasal cavity. In this case, the liquid first passes through the occipital nodes.

The structure of the neck is complex and has been thought out by nature to every millimeter. The set of plexuses of nerves and blood vessels connects the work of the brain and the periphery. In one small part of the human body, all possible elements of systems and organs are located at once: nerves, muscles, blood vessels, lymphatic ducts and nodes, glands, spinal cord, the most "mobile" part of the spine.

The structure of the human neck is quite complex. Any impulses from the brain section enter various parts of the body precisely through the neck. In addition, the cervical spine performs a number of important functions that affect the human body. A large number of organs, muscles are located here, the corset of which allows a person to keep his head upright for a long time, and also rotate it if necessary.

Cervical anatomy

The cervical region has a clear framework. The upper part of the neck starts from the ear canal, then the border of the cervical spine passes through the nuchal line and further along the occipital protuberance. The lower border of the neck is located in the jugular cavity, near the collarbones.
The structure of a person's neck is influenced not only by the state of muscle tissue and the amount of fat under it, but also by the person's age. Often, the presence of certain diseases can be determined by the anatomy of the cervical spine. In adolescence and adolescence, the skin on the neck is firm and elastic. The relief of muscle tissue is also clearly visible, since the skin is tightly attached to it.

At a certain angle of the head, the bone under the tongue and three cartilages are clearly visible, namely:

• tracheal cartilage;
• thyroid;
• cricoid.

In people who have a small amount of fat under the skin of the neck, veins are also visible. Medical professionals divide the neck into several sections.

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1. Anterior section.
2. Back section.
3. Lateral.
4. Sternal.

All departments have a clear delineation with the help of muscles, a special structure and perform various tasks. In each area there are some organs and vital systems are located. Under the muscle tissue and skin are the "Adam's apple", "thyroid", larynx, blood vessels. A high degree of cervical strength is ensured by the human spine.

Anatomical features of the cervical spine

This section includes 7 vertebrae, each of which is necessary to support the human skull. The cervical region of the spinal column is slightly curved forward. This department is the most mobile in comparison with other areas of the spinal column. The main difference between the cervical spine is two segments, with the help of which a person can rotate his head almost one hundred and eighty degrees, in addition, tilting his head forward and backward is possible.

The very first vertebra of the entire column is an atlas, it does not have its own body. The atlas consists of a pair of arches that are connected by a lateral mass.

The second, but no less important vertebra is the axis. Its structural feature is a process, which in shape vaguely resembles a tooth. Axis has a high degree of fixation in the opening of the first vertebra, thus creating high mobility of the cervical spine.

However, along with this, the human neck is one of the most vulnerable areas in the body. This is explained by the relative fragility of the elements in comparison with other parts of the spinal column. Muscle tissue is also not so massive here. For this reason, the risk of injury to the cervical spine is much higher, especially if the muscle tissue is poorly developed. You can get neck damage even with a sharp turn of the head.

Muscle corset

The muscle tissue of the cervical spine is divided by medical specialists into two regions, posterior and anterior. The anterior muscles, in turn, are subdivided into surface muscles, deeper muscles, and median muscles. The main tasks of the muscle tissue of the neck are as follows:

• muscles support the human skull and the entire head in balance;
• muscle tissue helps to rotate and tilt the head;
• muscles are responsible for the voice and the process of swallowing.

The muscle tissue of the cervical spine is connected with the help of special fascia, as well as with the help of blood vessels. With the help of blood vessels, the muscles are limited and move from one area to another. This creates areas for muscle groups. Their detailed structure is rather difficult to describe, since there are a large number of muscle tissue groups. From the point of view of medical professionals, there are several main groups.

• With the help of muscle tissue on the surface, a muscle area is created under the skin.
• Another group is its own, covering the entire neck surface.
• The next group is the scapular-clavicular, which is necessary for the formation of sheaths for muscle tissue in the space above the chest.
• The intra-cervical category of muscle tissue consists of visceral plates. They are necessary for the lining of the organs inside the cervical spine. With their help, sites are created for the veins and the carotid artery.
• The plate in front of the vertebra is needed to create space for deep muscles.

Anatomical formations in the neck

Organs that are responsible for the formation of various anatomical structures in cervical spine, in addition, they perform many functions that play an important role in the life of the human body.

The main organs of the neck are the larynx, esophagus, pharynx, thyroid gland, trachea, fat under the skin, back brain and connective tissue.

The distinctive structure of the organs listed above provides a high level of mobility of the head and neck. They themselves are not damaged in any way.

This organ is characterized by a rather complex structure. It is divided into 3 parts by medical specialists.

• Laryngopharynx.

The first two elements do not in any way relate to the cervical spine, they have a connection with the oral cavity. The third element has to do with the larynx. The pharynx itself begins at the level of the 5th vertebra, then gradually passes into the esophagus region. The pharynx is essential for many human functions.

1. With the help of the pharynx, the crushed pieces of food enter the esophagus.
2. The air that a person inhales enters the body through the pharynx.
3. Depending on the volume and shape of the pharynx, the timbre of a person's voice changes. If, due to any disease, the pharynx was affected, speech begins to distort.
4. The pharynx prevents the penetration of substances harmful to the body.

Thus, the pharynx is essential for processes such as breathing and digestion. In addition, it protects the human body from various pathologies.

This organ is also necessary for the implementation of the breathing process. It also plays a big role in the timbre of the voice. Depending on the structural features of the larynx, the sound of the voice and its color will change.

The larynx has nine cartilages that are connected by joints and ligaments. The most massive cartilage is formed by two plates. In males, these plates interact at an angle of less than 90 degrees, in women, on the contrary, the angle of the plates is obtuse. For this reason, in men, this cartilage is clearly visible, its most famous name is "Kadik".

The upper region of this organ is anchored to the bone under the tongue. The lower one has a connection with the trachea. There is a mucous membrane inside the larynx. In turn, the vocal cords are fixed to the cartilage of the larynx, between which the glottis lies.

With muscle contraction, the shape of this organ changes. The gap can either increase or decrease. When pulled, the sound and tone of the voice changes. In terms of functions, the larynx resembles a pharynx, if the digestive function of the second is excluded.

Disease prevention

The complex, which is aimed at improving and restoring functions in the cervical spine, consists of physical exercise which will help to get rid of muscle spasms and strengthen them. Also, with the help of some exercises, you can increase the supply of blood to the brain, thereby, in some cases, you can get rid of painful sensations in the head area.

In the case when hernias form in the cervical spine, which squeeze the artery of the spine, or in case of muscle spasms, insufficient blood supply may be observed. This can manifest itself as painful sensations and dizziness. Of the symptoms, it is also worth noting the so-called flies, in some cases speech disorders are possible.

Nerve endings that exit the brain of the back in the cervical region are responsible for the innervation of vision, hearing, as well as the muscle tissue of the shoulders, arms, and in general are responsible for the control of the entire top human torso. For this reason, the following disorders become symptoms of the presence of pathology.

Spinal column pathologies

• Painful sensations of the head, frequent migraines, high blood pressure.
• Frequent fainting, poor functioning of the hearing organs, pathology of the visual apparatus.
• Painful sensations in the throat, in the cervical region, at shoulder level.
• Limitation of mobility of the upper body.

Don't wait for any of the above symptoms to start showing up. It is much easier to deal with the prevention of the disease than to worry about its treatment in the future. This is especially true of pathologies of the spinal column. Move your neck as often as possible and do preventative exercises. This will help keep your cervical apparatus healthy.

One of the most important structures of the human body is the spine. Its structure allows it to perform the functions of support and movement. The spinal column is S-shaped, which gives it elasticity, flexibility, and also softens any shaking that occurs when walking, running and other physical activity. The structure of the spine and its shape provide a person with the ability to walk upright, maintaining the balance of the center of gravity in the body.

Spinal column anatomy

The vertebral column is made up of small bones called vertebrae. In total, there are 24 vertebrae connected in series with each other in an upright position. The vertebrae are divided into separate categories: seven cervical, twelve thoracic, and five lumbar. In the lower part of the spinal column, behind the lumbar region, there is a sacrum, consisting of five vertebrae fused into one bone. Below the sacral region there is a coccyx, at the base of which are also fused vertebrae.

Between two adjacent vertebrae there is a round-shaped intervertebral disc that acts as a connecting seal. Its main purpose is to soften and cushion the loads that appear regularly during physical activity. In addition, the discs connect the vertebral bodies to each other. Between the vertebrae there are formations called ligaments. They perform the function of connecting the bones to each other. The joints located between the vertebrae are called facet joints, which are similar in structure to the knee joint. Their presence provides mobility between the vertebrae. In the center of all vertebrae are holes through which the spinal cord passes. It contains nerve pathways that form a connection between the organs of the body and the brain. The spine is divided into five main sections: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. The cervical region includes seven vertebrae, the thoracic region contains twelve vertebrae, and the lumbar region contains five. The bottom of the lumbar spine is attached to the sacrum, formed from five vertebrae fused into a single whole. The lower part of the spinal column - the coccyx, has from three to five accrete vertebrae in its composition.

Vertebrae

The bones involved in the formation of the spinal column are called vertebrae. The vertebral body has a cylindrical shape and is the most durable element that carries the main support load. Behind the body is the arch of the vertebra, which looks like a semicircle with processes extending from it. The arch of the vertebra and its body form the vertebral foramen. The collection of holes in all vertebrae, located exactly one above the other, forms the spinal canal. It serves as a receptacle for the spinal cord, nerve roots and blood vessels. Ligaments are also involved in the formation of the spinal canal, among which the yellow and posterior longitudinal ligaments are the most important. The yellow ligament connects the proximal arches of the vertebrae, and the posterior longitudinal connects the vertebral bodies from behind. The arch of the vertebrae has seven processes. Muscles and ligaments are attached to the spinous and transverse processes, and the upper and lower articular processes figure in the creation of the facet joints.


The vertebrae are spongy bones, so they have a spongy substance inside, covered with a dense cortical layer on the outside. The spongy substance consists of bony beams that form cavities containing red bone marrow.

Intervertebral disc

The intervertebral disc is located between two adjacent vertebrae and looks like a flat, rounded pad. In the center of the intervertebral disc, the nucleus pulposus is located, which has good elasticity and performs the function of damping the vertical load. The nucleus pulposus is surrounded by a multilayer annulus fibrosus, which keeps the nucleus in a central position and blocks the possibility of displacement of the vertebrae to the side relative to each other. The annulus fibrosus consists of a large number of layers and strong fibers that intersect in three planes.

Facet joints

Articular processes (facets) that participate in the formation of facet joints extend from the vertebral plate. Two adjacent vertebrae are connected by two facet joints located on both sides of the arch symmetrically relative to the midline of the body. The intervertebral processes of adjacent vertebrae are located towards each other, and their ends are covered with smooth articular cartilage. Thanks to the articular cartilage, friction between the bones that form the joint is greatly reduced. The facet joints allow various movements between the vertebrae, giving the spine flexibility.

Foraminal (intervertebral) foramen

In the lateral parts of the spine, there are foraminal openings, which are created with the help of articular processes, legs and bodies of two adjacent vertebrae. The foraminal foramen serve as the exit site for nerve roots and veins from the spinal canal. Arteries, on the other hand, enter the spinal canal, providing blood supply to the nerve structures.

Paravertebral muscles

The muscles located next to the spinal column are called paravertebrates. Their main function is to support the spine and provide a variety of movements in the form of bends and turns of the trunk.

Vertebral-motor segment

The concept of the spinal motion segment is often used in vertebrology. It is a functional element of the spine, which is formed of two vertebrae connected to each other by an intervertebral disc, muscles and ligaments. Each spinal motion segment includes two intervertebral foramen through which the nerve roots of the spinal cord, veins and arteries are excreted.

Cervical spine

The cervical region is located at the top of the spine and contains seven vertebrae. The cervical region has a convex curve directed forward, which is called lordosis. Its shape resembles the letter "C". The cervical region is one of the most mobile parts of the spine. Thanks to him, a person can perform tilts and turns of the head, as well as perform various movements of the neck.

Among the cervical vertebrae, it is worth highlighting the two uppermost ones, called "atlas" and "axis". They received a special anatomical structure, unlike other vertebrae. In the Atlanta (1st cervical vertebra), the vertebral body is missing. It is formed by the anterior and posterior arch, which are connected by bony thickenings. Axis (2nd cervical vertebra) has a dentate process formed from a bony protrusion in the front part. The dentate process is fixed by ligaments in the vertebral foramen of the atlas, forming an axis of rotation for the first cervical vertebra. Such a structure makes it possible to carry out rotational movements heads. The cervical region is the most vulnerable part of the spine in terms of the possibility of injury. This is due to the low mechanical strength of the vertebrae in this section, as well as a weak corset of muscles in the neck.

Thoracic spine

The thoracic spine includes twelve vertebrae. Its shape resembles the letter "C" located in a convex backward bend (kyphosis). The thoracic region is directly connected to the posterior chest wall. The ribs are attached to the bodies and transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae through joints. With the help of the sternum, the anterior ribs are combined into a solid, integral frame, forming the ribcage. The mobility of the thoracic spine is limited. This is due to the presence of a chest, a low height of the intervertebral discs, as well as a significant long spinous processes of the vertebrae.

Lumbar spine

Lumbar formed from the five largest vertebrae, although in rare cases their number can reach six (lumbarization). The lumbar spine is characterized by a gentle curvature facing the bulge forward (lordosis) and is the link connecting the thoracic region and the sacrum. The lumbar region has to experience considerable stress, since the upper part of the body exerts pressure on it.

Sacrum (sacral region)

The sacrum is a triangular bone formed by five fused vertebrae. The spine through the sacrum is connected to the two pelvic bones, located like a wedge between them.

Coccyx (coccygeal region)

The tailbone is the lower part of the spine, which includes from three to five accrete vertebrae. Its shape resembles an inverted curved pyramid. The anterior sections of the coccyx are designed to attach muscles and ligaments related to the activity of organs genitourinary system, as well as remote sections of the large intestine. The coccyx is involved in distribution physical activity on the anatomical structures of the pelvis, being an important fulcrum.

The neck is one of the most difficult parts of the human body. It contains vital organs and arteries that supply blood to the brain, vertebral bones, several groups of muscles and fascia that sever nerve bundles and blood vessels, as well as lymph nodes.

Anatomical features or "cervical triangles"

The structure of a person's neck is the same for everyone, but visually this part of the body is sometimes radically different - some have a long and thin neck, while others have a short and thick neck. This difference has absolutely no effect on the functioning of internal organs, but it perfectly reflects the physical characteristics of the owner - gender, age and, in most cases, health.

The topographic anatomy of the neck includes several triangles that clearly define the location of blood vessels, nerve roots, and lymph nodes. These triangles represent areas bounded by muscles.

The neck is conventionally subdivided into 4 segments - anterior, posterior, lateral and sternocleidomastoid. Topographic triangles are located within these segments, and in the case of surgery, they serve as the main reference points for surgeons.

The midline divides the neck into two areas - front and back. This line runs from the chin to the beginning of the jugular cavity. The anterior triangle of the neck is located in front, and is bounded from above by the lower edge of the lower jaw, on the sides by the sternocleidomastoid muscles, and from below by the jugular fossa at the point of convergence of the clavicles.

The anterior triangle consists of several, smaller triangles:

• sleepy;
• scapular-tracheal;
• submandibular;
• Pirogov's triangle;
• extramandibular fossa.

Sleepy

In the area of ​​the carotid triangle are the internal and external carotid arteries, the vagus nerve and the internal jugular vein. Here lies the cervical branch of the facial and the upper part of the transverse cervical nerve. Somewhat deeper are the lymph nodes.

The external carotid artery has several branches:

• thyroid;
• linguistic;
• facial;
• cerebral;
• ear;
• pharyngeal;
• ocular,
• dental.

All outgoing arteries provide blood supply to the corresponding organs - the thyroid gland, ears, meninges, eyeballs, most of the face, skin, roots of teeth, etc. Within the boundaries of the carotid triangle, next to the neurovascular plexus, is the upper part of the hypoglossal nerve. A little further and below is one of the branches of the vagus nerve - the laryngeal nerve. Deep in the neck, on the fascia prevertebral plate, is the sympathetic trunk, also called the sympathetic chain.

Scapular-tracheal (muscular)

Within the boundaries of the muscular triangle are vital organs for humans - the larynx, pharynx, trachea, esophagus and thyroid gland. In the area of ​​the jugular cavity, the trachea is covered only by the skin and the fascial plates converging here - superficial and pretracheal. Very close, at a distance of a centimeter from the midline, passes the external jugular vein, which is directed into the space above the sternum, filled with fiber.

Submandibular

In this triangle is located one of several salivary glands - the submandibular. This includes the cervical branch of the facial and roots of the branched transverse cervical nerve. There are also the facial artery and vein, and under the lower jaw - the submandibular lymph nodes.

Pirogov's triangle

This area is located under the lower jaw, its borders are the hypoglossal nerve from above and the hypoglossal muscle from below. A thread of the hypoglossal nerve runs along the lateral surface of the hyoid-lingual muscle, and below the lingual vein. Deep in the muscle fibers is the lingual artery. It is worth noting that Pirogov's triangle may be completely absent or very small in size.

Extramandibular fossa

In this area, the ear-temporal and facial nerves, the submandibular vein, and the external carotid artery pass. Between the scalene muscles is the anteriosteal and interscalene space.

The anatomy of the triangles of the posterior region is represented by the scapular-clavicular and scapular-trapezius segments

Scapular-clavicular

The scapular-clavicular triangle is located directly above the clavicle, in this zone is the extreme part of the subclavian artery and the same name (subclavian) region of the brachial plexus, and between them is the transverse cervical artery. The suprascapular and superficial arteries pass over the spinal nerves. Next to the subclavian artery, in front of the scalene muscle, lies the subclavian vein. It grows together with the cervical and subclavian fascia.

Scapular-trapezoidal

This triangle is bounded by the outer edge of the trapezius muscle, the posterior part of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and the lower edge of the scapular-hyoid muscle. In this area, an accessory nerve is located, which is responsible for the motor activity of the head and shoulder. In the interval between the scalene muscles, the brachial and cervical plexus is formed, from which several nerve branches depart - the small occipital, large ear, cervical transverse and supraclavicular nerves.

Muscle skeleton

The organs and vertebrae located in the neck are reliably protected by a strong corset of muscles, fascia, tendons and subcutaneous tissue. From above, this entire complex structure is closed by a skin shell. The anatomy of the muscles of the neck is such that it provides this part of the body with the necessary mobility and flexibility.

The muscles of the cervical spine are represented by several layers: superficial, median and deep. Superficial muscles include:

• subcutaneous - a thin muscle plate fused with the skin. It starts at the top of the chest, at the level of the second rib, and is fixed at the edge of the lower jaw. Muscle fibers move to the facial area, where they are intertwined with the masticatory and parotid fascia. The subcutaneous muscle performs a protective function for the saphenous veins of the face and neck, is responsible for facial expressions due to the ability to pull the corner of the lips downward;
• The sternocleidomastoid muscle is located behind the subcutaneous muscle and is a rather powerful cord that wave-like intersecting the cervical region from the mastoid process to the junction of the sternum with the clavicle. This muscle can contract on one side, allowing the head to tilt. Contraction of both sides makes it possible to keep the skull upright, flex the spine in the cervical spine and at the same time raise the head and chest during inhalation. Thus, the sternocleidomastoid muscle is also involved in the breathing process.

The median muscles are divided into two groups - the suprahyoid and subhyoid. The first group includes:

• digastric. The topography of this muscle is such that it divides the anterior triangle of the neck into several smaller ones - submandibular, sleepy and suprahyoid. The digastric muscle is located under the lower jaw, and is named so because it has two abdomens separated by a tendon. The function of this muscle formation is to lower the lower jaw, that is, with its help, a person opens his mouth;
• stylohyoid. It starts from the styloid process of the temple bone, passes next to the surface of the posterior abdomen of the digastric muscle, and then attaches to the protrusion of the hyoid bone;
• maxillary-hyoid. It is presented in the form of an irregular triangle, and is bilateral. The junction of these two sides forms the floor of the mouth, which is why the jaw-hyoid muscles are called the diaphragm of the mouth. This muscle formation is part of a complex mechanism that ensures the work of the lower jaw, hyoid bone, larynx and trachea. Contracting at the moment of swallowing, the maxillary-hyoid muscle raises the tongue and presses it to the palate. This pushes the food bolt down the throat. In addition, the muscle takes an active part in the reproduction of articulate speech;
• chin-sublingual. It is located in close proximity to the previous, maxillary-hyoid muscle, only slightly higher. The functions of these two muscles are identical; they actually complement each other's work.

The second group of the sublingual muscles is the subhyoid, which includes:

• scapular-hyoid. The elongated and flat paired muscle is divided by a tendon into two parts (abdomen). Its purpose is to stretch the cervical fascia and pull the hyoid bone downward;
• sternohyoid. A thin and flattened muscle that starts from the posterior surface of the clavicle and is anchored at the opposite end to the hyoid bone. At the moment of contraction, it moves the hyoid bone downward;
• sterno-thyroid. Extends from the handle of the sternum to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx. The main function of the muscle is to pull the larynx downward;
• thyroid-hyoid. This formation is a continuation of the previous, sterno-thyroid muscle. Moves the hyoid bone to the larynx, and when the bone is fixed, pulls the larynx up.

The deep muscles of the neck are lateral, that is, lateral, and are called scalene. The anatomy of the human neck includes three main types of scalene muscles:

• front. The beginning is in the area of ​​the surface of the III-VI cervical vertebrae, then the muscles go down and are attached to the protrusion of the first rib. With the activity of these muscles, the upper rib rises at the moment of inhalation and flexion of the neck forward, and with a unilateral contraction, the tilt and rotation of the cervical spine to the side corresponding to the contracted muscle;
• average. They are located next to the anterior scalene muscles, but a little deeper. The beginning is the posterior surface of the last six vertebrae, the end is the upper part of the first rib, behind the filament of the subclavian artery. The middle scalene muscle works as an inspiratory muscle, lifting the first rib. With unilateral tension, it allows you to tilt and rotate the cervical spine in the desired direction, and double contraction provides flexion of the neck to the chest;
• back. They are located behind the middle scalene muscles, starting from the transverse processes of the III-VI cervical vertebrae and attaching with the other end to the outer surface of the second rib. The posterior muscle functions similarly to the middle one, but it raises not the first, but the second rib, and works when inhaling.

Extension muscles

The classification of the cervical muscles is not limited to the description of the superficial, median and deep muscles. This complex system also contains the muscles responsible for the extension of the neck.

These include:

• trapezius muscle. One end is attached to the clavicle, and the other to the scapular axis. The trapezoid is located in the back of the neck and upper back, in the shape of a triangle. The two muscles form a trapezoid shape. Bilateral contraction provides extension of the neck and head, and when only one of the two muscles contracts, the head will rotate in the opposite direction;
• patch muscle. Located slightly below the trapezius muscle, contraction of both sides extends the neck and tilts the head back. Unilateral tension helps to turn the neck and head in the same direction;
• spinal erector muscle. It runs from the sacrum to the occiput along the spinal column and is an extensor that helps to tilt the head back.

In the cervical region, there are seven vertebrae, which are connected by intervertebral discs. The spine in this segment is especially mobile, since there are no additional attachments of large bones. In addition, the flexibility and mobility of this area provide the structural features of the vertebrae and the soft tissues surrounding them.

The cervical region is divided into 2 parts - the upper one, consisting of two vertebrae, and the lower one, which includes the remaining 5. The first two vertebrae, located at the top, in the occipital part of the head, provide the mobility of the skull. The first is the atlas, which is attached to the bones of the skull and acts as a rod. With it, you can make vertical tilts of the head forward and backward.

The second cervical vertebra is called "axis", it is located below the first, and is responsible for turning the head to the left and right. Unlike atlas and axis, each of the other five vertebrae has a body and an arch. The body is connected to the arc by means of the legs, and a hole remains between them (the body and the arc). The collection of vertebral openings makes up the vertebral canal, in which the spinal cord passes. The spinous and articular processes extend from the arches.

All vertebrae surround muscles, ligaments, fascia, vessels and nerves, and the intervertebral discs serve as shock absorbers for the spinal column. Due to its structure, the cervical spine successfully acts as a support for the upper body and gives flexibility to the neck.

Neck organs

The organs are located inside the neck in such a way that no movement of the neck and head can damage them.

The list of vital organs of the neck includes the following:

• larynx;
• pharynx;
• trachea;
• esophagus;
• thyroid;
• spinal cord.

Larynx

The human larynx is a section of the respiratory system that connects the pharynx to the trachea and contains the vocal mechanism. The larynx is made up of cartilage, three of which are paired:

• wedge-shaped;
• arytenoid;
• horn-shaped;
• two epiglottis;
• two thyroid;
• two cricoid.

Cartilage is interconnected by joints and ligaments. The largest cartilage, thyroid, is formed by two plates. In women, these plates converge at an obtuse angle, and in men, at an acute angle. Thanks to this structure, there is an Adam's apple, or Adam's apple, on the man's neck.

From above, the larynx fits tightly to the hyoid bone, below it converges with the trachea. On both sides and on the outside of the larynx is the thyroid gland, and behind is the larynx. The inner part of the organ is lined with a mucous membrane. The vocal cords attach to the arytenoid and two thyroid cartilages to form the glottis.

Tense muscles cause the larynx to contract, as a result of which its volume and shape change, while the gap between the ligaments can expand or narrow. As a result of the stretching of the ligaments, the air on exhalation is converted into sound.

Pharynx

The pharynx is a funnel-shaped canal up to 12 cm in length, located with its wide end up. The upper surface of the organ is fused with the bone of the base of the skull, the posterior part is attached to the protrusion of the occipital bone. On the sides, the pharyngeal canal is attached to the temporal bones. At the height of the VI vertebra, the pharynx narrows and passes into the esophagus.

Pharynx functions:

• with the help of contractile movements of the organ, food crushed in the mouth is pushed into the esophagus;
• air inhaled by people passes through the pharyngeal canal;
• the timbre, pitch and volume of speech sounds directly depend on the function of the pharynx. When the shape and volume change, the voice can sound differently, and with diseases of the pharynx, the sound of the voice is distorted, and sometimes a person cannot even speak;
• the inner surface, lined with a mucous membrane, has many cilia that protect the body from pathological microorganisms and bacteria.

The trachea is a respiratory organ located between the larynx and the bronchi. The length of the trachea varies from 11 to 13 cm. In literal translation, the name of this organ sounds like "windpipe".

The tracheal tube consists of cartilaginous half-rings, of which there can be from 16 to 20. These half-rings are connected by connective tissue, the inner surface of the trachea is lined by the mucous membrane.

The respiratory function of the trachea consists not only in the passage of inhaled air through it, but also in protecting the body from foreign particles. With the help of the cilia of the mucous membrane, unwanted elements are pushed to the larynx and excreted by coughing.

One of the most important glands of the body, the thyroid, is located on the anterior and lateral parts of the trachea, and consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. This small butterfly-shaped organ is so small that it cannot be detected by palpation. The main purpose of the gland is the production of hormones - thyroxine, triiodothyranine and calcitonin. The amount of hormones produced is regulated by another gland - the pituitary gland. In the event of a malfunction of the pituitary gland, problems with the thyroid gland arise.

The neck contains one third of the esophagus, while the other two thirds is located below. The esophagus is part of the digestive tract and is a hollow channel of muscle fibers designed to move food from top to bottom into the stomach.

The length of the esophagus in adults can reach 30 cm. Above and below there are sphincters that serve as valves that ensure the transit of food in only one direction and prevent the contents from entering the larynx and oral cavity.

Spinal cord

The importance of the spinal cord for the human body can hardly be overestimated, since it is used to carry out motor activity, regulate cardiac activity, and maintain respiratory and digestive functions.

The spinal cord is located in the canal of the spine; in the cervical region, it passes without a sharp border into the posterior region of the brain - the medulla oblongata. In the cervical region, the diameter of the spinal cord is increased at the site of the exit of the nerve bundles directed to the upper limbs. The site of the greatest width is at the level of 5-6 vertebrae.

Thus, in a relatively small part of the body, many organs and systems are concentrated - nerve branches and blood vessels, veins and arteries, lymph nodes and glands, muscles and ligaments, the spinal cord, as well as the most mobile and flexible part of the spine. Nature provides for everything to the smallest detail so that a person can live comfortably and for a long time. Take care of your neck and be always healthy!

The human spinal column is the highest engineering invention of evolution. With the development of bipedal locomotion, it was he who assumed the entire load of the changed center of gravity. Surprisingly, our cervical vertebrae - the most mobile part of the spine - can withstand loads 20 times more than a reinforced concrete post. What are the features of the anatomy of the cervical vertebrae that allow them to perform their functions?

The main part of the skeleton

All bones in our body make up the skeleton. And its main element, without a doubt, is the spinal column, which in humans consists of 34 vertebrae, combined into five sections:

• cervical (7);
• chest (12);
• lumbar (5);
• sacral (5 fused into the sacrum);
• coccygeal (4-5 fused into the coccyx).

Features of the structure of the human neck

The cervical region is characterized by a high degree of mobility. Its role can hardly be overestimated: these are both spatial and anatomical functions. The number and structure of the cervical vertebrae determines the function of our neck.

It is this section that is most often injured, which is easily explained by the presence of weak muscles, high loads and the relatively small size of the vertebrae related to the structure of the neck.

Special and different

There are seven vertebrae in the cervical spine. Unlike others, these have a special structure. In addition, it has its own designation of the cervical vertebrae. In the international nomenclature, cervical (cervical) vertebrae are designated by the Latin letter C (vertebra cervicalis) with a serial number from 1 to 7. Thus, C1-C7 is the designation of the cervical region, showing how many vertebrae are in the cervical spine of a person. Some cervical vertebrae are unique. The first cervical vertebra C1 (atlas) and the second C2 (axis) have their own names.

A bit of theory

Anatomically, all vertebrae have a common structure. In each, a body with an arch and spinous outgrowths, which are directed downward and backward, are distinguished. We feel these spinous processes on palpation as tubercles on the back. Ligaments and muscles are attached to the transverse processes. And between the body and the arch is the spinal canal. Between the vertebrae there is a cartilaginous formation - intervertebral discs. On the arch of the vertebra there are seven processes - one spinous, two transverse and 4 articular (upper and lower).

It is thanks to the ligaments attached to them that our spine does not crumble. And these ligaments run all over the spinal column. The nerve roots of the spinal cord exit through special holes in the lateral part of the vertebrae.

Common features

All vertebrae of the cervical region have common structural features that distinguish them from the vertebrae of other regions. First, they have a smaller body size (the exception is the atlas, which does not have a vertebral body). Secondly, the vertebrae have the shape of an oval, elongated across. Thirdly, only in the structure of the cervical vertebrae there is a hole in the transverse processes. Fourthly, their transverse triangular opening is large.

Atlant is the most important and special

Atlantoaxial occipital - this is the name of the joint, with the help of which, in the literal sense, our head is attached to the body by means of the first cervical vertebra. And the main role in this connection belongs to the C1 vertebra - atlas. He has a completely unique structure - he has no body. In the process of embryonic development, the anatomy of the cervical vertebra changes - the body of the atlas grows to C2 and forms a tooth. In C1, only the anterior arcuate part remains, and the spinal foramen, filled with a tooth, increases.

The arches of the atlas (arcus anterior and arcus posterior) are connected by lateral masses (massae laterales) and have tubercles on the surface. The upper concave parts of the arches (fovea articularis superior) are articulated with the condyles of the occipital bone, and the lower flattened (fovea articularis inferior) - with the articular surface of the second cervical vertebra. Above and behind the surface of the arc runs a groove of the vertebral artery.

The second is also the main one

Axis (axis), or epistopheus - cervical vertebra, whose anatomy is also unique. A process (tooth) with an apex and a pair of articular surfaces departs upward from its body. It is around this tooth that the skull rotates along with the Atlantean. The anterior surface (facies articularis anterior) is articulated with the dental fossa of the atlas, and the posterior ( acies articularis posterior) is connected to its transverse ligament. The lateral upper articular surfaces of the axis are connected to the lower surfaces of the atlas, and the lower ones connect the axis to the third vertebra. There are no spinal nerve grooves and tubercles on the transverse processes of the cervical vertebra.

"Two brothers"

Atlas and axis are the basis for the normal functioning of the body. If their joints are damaged, the consequences can be dire. Even a slight displacement of the odontoid process of the axis in relation to the arches of the atlas leads to compression of the spinal cord. In addition, it is these vertebrae that make up the perfect rotation mechanism, which provides us with the ability to move our head around the vertical axis and tilt forward and backward.

What happens if the atlas and axis are displaced?

• If the position of the skull in relation to the atlas is violated and a muscle block has arisen in the skull-atlas-axis zone, then all the vertebrae of the cervical spine take part in the turn of the head. This is not their physiological function and leads to injury and premature wear. In addition, our body, without our consciousness, fixes a slight tilt of the head to the side and begins to compensate for it by curvature of the neck, then the thoracic and lumbar regions. As a result, the head is straight, but the entire spine is curved. And this is scoliosis.
• Due to the displacement, the load is distributed unevenly on the vertebra and intervertebral disc. The heavier loaded part collapses and wears out. This osteochondrosis is the most common disorder. musculoskeletal system in the XX-XXI centuries.

• Curvature of the spine is followed by a curvature of the pelvis and an abnormal position of the sacrum. The pelvis is twisted, the shoulder girdle is skewed, and the legs become as if different lengths... Pay attention to yourself and those around you - most people find it convenient to carry the bag on one shoulder, but it slides off the other. This is the misalignment of the shoulder girdle.
• The displaced atlas relative to the axis causes instability of other cervical vertebrae. And this leads to constant uneven compression of the vertebral artery and veins. As a result, there is an outflow of blood from the head. An increase in intracranial pressure is not the saddest consequence of such a displacement.
• A part of the brain that is responsible for muscle and vascular tone, respiratory rhythm and protective reflexes passes through the atlas. It is not difficult to imagine what the danger of overwhelming these nerve fibers is.

Vertebrae C2-C6

The median vertebrae of the cervical spine are of a typical shape. They have a body and spinous processes that enlarge, split at the ends, and slope slightly downward. Only the 6th cervical vertebra is slightly different - it has a large anterior tubercle. The carotid artery passes right along the tubercle, which we press when we want to feel the pulse. Therefore, C6 is sometimes called "sleepy".

Last vertebra

The anatomy of the C7 cervical vertebra is different from the previous ones. The protruding (vertebra prominens) vertebra has a cervical body and the longest spinous outgrowth, which is not divided into two parts.

This is what we feel when we tilt our head forward. In addition, it has long transverse processes with small holes. On the lower surface, a facet is visible - a costal fossa (ovea costalis), which remains as a trace from the head of the first rib.

What are they responsible for

Each vertebra of the cervical spine performs its function, and in case of dysfunction, the manifestations will be different, namely:

• C1 - headaches and migraines, memory impairment and insufficient cerebral blood flow, dizziness, arterial hypertension (atrial fibrillation).
• C2 - inflammation and congestion in the paranasal sinuses, eye pain, hearing loss and ear pain.
• C3 - neuralgia of the facial nerves, whistling in the ears, acne on the face, toothaches and caries, bleeding gums.
• C4 - chronic rhinitis, cracked lips, oral muscle cramps.
• C5 - sore throat, chronic pharyngitis, hoarseness.
• C6 - chronic tonsillitis, muscle tension in the occipital region, enlargement of the thyroid gland, pain in the shoulders and upper arms.
• C7 - thyroid diseases, colds, depression and fear, shoulder pain.

Cervical vertebrae of a newborn

Only a child that was born is, although an exact copy of an adult organism, it is more fragile. The bones of babies are high in water, low in minerals and have a fibrous structure. Our body is so arranged that in intrauterine development, ossification of the skeleton almost does not occur. And because of the need to go through the birth canal in an infant, ossification of the skull and cervical vertebrae begins after birth.

The baby's spine is straight. And the ligaments and muscles are poorly developed. That is why it is necessary to support the head of the newborn, since the muscle frame is not yet ready to hold the head. And at this moment, the cervical vertebrae, which have not yet become ossified, can be damaged.

Physiological curves of the spine

Cervical lordosis is a curvature of the spine in the cervical region, a slight forward curvature. In addition to the cervical, lordosis is also isolated in the lumbar region. These forward bends are compensated by a backward bend - kyphosis of the thoracic region. As a result of this structure of the spine, it acquires elasticity and the ability to endure everyday stress. This is a gift of evolution to man - only we have bends, and their formation is associated with the emergence of bipedal locomotion in the process of evolution. However, they are not congenital. The spine of a newborn does not have kyphosis and lordosis, and their correct formation depends on the lifestyle and care.

Normal or pathological?

As already noted, during a person's life, the cervical curvature of the spine can change. That is why in medicine they talk about physiological (the norm is an angle of up to 40 degrees) and pathological lordosis of the cervical spine. Pathology is observed in the case of an unnatural curvature. It is easy to distinguish such people in the crowd by their sharply pushed forward head, its low seating position.

There are primary (develops as a result of tumors, inflammation, improper posture) and secondary (causes - congenital injuries) pathological lordosis. The average person cannot always determine the presence and degree of pathology in the development of neck lordosis. A doctor should be consulted if alarming symptoms appear, regardless of the reason for their appearance.

Neck curvature pathology: symptoms

The earlier pathologies of the cervical spine are diagnosed, the more chances of their correction. It is worth worrying if you notice the following symptoms:

• Various posture disorders that are already noticeable visually.
• Recurrent headaches, tinnitus, dizziness.
• Pain in the neck.
• Disability and sleep disturbances.
• Decreased appetite or nausea.
• Blood pressure surges.

Against the background of these symptoms, there may be a decrease in immunity, deterioration in functional movements of the hands, hearing, vision, and other concomitant symptoms.

Forward, backward and straight ahead

There are three types of pathology of the cervical spine:

• Hyperlordosis. In this case, excessive forward bending is observed.
• Hypolordosis, or straightening of the cervical spine. In this case, the angle has a small degree of extension.
• Kyphosis of the cervical spine. In this case, the spine bends backward, which leads to the formation of a hump.

The diagnosis is made by a doctor based on accurate and inaccurate diagnostic methods. X-rays are considered accurate, and patient interviews and training tests are not accurate.

The reasons are well known

The generally accepted reasons for the development of pathology of the cervical spine are as follows:

• Disharmony in the development of the muscular frame.
• Spinal column injuries.
• Overweight.
• Growth spurt in adolescence.

In addition, inflammatory diseases of the joints, tumors (benign and not) and much more can be the cause of the development of pathology. Mostly lordosis develops in case of posture disorders and the adoption of pathological postures. In children, this is an incorrect body position at the desk or a discrepancy between the size of the desk and the age and height of the child; in adults, it is a pathological position of the body when performing professional duties.

Treatment and prevention

The complex of medical procedures includes massages, acupuncture, gymnastics, swimming pool, physiotherapy appointments. The same procedures are used to prevent lordosis. It is very important for parents to monitor the posture of their children. After all, taking care of the cervical spine will prevent clamping of arteries and nerve fibers in the narrowest and most important part of the human skeleton.

Knowledge of the anatomy of the cervical (cervical) part of our spine gives an understanding of its vulnerability and importance for the whole organism. By protecting the spine from traumatic factors, observing safety rules at work, at home, in sports and on vacation, we improve the quality of life. But it is precisely the quality and emotions that a person's life is full of, and it does not matter at all how old he is. Take care of yourself and be healthy!